10 - Chapter 5

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CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POSITIVE
BUCK BOOST CONVERTER USING A NOVEL
TRIGGERING METHOD
5.1
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the proposed method of the PBBC is fabricated as
per the simulation model, and the results are analyzed and discussed. The
hardware circuit is fabricated based on the parameters collected in the table
and the various modes of operation are implemented in the circuit by varying
the duty cycle and control parameter. In addition, the duty cycle variations for
different pulses of the buck, boost and buck-boost operating modes are
explained, with suitable tables and graphs. The ripple contents and efficiency
are analyzed for each mode of operation.
5.2
DESCRIPTION OF THE HARDWARE CIRCUIT WITH FUZZY

LOGIC CONTROLLER
The hardware of a positive buckboost converter is designed, based
on the parameters listed in Table 3.1. The converter operates at 100 kHz
switching frequency. Two n-type MOSFET switches and two Schottky barrier
diodes are used for the positive buckboost converter configuration. The
MOSFET switches and diodes are IRF540 and 1N5817, respectively. The
Controller has been implemented using a Texas Instruments digital signal
processor (DSP) (320F2812). The output voltage reference is set to 12 V, and
the input voltage varies from 15 to 8 V (31-62).
93
Two high-side gate drivers are designed for IRF540. The dedicated
gating logic is applied to the converter for proper operation as buck, buck
boost, and boost converters. The operating modes are dependent on the mode
selection signals, applied from the DSP.G1 and G2 are buck pulse and boost
pulse, sequentially. MD_SEL0, MD_SEL1, and MD_SEL2 determine the
operation modes: buck, combination mode A, buck boost, combination mode
B and boost, in each control period. Figures 5.1 to 5.4 present the
experimental setup that is composed of the DSP controller, gate driver, gating
logic, and converter (101).
Figure 5.1 Hardware Circuit Configuration
Figure 5.2 Real Time Positive Buck Boost Converter
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Figure 5.3 DSP Processor
Figure 5.4 Driving Circuit

5.3
HARDWARE RESULT ANALYSIS

Hardware results had been obtained for various modes of operation
with respect to various input conditions. The various models are explained.
5.3.1
Mode 1 (Buck Boost)

The PBBC is operated in the Buck to Boost mode. The output
voltage has considerable variations during the transition from the buck to
boost. Figures 5.5 and 5.6 demonstrate the output voltage of the converter,
buck pulses, and boost pulses during a direct transition from the buck mode to
the boost mode. Here, the ripple content is about 12%. The voltage ripple is
95
defined as the peak to peak ripple as a percentage of the output voltage of the
converter.
BUCK MODE
BUCK PULSE
Output Voltage
BOOST MODE
BOOST PULSE
Figure 5.5 Output Voltage Transition from Buck Boost

BUCK MODE
BUCK PULSE
Figure 5.6
5.3.2
Output Voltage
BOOST MODE
BOOST PULSE
Enlarged view of Output Voltage Transition from Buck

Boost Mode
Mode 2 (Buck Buck Boost Boost)

In this case, the transition from the buck to the boost is carried out
through a transition from the buck to buck boost mode, followed by a

transition from buck boost to boost mode. The input voltage is decreased from
96
15 to 8 V while the output voltage is tightly regulated at 12 V. Figures from

5.7 to 5.10 present the output voltage of the converter, buck pulses and boost
pulses, for an indirect transition from the buck to boost. In this experiment,
the transition is from the buck to the buck boost to the boost mode with a
ripple content of 10% to 12% as shown in the Figure 5.7 to 5.10.
BUCK MODE
BUCK PULSE
Figure 5.7
BUCK BOOST MODE
Output Voltage
Output Voltage Transition from the Buck Buck Boost

Mode
BUCK MODE
BUCK PULSE
Figure 5.8
BOOST PULSE
BUCK BOOST MODE
Output Voltage
BOOST PULSE
Enlarged View of Output Voltage Transition from Buck

