IS 1893:2002 CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF STRUCTURES PART1 GENERAL PROVISIONS AND BUILDINGS The Code is now

split into five parts Part Part Part Part Part 1 2 3 4 5 General provisions and buildings Liquid retaining tanks - Elevated and ground supported Bridges and retaining walls Industrial structures including stack like structures Dams and embankments

Part 1 contains provisions that are general in nature and applicable to all structures. Also, it contains provisions that are specific to buildings only. The important changes as compared to IS:1893-1984 are as follows: 1. Seismic zone map is revised with only four seismic zones. Zone I is upgraded to Zone II. Killari area is enhanced to Zone III. Bellary isolated zone is removed. East coast is enhanced to Zone III and connected with Zone III of Godavari Graben area.

2. Seismic zone factor is changed reflecting more realistic value of peak ground acceleration.

3. Response acceleration spectra are now specified for three types of founding strata viz. Hard, Medium and Soft. 4. The empirical formula for calculating fundamental natural period T=0.1n for moment resisting frames without bracing or shear walls is replaced with Ta=0.075h0.075 for RC framed buildings. This formula applies to bare frames e.g. in industrial plant buildings. The formula for framed buildings with in-filled masonry walls is Ta = 0.09h/d0.5 where h and d are the height and base dimension of the building along the considered direction of earthquake. 5. Revised procedure first calculates the actual force that may be experienced by the structure during the probable maximum earthquake, if it were to remain elastic. Then response reduction due to ductile deformation or frictional energy dissipation in the cracks is applied via `response reduction factor' R in place of the earlier performance factor K. The list of building systems and the corresponding values of R is more exhaustive. The code procedures for calculating base shear VB are summarized below: IS:1893-1984 -----------VB = K.C. h.W where K = Performance factor 1.0 for SMRF (IS:4326 detail) and 1.6 for OMRF (IS:456 detail) C = Fundamental time period dependant coefficient = 1.0 for T <= 0.35 sec and 0.5/T(2/3) for T > 0.35 sec h = .I. 0

= Soil-foundation system dependant coefficient = 1.2 for isolated footings without tie beams in medium soils, piles in soft soils, combined or isolated footings with tie beams in soft soils = 1.5 isolated footings without tie beams in soft soils I = Importance factor = 1.5 for hospitals, schools, cinema halls, monumental structures, telephone exchanges, radio, fire, railway power stations and 1.0 for others 0 = Zone dependant design seismic coefficient Zone 0 II 0.02 III 0.04 IV 0.05 V 0.08

W = Seismic weight of building = Dead load + appropriate amount of live load = Dead load + 25% for LL up to 3 kN/sq.m 50% for LL > 3 kN/sq.m

0% for LL on roof

IS:1893-2002 -----------VB = Ah.W [Z/2].[Sa/g] = -----------[R/I] = Zero period acceleration value for the Maximum Considered Earthquake II 0.10 III 0.16 IV 0.24 V 0.36 coefficient for Hard, Medium or Soft soil, 5% 1.00/T for T > 0.40 (Hard: GP,GW,SP,SW,SC with 1.36/T for T > 0.55 (Medium: All with 10<N<30 SP 1.67/T for T > 0.67 (Soft: All except SP with

Ah Z Zone Z

Sa/g = Spectral acceleration damping = 2.5 for T <= 0.40 and N>30) = 2.5 for T <= 0.55 and with N>15) = 2.5 for T <= 0.67 and N<10) I

= Importance factor = 1.5 for hospitals, schools, cinema halls, monumental structures, telephone exchanges, television, radio, fire, railway power stations and 1.0 for others

= Response reduction factor Ordinary RC Moment Resisting Frame (OMRF) Special RC Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF) Ordinary RC Shear Walls Ductile RC Shear Walls Dual Systems with frames carrying >25% of VB Ordinary RC Shear Walls with OMRF Ordinary RC Shear Walls with OMRF Ductile Shear Walls with OMRF Ductile Shear Walls with SMRF 3 4 4.5 5 3 5 3 3

