Magnetic Hysteresis and Ferromagnetic Materials

565 08/01
Symbol Meaning Unit

A
A
e
A
L
A
L1
A
min
A
N
A
R
B
B
B

B_
B
R
B
S
C
0
CDF
DF
d
E
a
f
f
cutoff
f
max
f
min
f
r
f
Cu
g
H
H

H_
H
c
h
h/
i
2
I
I_
I
J
k
k
3
k
3c
L
Cross section of coil
Effective magnetic cross section
Inductance factor; A
L
= L/ N
2
Minimum inductance at defined high saturation (
a
)
Minimum core cross section
Winding cross section
Resistance factor; A
R
= R
Cu
/ N
2
RMS value of magnetic flux density
Flux density deviation
Peak value of magnetic flux density
Peak value of flux density deviation
DC magnetic flux density
Remanent flux density
Saturation magnetization
Winding capacitance
Core distortion factor
Relative disaccommodation coefficient DF = d/
i
Disaccommodation coefficient
Activation energy
Frequency
Cut-off frequency
Upper frequency limit
Lower frequency limit
Resonance frequency
Copper filling factor
Air gap
RMS value of magnetic field strength
Peak value of magnetic field strength
DC field strength
Coercive field strength
Hysteresis coefficient of material
Relative hysteresis coefficient
RMS value of current
Direct current
Peak value of current
Polarization
Boltzmann constant
Third harmonic distortion
Circuit third harmonic distortion
Inductance
mm
2
mm
2
nH
nH
mm
2
mm
2
= 10
6

Vs/m
2
, mT
Vs/m
2
, mT
Vs/m
2
, mT
Vs/m
2
, mT
Vs/m
2
, mT
Vs/m
2
, mT
Vs/m
2
, mT
F = As/ V
mm
4,5
J
s
1
, Hz
s
1
, Hz
s
1
, Hz
s
1
, Hz
s
1
, Hz
mm
A/m
A/m
A/m
A/m
10
6
cm/A
10
6
cm/A
A
A
A
Vs/m
2
J/K
H = Vs/A
Symbols and terms
Symbols and Terms
Ferrite and Accessories
566 08/01
Symbol Meaning Unit
L/L
L
0
L
H
L
p
L
rev
L
s
l
e
l
N
N
P
Cu
P
trans
P
V
PF
Q
R
R
Cu
R
h
R
h
R
i
R
p
R
s
R
th
R
V
s
T
T
T
C
t
t
v
tan
tan
L
tan
r
tan
e
tan
h
tan /
i
U
V
e
Z
Z
n
Relative inductance change
Inductance of coil without core
Main inductance
Parallel inductance
Reversible inductance
Series inductance
Effective magnetic path length
Average length of turn
Number of turns
Copper (winding) losses
Transferrable power
Relative core losses
Performance factor
Quality factor (Q = L/R
s
= 1/tan
L
)
Resistance
Copper (winding) resistance (f = 0)
Hysteresis loss resistance of a core
R
h
change
Internal resistance
Parallel loss resistance of a core
Series loss resistance of a core
Thermal resistance
Effective loss resistance of a core
Total air gap
Temperature
Temperature difference
Curie temperature
Time
Pulse duty factor
Loss factor
Loss factor of coil
(Residual) loss factor at H 0
Relative loss factor
Hysteresis loss factor
Relative loss factor of material at H 0
RMS value of voltage
Peak value of voltage
Effective magnetic volume
Complex impedance
Normalized impedance |Z|
n
= |Z| /N
2
(l
e
/A
e
)
H
H
H
H
H
H
mm
mm
W
W
mW/g
K/W
mm
C
K
C
s
V
V
mm
3
/mm
Symbols and Terms
567 08/01
The commas used in numerical values denote decimal points.
All dimensions are given in mm.
Surface-mount device
Symbol Meaning Unit
app
rev
tot
l/A
Cu
Temperature coefficient (TK)