Buck Boost Mode
97
BUCKBOOST MODE
BUCK PULSE
BOOST MODE
Vout
BOOST PULSE
Figure 5.9 Output Voltage Transition from Buck Boost Boost Mode
BUCKBOOST MODE
BUCK PULSE
BOOST MODE
V out
BOOST PULSE
Figure 5.10 Enlarged View of Output Voltage Transition from Buck

Boost Boost Mode
5.3.3
Mode 3 (Buck Combination A Buck Boost Combination B

Boost)
In order to improve the efficiency of the converter in addition to
improving the output voltage transients, the dynamic behavior of the system
98
for a direct transition from the combination mode A to the combination mode
B is investigated. Figure 5.11 presents the output voltage, buck pulses, and
boost pulses in a direct transition from the combination mode A to the
combination mode B through the buck boost mode. The ripple content in this
mode is 6% as shown in Figure 5.11.
BUCK MODE
Output Voltage
BOOST MODE
Input Voltage
Figure 5.11 Input and Output Voltages for the Transition from Buck
Boost using the Proposed Method Including Buck Boost
Mode
Figure 5.12 demonstrate the output voltage variation as well as the
buck and boost pulses in transition from the buck to the combination mode A.
Figure 5.13 demonstrate the buck and boost pulses in the transition from
combination mode A to buck boost mode, where each three buck pulses are
associated with one boost pulse. Figure 5.14 demonstrates the buck, boost,
and buckboost pulses in transition from the buckboost mode to combination
mode B and the buck, boost, and buckboost pulses are used to triggering the
converter. In addition, Figure 5.15 illustrates the buck and boost pulses in the
combination mode B before the transition to boost mode is complete. In the
combination mode B, each buck pulse is associated with two boost pulses.
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The each mode of triggering pulses are analyzed and the average triggering
ripple content is varying from 9% to 11%.
BUCK MODE
BUCK PULSE
COMBINATION A
Vout
BOOST PULSE
Figure 5.12 Output Voltage Transition from Buck Combination A

Mode
COMBINATION A
BUCK PULSE
BUCK BOOST MODE
Vout
BOOST PULSE
Figure 5.13 Output Voltage Transition from Combination A Buck

Boost Mode
100
BUCK BOOST MODE
BUCK PULSE
COMBINATION B
Vout
IL
BOOST PULSE
Figure 5.14 Output Voltage Transition from Buck Boost Combination

B Mode
COMBINATION B
BUCK PULSE
BOOST MODE
Vout
BOOST PULSE
Figure 5.15 Output Voltage Transition from Combination B Boost

Mode
101
Table 5.1 summarizes the output voltage ripple during transients

through different modes of operation.
5.3.4
Mode 4 (Buck Boost Through Combination A and

Combination B)
Figures 5.16 to 5.18 shows the transients of converter from buck to
boost through the proposed method without the buck boost mode .The ripple
contents are obtained at 5% as shown in the Table 5.1. The Figure depicts the
output voltage of the converter, buck pulses, boost pulses, for an indirect
transition from the buck to boost through combination A and Boost mode.
BUCK MODE
BUCK PULSE
COMBINATION A
Vout
BOOST PULSE
Figure 5.16 Output Voltage Transition from Buck Mode Combination

A Mode
102
COMBINATION A
BUCK PULSE
COMBINATION B
Vout
IL
BOOST PULSE
Figure 5.17 Output Voltage Transition from Combination Mode A

Combination Mode B
COMBINATION B
BUCK PULSE
BOOST MODE
Vout
IL
BOOST PULSE
Figure 5.18 Output Voltage Buck and Boost Pulses in Transition from
Combination B Mode Boost Mode
103
Table 5.1
Summary of the Output Voltage Transients During

Transition Through Different Modes of Operation
Transition
Direct Buck - Boost
Output Voltage
Ripple (%)
12
Buck to Buck - Boost
Buck - Boost to Boost
Buck to Combination mode A
<6
A to Buck Boost
<5
Buck Boost to Combination mode B
<5
Combination mode B to Boost
<5
Combination mode A to Combination mode B
<5
5.4
EFFICIENCY PLOT FOR THE PROPOSED