= Seismic weight of building = Dead load + appropriate amount of live load = Dead load + 25% for LL up to 3 kN/sq.m 50% for LL > 3 kN/sq.m 0% for LL on roof

Comparative Values of Maximum Base Shear ---------------------------------------IS:1893-1984 IS:1893-2002 Percent Increase

Zone II III IV V

VB(SMRF) 0.02W 0.04W 0.05W 0.08W

VB(OMRF) 0.032W 0.064W 0.080W 0.128W

VB(SMRF) 0.025W 0.040W 0.060W 0.090W

VB(OMRF) 0.042W 0.067W 0.100W 0.150W

SMRF 25.0 0.0 20.0 12.5

OMRF 31.3 4.7 25.0 17.2

Elimination of C results in higher force up to 11%, 25% and 43% for hard, medium and soft soils respectively in the peak region and elimination of beta results in lower force for soft soils to the extent of 20%. 6. Accidental torsion is introduced: edi = 1.5 esi + 0.05 bi or = esi - 0.05 bi whichever governs edi = Design eccentricity at floor i esi = Static eccentricity at floor i defined as the distance between center of mass and center of rigidity bi = Plan dimension of floor i perpendicular to the direction of force

7. Definition and treatment of irregularities is elaborated: In Plan ------i) Torsional : If floor diaphragms are rigid in their own plane and maximum storey drift at one end is > 1.2*average storey drift ii) Re-entrant corners : if projection beyond re-entrant corner is > 15% of plan dimension in that direction iii) Diaphragm discontinuity: if open areas > 50% of gross enclosed area or change in effective diaphragm stiffness from one storey to next > 50% iv) Out-of-plane offsets: discontinuities in lateral load resisting paths v) Non-parallel systems In Elevation -----------i) Soft-storey: Lateral stiffness < 70% of that in in the storey above or < 80% of the average lateral stiffness of three storeys above ii) Mass: seismic weight of any storey except roof < 200% of adjacent storeys iii) Geometic: horizontal dimension of a lateral force resisting element > 150% of that in adjacent storey iv) In plane discontinuity: In plane offset of a lateral force resisting element > length of that element v) Weak-storey having lateral strength < 80% of that in the storey above Additional requirements for some of the irregularities are specified:

Soft Storey: The columns and beams of the soft storey are to be designed for 2.5 times the storey shears and moments calculated under seismic loads besides the columns designed and detailed for the calculated storey shears and moments, shear walls placed symmetrical in both directions of the building as far away from the center of the building as feasbible to be designed exclusively for 1.5 times the lateral storey shear force calculated as before. Non-Parallel Systems: Earthquake effects about the two orthogonal axes must be combined: a. Ex 0.3Ey b. Ey 0.3Ex 8. More load combinations are required: Basic Combination 1) 1.5(D+L) 2) 1.2(D+LE) 1.2(D+L+EXP), 1.2(D+L+EXN), 1.2(D+L-EXP), 1.2(D+L-EXN), 1.2(D+L+EYP), 1.2(D+L+EYN), 1.2(D+L-EYP), 1.2(D+L-EYN) 3) 1.5(DE) 1.5(D+EXP), 1.5(D+EYP), 4) 0.9D1.5E 0.9D+1.5EXP, 0.9D+1.5EYP, where D L E X Y P N : : : : : : : Dead Live Earthquake along X axis along Y axis Positive eccentricity Negative eccentricity 0.9D+1.5EXN, 0.9D+1.5EYN, 0.9D-1.5EXP, 0.9D-1.5EYP, 0.9D-1.5EXN, 0.9D-1.5EYN 1.5(D+EXN), 1.5(D+EYN), 1.5(D-EXP), 1.5(D-EYP), 1.5(D-EXN), 1.5(D-EYN) Expanded Combinations

This results in 25 actual combinations but can be reduced rationally. Limits of static analysis ------------------------Zone II Regular buildings <90 m Irregular buildings <40 m

Zone III <90 m <40 m

Zone IV <40 m <12 m

Zone V <40 m <12 m

Example

The data for this example is as follows: Storeys Foundation depth mm OMRF Ground storey height mm Medium Typical storey height mm 2 1500 3000 3000 Concrete grade Slab cover mm Beam cover mm 25 25 50 Seismic zone Frame type Soil type Importance factor 1.0 3