Relative temperature coefficient of material
Temperature coefficient of effective permeability
Relative dielectric constant
Magnetic flux
Efficiency of a transformer
Hysteresis material constant
Hysteresis core constant
Magnetostriction at saturation magnetization
Relative complex permeability
Magnetic field constant
Relative amplitude permeability
Relative apparent permeability
Relative effective permeability
Relative initial permeability
Relative real (inductive) component of
Relative imaginary (loss) component of
Relative permeability
Relative reversible permeability
Relative real (inductive) component of
Relative imaginary (loss) component of
Relative total permeability
derived from the static magnetization curve
Resistivity
Magnetic form factor
DC time constant
Cu
= L/R
Cu
= A
L
/A
R
Angular frequency; = 2 f
1/K
1/K
1/K
Vs
mT
-1
A
1
H
1/2
Vs/Am
m
1
mm
1
s
s
1
for series components
for parallel components
Symbols and Terms
568 08/01
Ordering code structure
1 RM, P, TT/PR, EP, ER9,5, ER11 cores
(Example here RM 4)
2 E, ELP, ER, ETD, EC, EFD, EV cores
These cores are supplied as single units; each packing unit contains only cores either with or with-
out shortened center leg (gap dimension g). The typical value given in the tables for the A
L
value
applies to a core set consisting of one core with a shortened center leg and one core without a
shortened center leg (dimension g approx. 0). E cores with a toleranced A
L
value are available
on request. We then prefer a symmetrical air gap distribution.
Ordering example (here ETD 29)
B66358 G 1000
Part number
See table
Code letters of
E cores
See table
Code letters of
E cores
Short designation for the SIFERRIT material
(27 N27, 67 N67 etc.)
X 1 27
Code letter for A
L
tolerance (see table)
B65803 N 160 A 48
Part number
Code letter for
revision status
and version
A
L
value in nH
Given only for gapped
cores.
Not specified for
ungapped cores
(e.g. B65803-J-R30)
Short designation for the SIFERRIT material
(48 N48, 1 K1, 33 M33 etc.)
Letter giving A
L
value tolerance
A 3 %
B 4 %
C 6 %
D 8 %
E 7 %
G 2 %
H 12 %
J 5 %
K 10 %
L 15 %
M 20 %
R + 30/ 20 %
U + 80/ 0 %
Y + 40/ 30 %
X Filling letter
Symbols and Terms
569 08/01
Versions (code letters) of RM cores
Versions (code letters) of P cores
Type with center hole
(without
threaded sleeve)
with center hole
(with
threaded sleeve)
without
center hole
low-profile
version
RM 4 A N J P
RM 5 C N J P
RM 6 C N J P
RM 7 A N J P
RM 8 D F J P
RM 10 D N J P
RM 12 E P
RM 14 E P
Type with center hole
(without threaded sleeve)
with center hole
(with threaded sleeve)
without center hole
P 3,3 2,6 C
P 4,6 4,1 B
P 5,8 3,3 D
P 7 4 A
P 9 5 D T W
P 11 7 D T W
P 14 8 D T W
P 18 11 D T W
P 22 13 D T W
P 26 16 D T W
P 30 19 D T W
P 36 22 D T W
P 41 25 J
Versions (code letters) of RM, P and E cores
Symbols and Terms
570 08/01
Versions (code letters) of E cores
Code letter Pairing Code number Tolerance
G E - E Air gap dimensions in m
Not specified f. ungapped
cores
Air gap toleranced
U E - E A
L
value in nH A
L
value, asymmetric air gap
A E - E A
L
value in nH A
L
value, symmetric air gap
W E - I (ELP cores) A
L
value in nH A
L
value
P I core (plate f. ELP cores)
E customized set
F mirror polished
Symbols and Terms
107 08/01
General
Definitions
1 Hysteresis
The special feature of ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials is that spontaneous magnetization
sets in below a material-specific temperature (Curie point). The elementary atomic magnets are
then aligned in parallel within macroscopic regions. These so-called Weiss domains are normally
oriented so that no magnetic effect is perceptible. But it is different when a ferromagnetic body is
placed in a magnetic field and the flux density B as a function of the magnetic field strength H is
measured with the aid of a test coil. Proceeding from H = 0 and B = 0, the so-called initial magneti-
zation curve is first obtained. At low levels of field strength, those domains that are favorably
oriented to the magnetic field grow at the expense of those that are not. This produces what are
called wall displacements. At higher field strength, whole domains overturn magnetically this is
the steepest part of the curve and finally the magnetic moments are moved out of the preferred
states given by the crystal lattice into the direction of the field until saturation is obtained, i.e. until
all elementary magnets in the material are in the direction of the field. If H is now reduced again, the
B curve is completely different. The relationship shown in the hysteresis loop (Fig. 1) is obtained.
1.1 Hysteresis loop
Magnetic field strength
Magnetic flux density
Fig. 1
Magnetization curve
(schematic)
Fig. 2
Hysteresis loops for different
excitations and materials
Initial
magnetization
curve
Initial
magnetization
curves
Commutation
curve
H
I N
l
-----------
ampere-turns
length in m
----------------------------------- = =
A
m
-----
B
A
----
magnetic flux
permeated area
------------------------------------------ = =
Vs
m
2
------- T(Tesla) [ ] =
General Definitions
108 08/01
General
Definitions
Polarization J
General relationship between B and H:
In a vacuum,
r
= 1; in ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic materials the relation B(H) becomes nonlinear
and the slope of the hysteresis loop
r
1.
1.2 Basic parameters of the hysteresis loop
1.2.1 Initial magnetization curve
The initial magnetization curve describes the relationship B =
r
0
H for the first magnetization fol-
lowing a complete demagnetization. By joining the end points of all sub-loops , from H = 0 to
H = H
max
, (as shown in Figure 1), we obtain the so-called commutation curve (also termed normal
or mean magnetization curve), which, for magnetically soft ferrite materials, coincides with the initial
magnetization curve.
1.2.2 Saturation magnetization B
S
The saturation magnetization B
S
is defined as the maximum flux density attainable in a material (i.e.
for a very high field strength) at a given temperature; above this value B
S
, it is not possible to further
increase B(H) by further increasing H.
Technically, B
S
is defined as the flux density at a field strength of H = 1200 A/m. As is confirmed in
the actual magnetization curves in the chapter on Materials, the B(H) characteristic above
1200 A/m remains roughly constant (applies to all ferrites with high initial permeability, i.e. where
100).
1.2.3 Remanent flux density B
R
(H)
The remanent flux density (residual magnetization density) is a measure of the degree of residual
magnetization in the ferrite after traversing a hysteresis loop. If the magnetic field H is subsequently
reduced to zero, the ferrite still has a material-specific flux density B
R
0 (see Fig. 1: intersection
with the ordinate H = 0).
1.2.4 Coercive field strength H
C
The flux density B can be reduced to zero again by applying a specific opposing field H
C
(see
Fig. 1: intersection with the abscissa B = 0).
The demagnetized state can be restored at any time by:
a) traversing the hysteresis loop at a high frequency and simultaneously reducing the field
strength H to H = 0.
b) by exceeding the Curie temperature T
C
.
J B
0
H =
0
H J B J
B
0
r
H ( ) H =
0
magnetic field constant =
0
1,257 10
6
=
Vs
Am
---------
r
relative permeability =
109 08/01
General
Definitions
2 Permeability
Different relative permeabilities are defined on the basis of the hysteresis loop for the various elec-
tromagnetic applications.
2.1 Initial permeability
i