METHODOLOGY
The efficiency of the converter versus the input voltage variations
for various transition modes for different loads is given in Figures 5.19 and
5.20. Efficiency is a function of the load profile. Increasing the load results
decreases the efficiency, owing to the increase in the ohmic and switching
losses. The efficiency of the converter in the transition from the buck to
buckboost and then the boost mode is analyzed. The performance of the
converter such as efficiency in the region where the input voltage is
approximately equal to the output voltage descends from 92% to 73% due to
the operation of the converter in the buck to boost mode with intermediate
mode of buck boost mode. Similarly, the transition from the buck to the
combination mode A and then the combination B and boost mode, sacrifices
the efficiency when the input voltage is about 12.8 V. In this mode of
operation the efficiency descends from 92% to 81%. Hence, the proposed
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method has increased the efficiency by about 17 % to 20% respectively, in the

cases of R = 5
, R=15
and R = 20
as shown in Figures 5.19 and 5.20.

R=5
BUCK BUCK BOOST BOOST MODE

R = 15
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
R = 20
Figure 5.19 Mode of Transition from Buck Buck Boost Boost Mode
BUCK --- COMBINATION A COMBINATION B BOOST MODE

R=5
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
R = 15
R = 20
Figure 5.20 Mode of Transition from Buck Boost through Buck Boost
and Combination Modes
105
5.5
SUMMARY
In this chapter a dc/dc real time buckboost switching converter has
been illustrated, with a highly enabling control strategy of pulse width

modulation in hardware circuit. The proposed control scheme can regulate the
output voltage for an input voltage, based on the charge status of the battery
supply. The novel method introduced has improved the efficiency and at the
same time, reduces the ripple content of the output voltage for a real time
positive buckboost converter, whenever a low transition is needed from the
buck mode to the boost mode. In this proposed method, the real time buck
boost converter significantly improves the efficiency from 4% to 6% and
reduces the ripple content from 14 % to 6%. The experimental results validate
the proposed novel method and its merits. The novel method has been utilized
to improve the output voltage transients in transition from the buck to the
boost mode.

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92

DESCRIPTION OF THE HARDWARE CIRCUIT WITH FUZZY

Figure 5.1 Hardware Circuit Configuration

Figure 5.2 Real Time Positive Buck Boost Converter

Figure 5.3 DSP Processor

Figure 5.4 Driving Circuit

HARDWARE RESULT ANALYSIS

Mode 1 (Buck Boost)

Figure 5.5 Output Voltage Transition from Buck Boost

Enlarged view of Output Voltage Transition from Buck

Mode 2 (Buck Buck Boost Boost)

through a transition from the buck to buck boost mode, followed by a

15 to 8 V while the output voltage is tightly regulated at 12 V. Figures from

BUCK BOOST MODE

Output Voltage Transition from the Buck Buck Boost

BUCK BOOST MODE

Enlarged View of Output Voltage Transition from Buck

Figure 5.10 Enlarged View of Output Voltage Transition from Buck

Mode 3 (Buck Combination A Buck Boost Combination B

Figure 5.12 Output Voltage Transition from Buck Combination A

BUCK BOOST MODE

Figure 5.13 Output Voltage Transition from Combination A Buck

BUCK BOOST MODE

Figure 5.14 Output Voltage Transition from Buck Boost Combination

Figure 5.15 Output Voltage Transition from Combination B Boost

Table 5.1 summarizes the output voltage ripple during transients

Mode 4 (Buck Boost Through Combination A and

Figure 5.16 Output Voltage Transition from Buck Mode Combination

Figure 5.17 Output Voltage Transition from Combination Mode A

Summary of the Output Voltage Transients During

Buck to Buck - Boost

Buck - Boost to Boost

Buck to Combination mode A

Buck Boost to Combination mode B

Combination mode B to Boost

Combination mode A to Combination mode B

EFFICIENCY PLOT FOR THE PROPOSED

method has increased the efficiency by about 17 % to 20% respectively, in the

as shown in Figures 5.19 and 5.20.

BUCK BUCK BOOST BOOST MODE

BUCK --- COMBINATION A COMBINATION B BOOST MODE

been illustrated, with a highly enabling control strategy of pulse width

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