Column cover mm 50

---------------------------------------------------------------------Column Data Beam Data Slab Data ---------------------------------------------------------------------Mark Cx Cy Mark bw D Load Mark t Loads mm mm mm mm kN/m mm kN/sq.m Dead Live ---------------------------------------------------------------------C1 300 300 B1 300 500 6.25 S1 150 1.25 5.00 B1R 300 500 2.25 S1R 150 3.25 1.00 B1G 300 400 6.25 ---------------------------------------------------------------------Loads (kN): Roof Floor Ground ----------------------- ---------------------- --------------------Slab 0.15*25*25 = 93.75 0.15*25*25 = 93.75 = 0 Finish 3.25*25 = 81.25 1.25*25 = 31.25 = 0 Beams 0.3*0.5*25*20 = 75 0.3*0.5*25*20 = 75 0.3*0.4*25*20 = 60 Walls 2.25*20 = 45 6.25*20 = 125 6.25*20 = 125

Columns 0.3*0.3*3*25*4= 27 13.5 (below) ----Dead 198.5 Live 0 1*25 = 322

0.3*0.3*3*25*4=

27 ---

0.3*0.3*1.5*25*4 = --

352

25

5*25

= 125

Analysis & Design of Floor Slab A1B2 : Dead load (0.15*25+1.25) = 5 kN/m2 Live load = 5 kN/m2 Factored Load 1.5*5+1.5*5 = 15 kN/m2 Aspect ratio = 5.0 / 5.0 = 1.0 M+ = 0.056*15*52 = 21.0 kN-m/m As+ = 504 sq.mm/m Mu+ = 0.87*415*504*(150-25)*(1-(504*415/1000*125*25)/106 = 21.2 kN-m/m (OK) Gravity Analysis & Design of Beam A1B1 : Direct dead UDL on beam = (75+125)/4 Triangular dead load from slab = 125/4 Triangular live load from slab = 125/4 Total Simply supported moment : Dead = 50*5/8 + 31.25*5/6 = 57.29 kN-m Live = 31.25*5/6 = 26.04 kN-m Total = 83.33 kN-m Fixed end moment : Dead = 50*5/12 + 31.25*5*5/48 = 37.11 kN-m Live = 31.25*5*5/48 = 16.28 kN-m Total = 53.39 kN-m Factored fixed end moment = 1.5*37.11 + 1.5*16.28 = 80.08 kN-m Substitute Frame Properties: Gross properties of sections will be used in the analysis. For beams, effective width of flange is taken as lo/12+bw+3*Df where lo is the distance between points of contraflexure, assumed as 0.7 times beam span and Df is the flange depth. Gross Moment of Inertia of Beams: Overall depth Web width Flange depth Flange width = = = = 500 mm 300 mm 150 mm 0.7*5000/12 + 300 + 3*150 = 1042 mm = 50.00 = 31.25 = 31.25 = 112.50 kN kN kN kN

Depth of CG from top = 300*500*250 + (1042-300)*150*75 ------------------------------- = 176 mm 300*500 + (1042-300)*150 Icg = 0.3*0.53/12 + 0.3*0.5*(0.25-0.176)2 + (1.042-0.3)*0.153/12 + (1.042-0.3)*0.15*(0.176 -0.075)2 = 0.00529 m4 Gross Moment of Inertia of Columns = 0.3*0.33/12 = 0.000675 m4 Moments in upper and lower columns of a single bay symmetrical frame are

MF * KU Mc = ------------------------(KU+KL+0.5*KB/2) where: MF KU KL KB = = = = Fixed end beam moment I/L of upper column = 0.000675 / 3 I/L of lower column = 0.000675 / 3 I/L of beam = 0.005290 / 5 = = = = 80.08 kN-m 0.000225 m3 0.000225 m3 0.001058 m3

