Design of wind actions on a portal frame building

according to EN 1991 -1-4(2005)

Basic information
1 Total length

b=70 m

2 bay width

3 spacing

4 height
(max)

5 roof slope

H. above
ground

d=25 m

s= 7 m

h= 7.5 m

slope =5

h=7.5-12.5
tan5=6.41m

6.4 m

70.0 m
45

7.5 m

25.0 m

Fig1: one storey building frame

6.4m

7.5m

25 m

Fig 2 : transversal

Basic values
Determination of basic wind velocity

Fig 3 : Actions of wind on surfaces

vb cdir cseasonvb,0
vb

EN 1991-1-4(2005) 4.2

is the basic wind velocity

cdir is the directional factor

cseason

is the seasonal factor

vb ,0 is the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity

(obtained from meteo center national annex)
take

vb ,0 =30m/s

terrain category III z0=0.3 m and

z=7.5 m

we have

z min=5 m

EN 1991-1-4(2005) 4.3.2 (table 4.1)

z zmin

vb cdir cseasonvb,0 30m / s

we tak e

cdir = cseason =1.0 for the unfavorable case because

as reduction factors

Basic velocity pressure

cdir and cseason are used generally

qp

1
air vb2
2

EN 1991-1-4(2005) 4.5 eq 4.10

Where recommended value air =1.25kg/m3 (air density)

1
q p *1.25*302 562.5 N / m 2
2

Peak pressure

1
2
q p z 1 7 I v z vm z
2

EN 1991-1-4(2005) 4.5 eq 4.8

Calculation of vm z

vm z cr z c0 z vb
c0 z is the orography factor
cr z is the roughness factor

z
cr z kr log
z0

case where zmin z zmax 5m 7.5m 200m

k r Is the terrain factor depending on the roughness length z0 calculated using

z
kr 0.19 0
z
0, II

0.07

Calculation of the turbulence intensity I v z

Iv

kI
z
c0 z log
z0

I v I v zmin

for zmin zzmax

EN 1991-1-4(2005) 4.4 eq 4.7

for z zmin

where k I is the turbulence factor (recommended value is k I =1.0)

Z=7.5 m then

7
k
1
z
2
r
*
q p z 1
vb * kr log

2
z

z0

c0 z log basic pressure

wind profile

z0

squared gust factor

1
7 *1

7.5

* *1.25*302 * 0.19 log

q p 7.5 1

2
0.3

1*log 7.5

basic pressure

wind profile
0.3

squared gust factor

=667.94 N/m 2
=0.668KN/m2
Wind pressure on surfaces

EN 1991-1-4(2005) 7.2

A positive wind loads stands for pressure whereas a negative wind load indicates suction on
the surface.this definition applies for the external wind action as well as for the internal wind
action.

Fig 4: description of (+) and(-) wind

1/ night situation all the building is closed

External pressure coefficients

Wind 1 =0
The wind pressure acting on the external surface,we
Should be obtained from the following expression

we q p ze .c pe

EN 1991-1-4(2005) 5.2 eq 5.1

ze is the reference height for the external pressure

c pe is the pressure coefficient for the external pressure depending on the size of the loaded

area A

Fig 5: euro curve for c pe

=

c pe,10

EN 1991-1-4(2005) 7.2.1

if 1m2 A 10m2 then c pe c pe ,1 c pe ,1 c pe ,10 log10 A

a)Vertical walls
For

h 7.5

0.3 0.25 then a linear interpolation is needed

d 25

1st point A(0.25;0.7) and 2nd point B(1;0.8)

f x mx p we have m
f 0.25
f x

yB y A 0.8 0.7 2

xB xA 1 0.25 15

2
2
*0.25 p 0.7 p
15
3

2
2
2
2
x then f 0.3 0.3 0.71
15
3
15
3

This value will be neglected to the table value

D

cpe=0.7

and

EN 1991-1-4(2005) table 7.4a

cpe=-0.3

fig 6: euro fig top ve w + zone actions

b)Duopitch roofs
=5.0

=0( wind direction) ; e=min(b;2h) =min(75;15) =15m

Fig 7: euro fig transverversal ve w

zone
cpe

J:

-1.7

-1.2

-0.6

-0.6

-0.6

two cases are considered cpe =+ 0.2 /-0.6

but

cpe=-0.6

EN 1991-1-4(2005) table 7.4a note1

Fig 8 : top ve w and zone details

Internal pressure coefficients
The wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces of the structure wi is obtained from the
expression
EN 1991-1-4(2005) (5.2) eq 5.2

wi q p zi c pi
zi is the reference height for thr internal pressure
c pi is the pressure coefficient for the internal pressure

The internal pressure coefficient depends on the size and distribution of the opening in the
structure envelope
We calculate it from the

EN 1991-1-4(2005) (7.2.9 (6))

h/d=7.5/25=0.3 assimilation to h/d=0.25 (see section above)

when we havent information about opening we take the more unfavorable
of (+0.2) and (-0.3)
In this case