The initial permeability
i
defines the relative permeability at very low excitation levels and
constitutes the most important means of comparison for soft magnetic materials. According to
IEC 60401,
i
is defined using closed magnetic circuits (e.g. a closed ring-shaped cylindrical coil)
for f 10 kHz, B < 0,25 mT, T = 25 C.
2.2 Effective permeability
e
Most core shapes in use today do not have closed magnetic paths (Only ring, double E or double-
aperture cores have closed magnetic circuits.), rather the circuit consists of regions where
i
1
(ferrite material) and
i
= 1 (air gap). Fig. 3 shows the shape of the hysteresis loop of a circuit of this
type.
In practice, an effective permeability
e
is defined for cores with air gaps.
It should be noted, for example, that the loss factor tan and the temperature coefficient for gapped
cores reduce in the ratio
e
/
i
compared to ungapped cores.
i
1
0
------
B
H
-------- = H 0 ( )
e
1
0
------
L
N
2
-------
l
A
----
=
l
A
----
form factor =
L = inductance
N = number of turns
Fig. 3
Comparison of hysteresis loops for a core with and without an air gap
without air gap
with air gap
110 08/01
General
Definitions
The following approximation applies for an air gap s l
e
:
s = width of air gap
l
e
= effective magnetic path length
For more precise calculation methods, see for example E.C. Snelling, Soft ferrites, 2nd edition.
2.3 Apparent permeability
app

The definition of
app
is particularly important for specification of the permeability for coils with tu-
bular, cylindrical and threaded cores, since an unambiguous relationship between initial permeabil-
ity
i
and effective permeability
e
is not possible on account of the high leakage inductances. The
design of the winding and the spatial correlation between coil and core have a considerable influ-
ence on
app
. A precise specification of
app
requires a precise specification of the measuring coil
arrangement.
2.4 Complex permeability
To enable a better comparison of ferrite materials and their frequency characteristics at very low
field strengths (in order to take into consideration the phase displacement between voltage and
current), it is useful to introduce as a complex operator, i.e. a complex permeability , according
to the following relationship:
=
s
j
.
where, in terms of a series equivalent circuit, (see Fig. 5)
s
is the relative real (inductance) component of
and is the relative imaginary (loss) component of .
Using the complex permeability , the (complex) impedance of the coil can be calculated:
Z = j L
0
where L
0
represents the inductance of a core of permeability
r
= 1, but with unchanged flux
distribution.
(cf. also section 4.1: information on tan )
i
1
s
l
e
----
i
+
----------------------- =
app
L
L
0
------
inductance with core
inductance without core
--------------------------------------------------------------- = =
111 08/01
General
Definitions

Fig. 4 shows the characteristic shape of the curves of
s
and
s
as functions of the frequency,
using N 48 material as an example. The real component
s
is constant at low frequencies, attains
a maximum at higher frequencies and then drops in approximately inverse proportion to f. At the
same time, rises steeply from a very small value at low frequencies to attain a distinct maximum
and, past this, also drops as the frequency is further increased.
The region in which decreases sharply and where the maximum occurs is termed the cut-off
frequency f
cutoff
. This is inversely proportional to the initial permeability of the material (Snoeks
law).
2.5 Reversible permeability
rev

In order to measure the reversible permeability
rev
, a small measuring alternating field is superim-
posed on a DC field. In this case
rev
is heavily dependent on H
_
, the core geometry and the tem-
perature.
Important application areas for DC field-superimposed, i.e. magnetically biased coils are broadband
transformer systems (feeding currents with signal superimposition) and power engineering (shifting
the operating point) and the area known as nonlinear chokes (cf. chapter on RM cores). For the
magnetic bias curves as a function of the excitation H
_
see the chapter on SIFERRIT materials.
Fig. 4
Complex permeability versus frequency
(measured on R10 toroids, N 48 material, measuring flux density
B 0,25 mT)
rev
1
0
------
l i m
H 0
=
B
H
--------