80.08 * 0.000225 Mc = ------------------------- = 18.4 kN-m (2*0.000225+0.001058/2) Factored shear in columns = 18.4*2/3 = 12.27 kN Factored moment at beam ends = 2*18.4 = 36.80 kNm Factored moment at mid-span = 1.5*83.33 - 36.8 = 88.20 kN-m Factored shear at beam ends = 1.5*112.5 / 2 = 84.38 kN Reinforcement in beam: Longitudinal steel As(min) = (0.85/415)*300*(500-50) = 277 sq.mm Mu(min) = 0.87*415*277*450*(1-277*415/300*450*25)/1000000 = 43.47 kN-m Required top steel at beam supports < 277 sq.mm As(mid) = 553 sq.mm Mu(mid) = 0.87*415*553*450*(1-553*415/1042*450*25)/1000000 = 88.1 kN-m (OK) Stirrups Minimum Asv/sv = 0.4*300/415 = 0.289

Shear capacity of concrete = 0.36*300*450/1000 = 48.60 kN Shear capacity of stirrups = 0.87*415*0.289*450/1000 = 46.95 kN Total shear capacity = 95.55 kN < 84.38 kN (OK) Required sv/Asv > 1/0.289 = 3.46 Seismic Analysis Seismic Weight Roof -----------175.0 75.0 45.0 125/2 = 62.5 0.0 27/2 = 13.5 0.0 ---371.0 Floor ------------125.0 75.0 125/2 = 62.5 125/2 = 62.5 27/2 = 13.5 27/2 = 13.5 0.5*125 = 62.5 ----414.5 Ground -------------0.0 60.0 125/2 = 62.5 0.0 27/2 = 13.5 13.5/2 = 6.75 0.0 -----142.75

Slab+finishes Beams Walls above Walls below Columns above Columns below Live wi (kN) Time Period Ta h = 7.5 m d = 5.0 m

Ta = 0.09 * h / sqrt(d) = 0.09 * 7.5 / sqrt(5) = 0.302 second Design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah ZISa/g 0.16*1.0*2.5 Ah = ------ = ------------ = 0.0667 2R 2*3.0 where Z Zone factor = 0.16 I Importance factor = 1.0 R Response reduction factor = 3.0 for OMRF Sa/g Response acceleration coefficient = 2.5 Base Shear VB VB = Ah * wi = 0.0667*(371.0 + 414.5 + 142.75) = 61.91 kN

Vertical Distribution of Base Shear Qi Level 4 3 2 1 wi 371.00 414.50 142.75 0.00 hi 7.5 4.5 1.5 0.0 wi*hi2 20868.8 8393.6 321.2 0.0 -------Qi 61.91*20868.8/29583.6 = 43.67 kN 61.91* 8393.6/29583.6 = 17.57 kN 61.91* 321.2/29583.6 = 0.67 kN 0.00 kN -----

29583.6

61.91 kN

Seismic Loads Storey Shear Axial kN Column Moment kN-m

and Bending Moments Beam Shear kN Column kN

2 6.55 1 22.29

43.67 61.24

43.67*3/2*4=16.38 61.24*3/2*4=22.97

16.38*2/5

6.55

= (6.55+15.74) =

(16.38+22.97)*2/5 = 15.74

Effect of Eccentricity in Plan Due to biaxial symmetry of loads and layout, center of mass and shear center are located at (2.5,2.5) meters with respect to origin at lower left corner. Thus xcm = ycm = xsc = ysc = 2.5 m Static eccentricity esi Frames along x-axis esiy = (xcm-xsc) = (2.5-2.5) = 0.00 m Frames along y-axis esix = (ycm-ysc) = (2.5-2.5) = 0.00 m Accidental eccentricity .05bi Frames along x-axis = 0.05*biy = 0.05 * 5 = 0.25 m Frames along y-axis = 0.05*bix = 0.05 * 5 = 0.25 m Design eccentricity edi Frames along x-axis = ediy = esiy+0.05*biy = 0 + 0.25 = 0.25 m Frames along y-axis = edix = esix+0.05*bix = 0 + 0.25 = 0.25 m Radius of Gyration of Strength rk = ( Vxi,j*(ysci-yi,j)2/ Vxi,j + where Vxi,j/ Vxi,j=fraction of storey j=1/4 Vyi,j/ Vyi,j=fraction of storey j=1/4 xi,j =x ordinate of j-th yi,j =y ordinate of j-th Vyi,j*(xsci-xi,j)2/ Vyi,j)1/2