EN 1991-1-4(2005) (7.2.9 (6)note 2)

c pi 0.2

Wind loads

w c pe c pi q p s

S= 7 m (spacing)

w c pe c pi 7*0.668 c pe c pi 4.676 applied to a portal frame (KN/m)

w c pe c pi * 0.668 applied to surfaces(KN/m 2)

Table 1 =0
zone

cpe

-1.2

-0.8

-0.5

0.7

-0.3

-1.7

-1.2

-0.6

-0.6

-0.6

cpi

+0.2

+0.2

+0.2

+0.2

+0.2

+0.2

+0.2

+0.2

+0.2

+0.2

cpe -cpi

-1.4

-1.0

-0.7

+0.5

-0.5

-1.9

-1.4

-0.8

-0.8

-0.8

W(KN/m)

-6.55

-4.68

-3.28

+2.34 -2.34

-8.88

-6.55

-3.74

-3.74

-3.74

-0.935

0.534

0.534

0.534

62.5*1.5 70*11 =
=93.75 770

70*11 =
770

70*1.5

87.66

411.18

Port.frame

W(KN/m )

0.935 0.668 0.468

Surfaces

0.334 0.334 -1.269

75*6.4
=480

(m )

75*6.4
=480

Value

15 15
4 10

=11.25

160.32 160.32 14.28

411.18

KN

The A,B,or C zone is not considered because of the symetric actions

-3.74 (J)
-6.55 (G)

-3.74 (H)
-3.74 (I)

-8.88(F)
92.0 (F1 etF2 )

w1

-2.34 (E)

+2.34(D)

1.5

11

1.5

11

Fig 9: wind distribution actions on duopitch roofs

=105

56.07

d=25m

EN 1991(2005)7.2.2 fig 7.4

+0.7
b=70m E -0.3

wind D

A=e/5 B=4 e/5

C=d-e

=3 m =12 m

=10 m

EN 1991-1-4:2005 7.2.2 (2)

Fig 10 wind distributions on vertical walls

Determination of wind actions forces

Fw cs cd .

c f q p ze . Aref

EN 1991-1-4(2005) 5.2.2( eq5.3)

lments

cs cd 1.0

EN 1991-1-4(2005) (6.2 note 1.c)

The decomposition is V =zone*cos=zone*0.996

and

H=zone*sin=zone*0.087

Point application of forces

T x
T
i

160.32*0 160.32*25 2*1.25 7.66 *0.75 35.77*7 35.77*19.5 4.88*13.25

315.36

14.33m

T y
T
i

35.0m

T z
T
i

2*160.32*3.2 2*1.25 7.66 *6.06 35.77*7.02 35.77*6.89 4.88*7.44

315.36

3.29m

T x
T
i

14.23*0.75* 2 87.31*0.75 409.54*7 409.54*19.5 55.85*13.25

990.7

11.79m

T y
T

35.0m

T z
T
i

14.23*6.06* 2 87.31*6.06 409.54*7.02 409.54* 6.89 55.85*7.44

990.7

6.88m
y
z

F2

w1

J
G

I
E

D
F1

Fig 11 application forces

Table 2 wind 1(=0) horizontal and vertical forces to Aref

Zone

Horizontal

vertical

H (KN)

V (KN)

Coordinates (m)
X

160.32

35

3.20

160.32

25.0

35

3.20

F1

14.28sin 5 1.25

14.28cos 5 14.23

0.75

1.875

6.06

F2

14.28sin 5 1.25

14.28cos 5 14.23

0.75

68.125

6.06

87.66*0.087 7.66 87.66*0.996 87.31

0.75

35

6.06

411.18*0.087 35.77

411.18*0.996 409.54

7.0

35

7.02

411.18*0.087 35.77

411.18*0.996 409.54

19.5

35

6.89

56.07*0.087 4.88

56.07*0.996 55.85

13.25

35

7.44

Rx

315.36

X H 14.33

YH 35.0

ZH 3.29

11.79 YV 35.0

ZV 6.88

Rz

990.7

Z
Rz

11.79 m

12.5m

6.88 m

Rx
B

A
25.0 m
14.33 m

Fig 12 force positions

forces actions

3.29 m

Overturning moment
M ov=Rx *3.29+Rz *(25-11.79)
=315.36*3.29+990.7*13.21
=14125 KNm
stabilizing moment
take 0.6 KN/m 2 as an approximative value of self-weight then(but not final)
W=0.6*70*25=1050 KN
M w=1050*12.5=13125 KNm
Stability : 14125-13125=1000 KNm
The structure is not stable then the difference will be taken by anchors

Wind 2 a/ =90
b/ =180
we consider that the two cases are similar
e90=e180=min(b;2h) =min(25;15) =15m

EN 1991-1-4:2005 (7.2.5 Figure 7.8)

x

z
E

H
G

G
F

y
w2

Fig 13 application forces

e/4

G
faite ou noue

b=25m

e/4

e/10

e/2

Fig 12 euro zone decompositions for duopitch roofs(=90)