H_
(Permeability with superimposed DC field H
_
)
112 08/01
General
Definitions
2.6 Amplitude permeability
a
, A
L1
value
= peak value of flux density
= peak value of field strength
For frequencies well below cut-off frequency,
a
is not frequency-dependent but there is a strong
dependence on temperature. The amplitude permeability is an important definition quantity for pow-
er ferrites. It is defined for specific core types by means of an A
L1
value for f 10 kHz, B = 320 mT
(or 200 mT), T = 100 C.
3 Magnetic core shape characteristics
Permeabilities and also other magnetic parameters are generally defined as material-specific quan-
tities. For a particular core shape, however, the magnetic data are influenced to a significant extent
by the geometry. Thus, the inductance of a slim-line ring core coil is defined as:
Due to their geometry, soft magnetic ferrite cores in the field of such a coil change the flux param-
eters in such a way that it is necessary to specify a series of effective core shape parameters in
each data sheet. The following are defined:
l
e
effective magnetic length
A
e
effective magnetic cross section
A
min
min. magnetic cross section of the core
(required to calculate the max. flux density)
V
e
= A
e
l
e
effective magnetic volume
With the aid of these parameters, the calculation for ferrite cores with complicated shapes can be
reduced to the considerably more simple problem of an imaginary ring core with the same magnetic
properties. The basis for this is provided by the methods of calculation according to IEC 60205,
IEC 60205A and IEC 60205B, which allow the following factors l/A and A
L
to be calculated:
a
B
0
H
---------- =
(Permeability at high excitation)
B
H
A
L1
l
A
----
---------------- =
L
r
0
N
2
A
l
---- =
113 08/01
General
Definitions
3.1 Form factor
The inductance L can then be calculated as follows:
where
e
denotes the effective permeability or another permeability
rev
or
a
(or
i
for cores with
a closed magnetic path) adapted for the B/H range in question.
3.2 Inductance factor, A
L
value
A
L
is the inductance referred to number of turns = 1. Therefore, for a defined number of turns N:
L = A
L
N
2
3.3 Tolerance code letters
The tolerances of the A
L
are coded by the letters in the third block of the ordering code in conformity
with IEC 60062.
The tolerance values available are given in the individual data sheets.
Code letter Tolerance of A
L
value Code letter Tolerance of A
L
value
A 3 % K 10 %
B 4 % L 15 %
C 6 % M 20 %
D 8 % Q + 30 / 10 %
E 7 % R + 30 / 20 %
G 2 % U + 80 / 0 %
H 12 % X filling letter
J 5 % Y + 40 / 30 %
l
A
----
l
e
A
e
------ =
L
0
N
2

l
A
----
------------------------------ =
A
L
L
N
2
--------
l
A
----
---------------- = =
114 08/01
General
Definitions
4 Definition quantities in the small-signal range
4.1 Loss factor tan
Losses in the small-signal range are specified by the loss factor tan .
Based on the impedance Z (cf. also section 2.4), the loss factor of the core in conjunction with the
complex permeability is defined as

where R
s
and R
p
denote the series and parallel resistance
and L
s
and L
p
the series and parallel inductance respectively.
From the relationships between series and parallel circuits we obtain:
4.2 Relative loss factor tan /
i
In gapped cores the material loss factor tan is reduced by the factor
e
/
i
. This results in the rel-
ative loss factor tan
e
(cf. also section 2.2):
The table of material properties lists the relative loss factor tan /
i
. This is determined in accor-
dance with IEC 60401 at f = 10 kHz, B = 0,25 mT, T = 25 C.
s
tan
--------
R
s
L
s
---------- = =
p
tan
---------
L
p
R
p
-------------- = = and
L
s
R
s
R
p
L
p
Fig. 5
Lossless series inductance L
s
with loss resis-
tance R
s
resulting from the core losses.
Fig. 6
Lossless parallel inductance L
p
with loss re-
sistance R
p
resulting from the core losses.
'
p
'
s
1 tan ( )
2
+ ( ) =
''
p
''
s
1
1
tan
-------------