shear along x direction at level i in column shear along y direction at level i in column column at level i = 0 and 5 m column at level i = 0 and 5 m

rk2 = 2*(2.5-0)2/4 + 2*(2.5-5)2/4 + 2*(2.5-0)2/4 + 2*(2.5-5)2/4 = 12.5 m2 Magnification Factor at all levels Frames along x-axis = xi = 1 + ediy*yi,k/rk2 = 1 + 2.5*0.25/12.5 = 1.05 Frames along y-axis = yi = 1 + edix*xi,k/rk2 = 1 + 2.5*0.25/12.5 = 1.05 Analysis and Design of Columns of First Storey for D + L + Ex Unfactored Axial Load in Columns Due to dead loads (322+352)/4 = 168.50 kN Due to live loads ( 25+125)/4 = 37.50 kN Due to earthquake 22.29 kN Unfactored Moment in Columns Due to dead loads 18.4*37.11/80.08 = 8.53 kN-m Due to live loads 18.4*16.28/80.08 = 3.74 kN-m Due to earthquake 22.97 kN-m Unfactored Shear in Columns

Due to dead loads 2*8.53/3 = 5.69 kN Due to live loads 2*3.74/3 = 2.49 kN Due to earthquake 61.24/4 = 15.31 kN Pu Mux Muy Vux Vuy = = = = = 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 * * * * * (168.5 + 37.5 + 22.29*1.05) (8.53 + 3.74) (8.53 + 3.74 + 22.97*1.05) (5.69 + 2.49 + 61.24*1.05/4) (5.69 + 2.49) = 275.29 kN = 14.72 kN-m = 36.39 kN-m = 24.10 kN = 9.82 kN

Check for As = 1080 sq.mm p 1080 * 100 --- = -------------- = 0.048 fck 300 * 300 * 25 Puz = 0.45fc.b.D + 0.75fy.As = 0.45*25*300*300 + 0.75*415*1080 = 1348650 N Pu 275290 --- = -------- = 0.204 Puz 1348650 n = 1 + (.204 - .2) / 0.6 = 1.0067 Refer Chart 45 of SP-16 Pu 275290 ------- = ---------- = 0.122 fck.b.D 25*300*300 Mux1 -------- = 0.09 fck.b.D2 Mux1 = Muy1 = 0.09*25*300*3002 = 60750000 N-mm (Mux/Mux1) n+(Muy/Muy1)
n

< 1

(14.72/60.75)1.0067 + (36.39/60.75)1.0067 = 0.241 + 0.598 = 0.837 < 1 (OK) Column-beam Intersection at top of first storey: Unfactored Moments at Beam Ends Due to dead loads 36.8*121.875/(168.75*1.5) = 17.72 kN-m Due to live loads 36.8*46.875/(168.75*1.5) = 6.82 kN-m Due to earthquake 16.38 + 22.97 = 39.35 kN-m Combinations for moment DL+E DL-E D+E D-E -1.2*17.72 -1.2*17.72 -1.5*17.72 -0.9*17.72 + 1.2*6.82 - 1.2*1.05*39.35 = -79.03 kN-m 1.2*6.82 + 1.2*1.05*39.35 = 20.13 kN-m 1.5*1.05*39.35 = -88.56 kN-m 1.5*1.05*39.35 = 46.03 kN-m

Unfactored Shears at Beam Ends Due to dead loads Due to live loads Due to earthquake 81.25/2 = 40.63 kN 31.25/2 = 15.63 kN 2*39.35/5 = 15.74 kN