External pressure coefficients
a)Vertical walls

EN 1991-1-4(2005) table 7.1

zone

C pe

-1.2

-0.8

-0.5

+0.7

-0.3

A is limited to e/5=15*0.2=3m
B is limited to 4e/5

=12m

C is limited to d-e=70-15 =55 m

b=25
m

b=25 m and d=70 m(in accordance to =90)

e/5(A)

e4/5(B)

d-e(C)

Fig 13 zone distributions

b)Duopitch roofs
=5.0

See fig above

=90=180(wind direction)
EN 1991-1-4(2005) table 7.4b

zone

cpe

-1.6

-1.3

-0.7

-0.6

Internal pressure coefficients

The wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces of the structure wi is obtained from the
expression

wi q p zi c pi

zi

is the reference height for thr internal pressure

c pi

is the pressure coefficient for the internal pressure

The internal pressure coefficient depends on the size and distribution of the opening in the
structure envelope
h/d=7.5/70=0.10.25
when we havent information about opening we take the more unfavorable
of (+0.2) and (-0.3)
In this case

EN 1991-1-4(2005) (7.2.9 (6)note 2)

c pi 0.2

Wind loads

w c pe c pi * q p = c pe c pi *0.668

EN 1991-1-4(2005) (7.2.9 (6)note 2)

Table 3 details in zone

zone

cpe

-1.2

-0.8

-0.5

+0.7

-0.3

-1.6

-1.3

-0.7

-0.6

cpi

+0.2

+0.2

+0.2

+0.2

+0.2

+0.2

+0.2

+0.2

+0.2

Cpe-cpi

-1.4

-1.0

-0.7

+0.5

-0.5

-1.8

-1.5

-0.9

-0.8

W(KN/
m2)

-0.935

-0.668

+0.334

-0.334

-1.202

-1.0

-0.601

-0.534

-0.468

1.202 (F )

0.534 (I)

0.534 (I)

0.601 (H)

0.601 (H)

1.0 (G)

0.47 (C)

1.0 (G)

1.202 (F )

0.47 (C)

wind
ent

0.668 (B)

0.668 (B)

0.935 (A)

0.935 (A)
1.5

22

Fig 14

1.5

distribution actions

Determination of friction forces

EN 1991-1-4(2005) (5.3 note 4)

The effects of wind friction on the surface can be disregarded when the total area of all surfaces parallel
With the wind is equal or less than 4 times the total area of all external surfaces perpendicular to the wind
Considered only wind =90

Ffr cFr q p ze Aref

EN 1991-1-4(2005) (5.3 eq 5.7)

cFr

EN 1991-1-4(2005) (7.5 table 7.10)

is the friction coefficient

q p ze

Aref

see above

is the area of external surface parallel to the wind

Cfr=0.04

Aref

qp z
EN 1991-1-4(2005) 7.5

(ripples,ribs,folds..)

= width*lenght

Lenght L=min(2b ;4h) =min(2*25,4*7.5) =30m

EN 1991-1-4(2005) 7.5(3)

Width
a) vertical walls 6504*2=13 m
b) duopitch roofs 2*( 12.5/cos(5))=25.1 m
take only a lineair distribution forces to all faces(apply only for q p (7.5))

Vertical walls

Ffr 0.04*0.668*30*13 10.42KN

Duopitch roofs

Ffr 0.04*0.668*30* 25.1 20.12

KN

FFr roofs
FFr walls//wind

d=70m

h=7.5m
6.4m

b=25m
wind
Fig 15 friction forces

Determination of forces
See procedure for =0

wind 2

(=90 or =180)

table 4: global forces by zone

Zone

Surface

Vertical

(m2)

RZ

Horizontal

(KN)

Rx

(KN)

1.1

25* 6.4 173.75

2

0.334*173.75 58.033

1.1

25* 6.4
173.75
2

0.334*173.75 58.033

1.202*11.25 13.522

2*

15 15
* 11.25
10 4

15 15

25 26.25
2 10

26.25*1.0 26.25

15 15
25 150
2 10

150*0.601 90.15

15

25 70 1562.5
2

1562.5*0.534 834.375

10.42 20.12 30.54

Ffr
Rz =964.297

R x=+146.606

Rz

12.5 m

12.5 m

7.5 m

Rx
B

3.2 m

25.0 m

Fig16 force point

forces actions
Overturning moment
M ov=R x *3.2+Rz *35
=146.606*3.2+964.297*35
=43219.5 KNm
stabilizing moment
take 0.6 KN/m 2 as an approximative value of self-weight then(but not final)

W=0.6*70*25=1050 KN
M w=1050*35=36750 KNm
Stability : 43219.5-36750=6469.5 KNm
Olso in this case the structure is not stable
Z

Rz
35.0m

35.0m

Rx
3.2m

Fig 17 long span

2/ Day situation the building is opened

In this case rhe internal coefficient must be calculated from En 1991-1-4 (2005)7.2.9
Take a 5*4.5 m 2
3*(2*1.5)m 2

one door in front (=90)

three doors in long spans and hasard disribution(=0)

Dominant face :22.5m 2

Other faces: 3m 2

22.5
2.5 then
9

c p ,i 0.75c p ,e En 1991-1-4 (2005)7.2.9(eq7.1)

So we return to the depart case and recalculate the all wind actions
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