2
+

=
e
tan
tan
i
------------
e
=
115 08/01
General
Definitions
4.3 Quality factor Q
The ratio of reactance to total resistance of an induction coil is known as the quality factor Q.
The total quality factor Q is the reciprocal of the total loss factor tan of the coil; it is dependent on
the frequency, inductance, temperature, winding wire and permeability of the core.
4.4 Hysteresis loss resistance R
h
and hysteresis material constant
B
In transformers, in particular, the user cannot always be content with very low saturation. The user
requires details of the losses which occur at higher saturation, e.g. where the hysteresis loop begins
to open.
Since this hysteresis loss resistance R
h
can rise sharply in different flux density ranges and at dif-
ferent frequencies, it is measured in accordance with IEC 60401 for
i
values greater than 500 at
B
1
= 1,5 and B
2
= 3 mT (B = 1,5 mT), a frequency of 10 kHz and a temperature of 25 C (for
i
< 500: f = 100 kHz). The hysteresis loss factor tan
h
can then be calculated from this.
For the hysteresis material constant
B
we obtain:
The hysteresis material constant,
B
, characterizes the material-specific hysteresis losses and is a
quantity independent of the air gap in a magnetic circuit.
The hysteresis loss factor of an inductor can be reduced, at a constant flux density, by means of an
(additional) air gap
For further details on the measurement techniques see IEC 60367-1.
5 Definition quantities in the high-excitation range
While in the small-signal range (H H
c
), i.e. in filter and broadband applications, the hysteresis loop
is generally traversed only in lancet form (Fig. 2), for power applications the hysteresis loop is driven
partly into saturation. The defining quantities are then
rev
reversible permeability in the case of superimposition with a DC signal
(operating point for power transformers)
a
amplitude permeability and
P
V
core losses.
Q
L
R
L
-------
reactance
total resistance
---------------------------------------- = =
tan
h
R
h
L
----------- B
2
( ) tan B
1
( ) tan = =
h
tan
e
B
------------------ =
h
tan
B
B
e
=
116 08/01
General
Definitions
5.1 Core losses P
V
The losses of a ferrite core or core set P
V
is proportional to the area of the hysteresis loop in ques-
tion. It can be divided into three components:
Owing to the high specific resistance of ferrite materials, the eddy current losses in the frequency
range common today (1 kHz - 2 MHz) may be practically disregarded except in the case of core
shapes having a large cross-sectional area.
The power loss P
V
is a function of the temperature T, the frequency f, the flux density B and is of
course dependent on ferrite material and core shape.
The temperature dependence can generally be approximated by means of a third-order polynomial,
while
applies for the frequency dependence and
for the flux density dependence. The coefficients x and y are dependent on core shape and mate-
rial, and there is a mutual dependence between the coefficients of the definition quantity (e.g. T)
and the relevant parameter set (e.g. f, B).
In the case of cores which are suitable for power applications, the total core losses P
V
are given
explicitly for a specific frequency f, flux density B and temperature T in the relevant data sheets.
When determining the total power loss for an inductive component, the winding losses must also be
taken into consideration in addition to the core-specific losses.
where, in addition to insulation conditions in the given frequency range, skin effect and proximity
effect must also be taken into consideration for the winding.
5.2 Performance factor (PF = f B
max
)
The performance factor is a measure of the maximum power which a ferrite can transmit, whereby
it is generally assumed that the loss does not exceed 300 kW/m
3
. Heat dissipation values of this
order are usually assumed when designing small and medium-sized transformers. Increasing the
performance factor will either enable an increase of the power that can be transformed by a core of
identical design, or a reduction in component size if the transformed power is not increased.
If the performance factors of different power transformer materials are plotted as a function of fre-
quency, only slight differences are observed at low frequencies (< 300 kHz), but these differences
become more pronounced with increasing frequency. This diagram can be used to determine the
optimum material for a given frequency range (for diagram see page 46).
P
V
P
V, hysteresis
P
V, eddycurrent
P
V, residual
+ + =
P
V
f ( ) f
1 x + ( )
0 x 1
P
V
B ( ) B
2 y + ( )
0 y 1
P
V tot
P
V core
P
V winding
+ =
117 08/01
General
Definitions
6 Influence of temperature
6.1 (T) curve, Curie temperature T
C
The initial permeability
i
as a function of T is given for all materials (see chapter on SIFERRIT ma-
terials). Important parameters for a (T) curve are the position of the secondary permeability max-
imum (SPM) and the Curie temperature. Minimum losses occur at the SPM temperature.
Above the Curie temperature T
C
ferrite materials lose their ferrimagnetic properties, i.e.
i
drops to
i
= 1. This means that the parallel alignment of the elementary magnets (spontaneous magnetiza-
tion) is destroyed by increasing thermal activation. This phenomenon is reversible, i.e. when the
temperature is reduced below T
C
again, the ferrimagnetic properties are restored.
6.2 Temperature coefficient of permeability
By definition the temperature coefficient represents a straight line of average gradient between
the reference temperatures T
1
and T
2
. If the (T) curve is approximately linear in this temperature
range, this is a good approximation; in the case of heavily pronounced maxima, as occur particularly
with highly permeable broadband ferrites, however, this is less true. The following applies:
i1
= initial permeability
i
at T
1
= 25 C
i2
= the initial permeability
i
associated with the temperature T
2
6.3 Relative temperature coefficient
F

In a magnetic circuit with an air gap and the effective permeability
e
the temperature coefficient is
reduced by the factor
e
/
i
(cf. also section 2.4).
6.4 Permeability factor
The first factor in the equation for determining the relative temperature coefficient is known
as the permeability factor.
In the case of SIFERRIT materials for resonant circuits, the temperature dependence of the perme-
ability factor can be seen from the relevant diagram.
6.5 Effective temperature coefficient
e

In the case of the ferrite materials for filter applications, the /
i
values for the ranges 25 ... 55C
and 5 .... 25C are given in the table of material properties.
The effective permeability
e
is required in order to calculate
e
; therefore this is given for each core
in the individual data sheets.
i 2
i 1
i 1
---------------------
1
T
2
T
1
------------------ =
i
----
i 2
i 1
i 2