Combinations for shear DL+E 1.2*40.63 + 1.2*15.63 + 1.2*1.05*15.74 = 87.34 kN E 1.5*1.05*15.74 = 24.79 kN Design for hogging moment = -88.56 kN-m As = 513 sq.mm Mu = 0.87*415*513*450*(1-513*415/300*450*25)/1000000 = 78.1 kN-m Design for sagging moment = 46.03 kN-m As = 277 sq.mm Mu = 0.87*415*277*450*(1-277*415/1042*450*25)/1000000 = 44.6 kN-m (OK) Minimum Shear capacity of beam = 95.55 kN (OK) TORSIONAL PROVISIONS IN IS:1893(2002) New clauses were introduced in the revised Indian seismic code for torsion of symmetric as well as asymmetric buildings with rigid diaphragms. The treatment of torsional provisions is elaborated here along with a solved example. Clause 7.9.2 of IS:1893(2000) reads as follows: The design eccentricity, edi to be used at floor i shall be taken as: edi = 1.5esi + 0.05bi or = esi - 0.05bi whichever of these gives the more severe effect in the shear of any frame where esi = Static eccentricity at floor i defined as the distance between centre of mass and centre of rigidity bi = Floor plan dimension of floor i, perpendicular to the direction of force Under seismic loads, structures experience lateral forces acting, in general, at a design eccentricity edi with respect to a neutral point, such that deflections on the side towards edi are higher than those on the other side of the neutral point. The sides towards and away from edi are known as the flexible and stiff sides respectively.

Multiplier 1.5 on esi in the first equation is the dynamic amplification factor to account for possible coupling of torsional and lateral modes of vibration and depends on the ratio of frequencies in the two modes. When frequencies in the two modes are far apart, dynamic amplification factor is 1.0 as in the second equation. Accidental eccentricity due to possible variations of live load, stiffness and ground motion along the width of building is given by 0.05bi. Obviously, this factor can take positive or negative value. Two cases are possible: 1. Lateral-torsional mode coupling occurs and accidental eccentricity is in the same direction as the static eccentricity which is reflected by the first equation. In general, this is the governing case for members on the flexible side. 2. Lateral-torsional mode coupling does not occur and the static eccentricity is in the direction opposite to the static eccentricity which is what the second part of the equation implies. In general, this is the governing case for members on the stiff side. Seismic force acting at the code specified design eccentricity results in torques at various floor levels. There are two approaches to account for this effect. 1. Floor Torques about Centers of Rigidity: Static eccentricity is defined as the distance between the center of mass and the center of rigidity at a given floor. Centers of rigidity are points on each floor of a multistoreyed building such that lateral loads applied through them do not cause rotation of any of the floors [1]. In order to locate centers of rigidity, the following procedure is adopted: 1. The structural models constrained to deflect only in the direction of applied seismic loads along x and y axes are analyzed. 2. Free body diagram of each floor is taken along with storey shears vi+1,j and vi,j above and below that floor respectively where subscript i refers to storey and subscript j refers to shear resisting element of that storey.

3. The point of intersection of resultants of net storey shears (vi,j vi+1,j) along the orthogonal axes is the center of rigidity for the storey. A pair of design eccentricities and the resulting floor torques at each storey can now be calculated. These floor torques are applied to a three-dimensional frame model taking due care of the fact that 3D frame analysis accounts for static eccentricity 1.0 esi automatically. 2. Storey Torsion about Shear Center: Static eccentricity is defined as the distance between the center of cumulative mass from roof down to the level under consideration and shear center at that level. In order to locate shear center, the following procedure is adopted: 1. The structural models constrained to deflect only in the direction of applied seismic loads along x and y axes are analyzed. 2. Free body diagram of the substructure from roof down to the level being considered is taken along with shears Vxi,j and Vyi,j at the cut where subscript i refers to level and subscript j refers to shear resisting element at that level. 3. The point of intersection of resultants of shears Vxi,j and Vyi,j defines shear center at that level. A pair of design eccentricities at the level under consideration can now be calculated. Analogous to the quantity (1+6e/d) commonly used to calculate maximum pressure in an eccentrically loaded footing, magnification factors on all forces and moments obtained in step 1 above are given by: xi = 1 + ediy*yi,k/rk2 yi = 1 + edix*xi,k/rk2 where xi yi = Magnification factor for frames in x direction at level i = Magnification factor for frames in y direction at level i

Vxi,j = Shear along x direction at level i in column j Vyi,j = Shear along y direction at level i in column j edix ediy = Maximum additive design eccentricity at level i along x axis = Maximum additive design eccentricity at level i along y axis

xsci ysci xi,j yi,j rk

= x ordinate of shear center at level i = = y ordinate of shear center at level i = = x ordinate of j-th column at level i = y ordinate of j-th column at level i

Vyi,j*xi,j / Vxi,j*yi,j /

Vyi,j Vxi,j

= Radius of gyration of stiffness = ( Vxi,j*(ysci-yi,j)2/ Vxi,j + Vyi,j*(xsci-xi,j)2/ Vyi,j)1/2

It must be emphasized that, in general, location of shear center is different from center of rigidity. Tso [2] has shown equivalence of the two procedures given above. The second approach is computationally simpler and will be used to illustrate the effect of torsion on the two storeyed building shown below consisting of ground, first floor and roof levels.

The data for this example is as follows: ---------------------------------------------------------------------Column Data Beam Data Slab Data ---------------------------------------------------------------------Mark Cx Cy Mark bw D Wall Mark t Loads mm mm mm mm Load mm Dead Live kN/m kN/sq.m ---------------------------------------------------------------------C1 300 300 B1 300 500 6.25 S1 150 1.25 5.00 B1R 300 500 2.25 S1R 150 3.25 1.00 B1G 300 400 6.25

---------------------------------------------------------------------Here, suffixes R and G on beam and slab marks refer to roof and ground levels respectively. Storey heights are 3.0 m and foundation depth is 1.5 m below ground. Seismic Weight wi Seismic weight at a particular level consists of: - Dead loads of slab and beams including finishes at the level - Proportional dead loads of walls and columns above and below - Appropriate amount of live loads at the level as per code The following table gives seismic weights at various levels along with x ordinate of center of gravity, xcg measured from lower left corner which will be used later for calculating center of mass. Due to symmetry in vertical direction, ycg is located at 2.5 m for all of the components. Density of reinforced concrete is taken as 25 kN/m3 for this example. Roof m ----------------Slab+finishes 4.000 Beams 4.161 Walls above 4.161 Walls below 4.161 Columns above 4.333 Columns below 4.333 Live 4.000 280.00 116.25 69.75 193.75/2 = 96.88 0.00 40.50/2 = 20.25 0.00 -----wi (kN) Center of Mass Centers of mass at various levels with respect to origin at lower left corner are calculated as : xcm = ycm = wj*xcgj/ wj wj*ycgj/ wj 583.13 193.75/2 = 193.75/2 = 40.50/2 = 40.50/2 = ----------------200.00 116.25 96.88 96.88 20.25 20.25 ---------------0.00 93.00 193.75/2 = 96.88 0.00 40.50/2 = 20.25 20.25/2 = 10.13 0.00 -----220.26 --Floor Ground xcg

0.5*200 = 100.00 -----650.51

where subscript j refers to each component of seismic weight from roof downwards

to the level under consideration. xcm at Roof Level =(280*4+(116.25+69.75+96.88)*4.161+20.25*4.333)/583.13 =4.090 m xcm at First Floor Level =(4.090*583.13+200*4+(116.25+2*96.88)*4.161+2*20.25*4.333+100*4)/(583.13+650. 51) =4.094 m xcm at Ground Level =((583.13+650.51)*4.094+(93+96.88)*4.161+(20.25+10.13)*4.333)/(583.13+650.51+ 220.26) =4.108 m ycm = 2.5 m at all levels Seismic Analyses on Constrained Models In lieu of analyses, it will be assumed here that all columns share storey shears equally at all levels. Shear Center Following the assumption of storey shears being shared equally by all columns, values of Vxi,j/ Vxi,j and Vyi,j/ Vyi,j are all equal to 1/6. Thus at all levels, xsc = ysc = Vyi,j*xi,j/ Vyi,j = 2*(0+5+8)/6 = 4.333 m Vxi,j*yi,j/ Vxi,j = 3*(0+5)/6 = 2.500 m

Static Eccentricity esi The distance between center of mass and shear center gives static eccentricity along each of the axes at various levels. Along x-axis: esix = xcm Roof : 4.090 - 4.333 = Floor : 4.094 - 4.333 = Ground : 4.108 - 4.333 = - xsc -0.243 m -0.239 m -0.225 m = 2.5 - 2.5 = 0 m (at all levels)

Along y-axis: esiy = ycm - ysc Accidental Eccentricity bi

Along x-axis = 0.05*bix = 0.05 * 8 = 0.40 m Along y-axis = 0.05*biy = 0.05 * 5 = 0.25 m Maximum Design Eccentricity edimax Algebraic addition of static and accidental eccentricities gives maximum value of design eccentricity.