i 1
---------------------
1
T
2
T
1
------------------ = =
i 2
i 1
i 2

i 1
---------------------
i
------ =
118 08/01
General
Definitions
6.6 Relationship between the change in inductance and the permeability factor
The relative change in inductance between two temperature points can be calculated as follows:
6.7 Temperature dependence of saturation magnetization
The saturation magnetization B
S
drops monotonically with temperature and at T
C
has fallen to
B
S
= 0 mT. The drop for B
S
(25C) and B
S
(100C), i.e. the main area of application for the ferrites,
can be taken from the table of material properties.
6.8 Temperature dependence of saturation-dependent permeability
(amplitude permeability)
It can be seen from the
a
(B) curves for the different materials that
a
exhibits a more pronounced
maximum with increasing temperature and drops off sooner on account of decreasing saturation.
7 Disaccommodation
Ferrimagnetic states of equilibrium can be influenced by mechanical, thermal or magnetic changes
(shocks). Generally, an increase in permeability occurs when a greater mobility of individual mag-
netic domains is attained through the external application of energy. This state is not temporally sta-
ble and returns logarithmically with time to the original state.
7.1 Disaccommodation coefficient d
where
i1
= permeability at time t
1
i2
= permeability at time t
2
and

t
2
> t
1
7.2 Disaccommodation factor DF
Accordingly, a change in inductance can be calculated with the aid of DF:
L
2
L
1
L
1
------------------
i
---- T
2
T
1
( )
e
=
L
2
L
1
L
1
------------------
i 2
i 1
i 2

i 1
---------------------
e
=
d
i 1
i 2
i 1
lgt
2
lgt
1
( )
----------------------------------------- =
DF
d
i 1
------- =
L
1
L
2
L
1
------------------ DF
e
t
2
t
1
---- log =
119 08/01
General
Definitions
8 General mechanical, thermal, electrical and magnetic properties of ferrites
Typical figures for the mechanical and thermal properties of ferrites
8.1 Mechanical properties
Ferrite cores have to meet mechanical requirements during assembling and for a growing number
of applications. Since ferrites are ceramic materials one has to be aware of the special behavior
under mechanical load.
As valid for any ceramic material, ferrite cores are brittle and sensitive to any shock, fast changing
or tensile load. Especially high cooling rates under ultrasonic cleaning and high static or cyclic loads
can cause cracks or failure of the ferrite cores.
Tensile strength approx. 30 MPa/mm
2
Compressive strength approx. 800 MPa/mm
2
Vickers hardness HV
15
approx. 600 MPa/mm
2
Modulus of elasticity approx. 150000 N/mm
2
Fracture toughness K
1c
approx. 0,8 ... 1,1 MPam
1/2
Thermal conductivity approx. 4 ... 710
-3
J/mmsK
Coefficient of linear expansion approx. 7 ... 10 10
-6
1/K
Specific heat approx. 0,7 J/gK
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y