Along x-axis = 1.5*esix + 0.05*bix Roof : -1.5*0.243 - 0.40 = -0.765 m Floor : -1.5*0.239 - 0.40 = -0.759 m Ground : -1.5*0.225 - 0.40 = -0.738 m Along y-axis = 1.5*esiy + 0.05*biy = 0 + 0.25 = 0.25 m Minimum Design Eccentricity edimin Algebraic subtraction of accidental eccentricity from static eccentricity gives minimum value of design eccentricity. Along x-axis = ediminx = esix - 0.05*bix Roof : -0.243 + 0.40 = 0.157 m Floor : -0.239 + 0.40 = 0.161 m Ground : -0.225 + 0.40 = 0.175 m Along y-axis = ediminy = esiy - 0.05*biy = 0 - 0.25 = -0.25 m Radius of Gyration of Strength rk = ( Vxi,j*(ysci-yi,j)2/ Vxi,j + Vyi,j*(xsci-xi,j)2/ Vyi,j)1/2

The quantities Vxi,j/ Vxi,j and Vyi,j/ Vyi,j being equal to 1/6 at all levels, rk2 = {3*(2.5-0)2+3*(2.5-5)2+2*(4.333-0)2+2*(4.333-5)2+2*(4.333-8)2}/6 = 17.14 m2 Magnification Factors xi = 1 + ediy*yi,k/rk2 Frame along grid 1 Roof : 1+(0-4.333)*(-0.765)/17.14 = 1.193 or 1+(0-4.333)*0.157/17.14=0.960 Floor : 1+(0-4.333)*(-0.759)/17.14 = 1.192 or 1+(0-4.333)*0.161/17.14=0.959 Ground : 1+(0-4.333)*(-0.738)/17.14 = 1.186 or 1+(0-4.333)*0.175/17.14=0.956 Maximum: 1.193 Frame along grid 2 Roof : 1+(5-4.333)*(-0.765)/17.14 = 0.970 or 1+(5-4.333)*0.157/17.14=1.006 Floor : 1+(5-4.333)*(-0.759)/17.14 = 0.971 or 1+(5-4.333)*0.161/17.14=1.006 Ground : 1+(5-4.333)*(-0.738)/17.14 = 0.971 or 1+(5-4.333)*0.175/17.14=1.007 Maximum: 1.007 Frame along grid 3 Roof : 1+(8-4.333)*(-0.765)/17.14 = 0.836 or 1+(8-4.333)*0.157/17.14=1.034 Floor : 1+(8-4.333)*(-0.759)/17.14 = 0.838 or 1+(8-4.333)*0.161/17.14=1.034 Ground : 1+(8-4.333)*(-0.738)/17.14 = 0.842 or 1+(8-4.333)*0.175/17.14=1.038 Maximum: 1.038 As expected, frame along grid 1 which is farthest from shear center and on the flexible side experiences maximum magnification factor.

yi = 1 + edix*xi,k/rk2 = 1 + 0.25*2.5/17.14 = 1.037 for frames along A and B at all levels. Storey-wise magnification factors or, conservatively, the maximum value of magnification factor for each frame in x and y direction is applied to all actions found from seismic analysis of constrained model. REFERENCES 1. Jain SK and Murty SVR, "Proposed Changes in Indian Seismic Code,IS:1893 (Part 1) 2002". IITK-GSDMA Project on Building Codes. 2. Tso WK, "Static Eccentricity Concept for Torsional Moment Estimations". Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 116, No. 5 pp 1199-1212.