o
f

f
a
i
l
u
r
e
30
Fracture strength
FAL0665-Q
5
10
50
63,2
90
99,99
5
_
_
4
_
3
_
2
_
1
1
0
2
60 90 120 150 MPa
%
T38 N87
n
l
n
l
1 F
_
F
Fig. 7
Weibull plot of fracture strength values of the materials T38 and N87
120 08/01
General
Definitions
There are two modes of crack growth: fast (critical) or slow (subcritical) crack propagation. In the
first case spontaneous breakdown occurs. In the second case the crack propagates slowly during
static or cycling loading, and then the sample can only fail if a critical crack length is achieved. Ac-
cording to the linear elastic fracture mechanics these two mechanisms could be described in terms
of stress intensity factors. For life time predictions the knowledge of subcritical crack growth and R-
(respectively K
R
) curve behavior of the material is essential.
The reduction of the material strength by temperature induced propagating microstructural cracks
can be described as follows:
effective strength
Coefficient of thermal expansion (7 12 10
-6
1/K)
E
0
Modulus of elasticity
N Number of temperature changes
l Crack length
The brittleness of ferrite materials can be quantified by means of the fracture toughness. High frac-
ture toughness values indicate decreased material brittleness. The quantity of the fracture tough-
ness is a measure for the stress in the core necessary for a propagating crack. For the crack prop-
agation it is required that the stress intensity factor exceeds the fracture toughness.
K
1
Stress intensity facture
K
1C
Fracture toughness
appl
applied stress
Y Factor for fracture/sample geometry
G
C
Critical fracture area energy
E Modulus of elasticity
Typical fracture toughness values can be obtained from the table on page 119.
Ferrite materials have a pronounced R-curve behavior, i. e. the fracture toughness increases with
propagating crack length. In practice there is a rather tolerant behavior towards moderate single
stress events.
8.2 Stress sensitivity of magnetic properties
Stresses in the core affect not only the mechanical but also the magnetic properties. It is apparent
that the initial permeability is dependent on the stress state of the core. With
T
E
0
1 2Nl
2
+
-------------------------- =
K
1
K
1C
with K
1
appl
l Y = and K
1C
G
C
E =
i
1
1
i o
------- k
T
+
----------------------------; k 30 10
6 1
MPa
-------------
121 08/01
General
Definitions
where
io
is the initial permeability of the unstressed material, it can be shown that the higher the
stresses are in the core, the lower is the value for the initial permeability. Embedding the ferrite
cores (e.g. in plastic) can induce these stresses. A permeability reduction of up to 50% and more
can be observed, depending on the material. In this case, the embedding medium should have the
greatest possible elasticity.
8.3 Magnetostriction
Linear magnetostriction is defined as the relative change in length of a magnetic core under the in-
fluence of a magnetic field. The greatest relative variation in length = l/l occurs at saturation mag-
netization. The values of the saturation magnetostriction (
s
) of our ferrite materials are given in the
following table (negative values denote contraction).
Magnetostrictive effects are of significance principally when a coil is operated in the frequency
range < 20 kHz and then undesired audible frequency effects (distortion etc.) occur.
8.4 Resistance to radiation
SIFERRIT materials can be exposed to the following radiation without significant variation
(L/L 1% for ungapped cores):
gamma quanta: 10
9
rad
quick neutrons 210
20
neutrons/m
2
thermal neutrons 210
22
neutrons/m
2
8.5 Resistivity , dielectric constant
At room temperature, ferrites have a resistivity in the range 1 m to 10
5
m; this value is usually
higher at the grain boundaries than in the grain interior. The temperature dependence of the core
resistivity corresponds to that of a semiconductor:
E
a
Activation energy (0,1 ... 0,5 eV)
k Boltzmann constant
T Absolute temperature [K]
Thus the resistivity at 100 C is one order of magnitude less than at 25 C, which is significant, par-
ticularly in power applications, for the magnitude of the eddy-current losses.
Similarly, the resistivity decreases with increasing frequency.
SIFFERIT
material
K 12 K 1 N 48
s
in 10
6
21 18 1,5
e
E
a
k T
-----------
122 08/01
General
Definitions
Example: Material N 48
The different resistivity values for grain interior and grain boundary result in high (apparent) dielec-
tric constants at low frequencies. The dielectric constant for all ferrites falls to values around
10 20 at very high frequencies. NiZn ferrites already reach this value range at frequencies
around 100 kHz.
Magnetostrictive effects are of significance principally when a coil is operated in the frequency
range < 20 kHz and then undesired audible frequency effects occur.
SIFFERIT
material
Resistivity
(approx.)
m
Dielectric constant at (approximate values)
10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 100 MHz 300 MHz
K1 (NiZn)
N 48 (MnZn)
10
5
1
30
140 10
3
15
115 10
3
12
80 10
3
11 11
Fig. 8
Resistivity and dielectric constant versus frequency
DC
f
FAL0569-H
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
(f)
(f)
DC
kHz
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
_
10
1
123 08/01
General
Definitions
9 Coil characteristics
Resistance factor A
R
The resistance factor A
R
, or A
R
value, is the DC resistance R
Cu
per unit turn, analogous to the A
L
value.
When the A
R
value and number of turns N are given, the DC resistance can be calculated from
R
CU
= A
R
N
2
.
From the winding data etc. the A
R
value can be calculated as follows:
where = resistivity (for copper: 17,2 mm), I
N
= average length of turn in mm, A
N
= cross sec-
tion of winding in mm
2
, f
Cu
= copper space factor. If these units are used in the equation, the A
R
value is obtained in = 10
-6
. For calculation of I
N
and A
N
the middle dimensions are used.
For coil formers, A
R
values are given in addition to A
N
and l
N
. They are based on a copper filling
factor of f
Cu
= 0,5. This permits the A
R
value to be calculated for any filling factor f
Cu
:
For rough estimation a copper filling factor of f
Cu
= 0,5 is sufficient. Else is given in the filling factor
out of DIN 46435.
A
R
R
Cu
N
2
---------- =
A
R
I
N
f
Cu
A
N
------------------- =
A
R f
Cu
( )
A
R 0 5 , ( )
0,5
f
Cu
-------- =
151 08/01
Processing Notes
1 Gapped and ungapped ferrite cores
Even with the best grinding methods known today, a certain degree of roughness on ground sur-
faces cannot be avoided, so that the usual term without air gap or ungapped does not imply no
air gap at all. The A
L
values quoted allow for a certain amount of roughness of the ground faces.
The tolerance of the A
L
value for ungapped cores is 20 to + 30 % or 30 to + 40 %. Closer toler-
ances are not available for several reasons. The spread in the A
L
values of ungapped cores prac-
tically equal the spread in ring core permeability ( 20 % 30 %), and the A
L
value largely de-
pends on the grinding quality of the matching surfaces.
The following are normally defined:
precision-ground/lapped cores s
resid
1 m
normally ground cores s
resid
10 m
gapped cores s 10 m
The residual air gap s
resid
here is the total of the residual air gaps at the leg or centerpost contact
surfaces.
With increasing material permeability the influence of the inevitable residual air gap grows larger.
The spreads in the A
L
value may also be increased by the mode of core assembly. Effects of mount-
ing and gluing can result in a reduction of the A
L
value.
Fig. 18
Relationship between permeability
e
and air gap s for an RM 4/T 38 ferrite core
Air gap s
Processing notes
152 08/01
Processing Notes
2 Processing notes for the manufacture of wound products for small-signal and
power applications
2.1 Winding design
For the most common core types the maximum number of turns for the individual coil formers can
be seen from the following nomograms. The curves have been derived from the equation
where
N = max. number of turns
A
N
= winding cross section in mm
2
A
wire
= wire cross section in mm
2
f
CU
= copper space factor versus wire diameter
(f
CU
approx. 0,55 for wire diameter 0,05)
Common wires and litz wires are specified in the pertinent standards (IEC 60317-11; IEC 60182-1,
IEC 60182-2).
As can be seen from Fig. 19, as high a winding level as possible should be employed because at
low
e
values in particular a low winding level (h/H ratio) can cause an A
L
drop of up to 10% com-
pared to the maximum value with full winding. (By our standards, the A
L
values are always related
to fully wound 100-turn coils.)
N
A
N
A
wi re
------------- f
Cu
=
Fig. 19
Percentage change in A
L
value versus relative winding height h/H
153 08/01
Processing Notes
RM cores
Maximum number of turns N for coil formers
FAL0686-D
1
10
N
Outer diameter of insulated wire
0
10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 mm 7 6 5 4 3 2
10
2
10
3
10
4
5
10
5
5
5
5
AWG
1)
44 42 40 38 36 18 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20
RM14 1 section (B65888)
(B65816) 1 section RM12
RM10 (B65814)
RM8 (B65812)
RM7 (B65820)
RM6 (B65808)
(B65806) RM5
RM4 (B65804)
_
10
2
_
10
1
size (approx.)
American Wire Gauge (AWG)
1)
1+2 sections
1+2 sections
1 section
1+2 sections
1+2 sections
1+2 sections
RM8 LP 1 section (B65812)
RM7 LP 1 section (B65820)
1 section
2 sections
1) American Wire Gauge (AWG)
154 08/01
Processing Notes
PM cores
1)
AWG
1)
size (approx.)
155 08/01
Processing Notes
P cores
FAL0687-L
10
-2
1
10
N
-1
10
0
10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 mm 7 6 5 4 3 2
10
2
10
3
10
4
5
10
5
5
5
5
44 42 40 38 36 18 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20
(B65612) P36 x 22
P41 x 25 (B65622)
P30 x 19 (B65702)
P26 x 16 (B65672)
(B65662) P22 x 13
P18 x 11 (B65652)
(B65542) P14 x 8
P11 x 7 (B65532)
(B65522) P9 x 5
P7 x 4 (B65512)
P4,6 x 4,1 (B65496)
1 section
2 sections
1)
size (approx.) AWG
1 section
1 section
1+2 sections
1 section
1+2 sections
1+2 sections
1+2 sections
1 section
1+2 sections
1 section
1 section
156 08/01
Processing Notes
EP cores
FAL0688-U
10
-2
1
10
N
-1
10
0
10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 mm 7 6 5 4 3 2
10
2
10
3
10
4
5
10
5
5
5
5
44 42 40 38 36 18 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20
(B65846) 1+2 sections EP17
(B65848) EP20
1 section
2 sections
1)
size (approx.) AWG
1 section
EP13 (B65844) 1+2 sections
157 08/01
Processing Notes
EFD cores
AWG
1)
size (approx.)
FAL0427-1
158 08/01
Processing Notes
ETD and ER cores
FAL0689-3
10
-2
1
10
N
-1
10
0
10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 mm 7 6 5 4 3 2
10
2
10
3
10
4
5
10
5
5
5
5
44 42 40 38 36 18 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20
ETD59 (B66398)
1)
size (approx.) AWG
ETD54 (B66396)
ETD44 (B66366)
ETD49 (B66368)
ER42 (B66348)
ETD29 (B66359)
ETD34 (B66362)
ETD39 (B66364)
159 08/01
Processing Notes
E cores
FAL0690-6
10
-2
1
10
N
-1
10
0
10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 mm 7 6 5 4 3 2
10
2
10
3
10
4
5
10
5
5
5
5
44 42 40 38 36 18 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20
(B66206) 1+2 sections
(B66202) E13/4
E20/10/6
E16/5 (B66308)
E25/7 (B66208)
(B66232) E30/7
(B66230)
E36/11 (B66390)
32/9 E
(B66242) 42/15 E
(B66243) 42/20 E
(B66252) 55/21 E
1 section
2 sections
1)
size (approx.) AWG
1 section
1 section
1 section
1 section
1 section
1 section
1 section
1 section
1 + 2 sections
160 08/01
Processing Notes
SMD types
7
RM6
RM6
EFD15
EFD15
10
10
1
5
10
2
2 3 4 5 6
E6,3
E6,3
E8,8
E6,3
E8,8
P9x5
ER11
ER9,5
E13
RM5
RM5
E13
EPO13
10
5
3
N
5
10
4
(B66296)
(B66301)
(B66301)
(B66302)
(B66302)
(B65524)
(B66527)
(B65526)
(B66306)
(B65822)
(B66306)
(B65822)
(B65844)
1 section
2 sections
1 section
2 sections
1 section
1 section
1 section
1 section
2 sections
2 sections
1 section
1 section
1 section
42 44
8 10 9 2 3
FAL0691-A
mm 5
(B66414) 2 sections
(B65821)
(B65821) 2 sections
1 section
(B66414)
40
1 section
38 36 34 30 32 28 26 24
_
1
_
2
(B65860) EPX10 1 section
(B65844) EPX7/9 1 section
(B65856) EP5 1 section
AWG size (approx.)
1)
EP13 (B65844) 1 section
EP7 (B65840) 1 section
RM4 LP (B65804) 1 section
161 08/01
Processing Notes
2.2 Soldering/Inductor assembly
The winding wires are preferably connected to the pins by dip soldering. Note the following when
soldering:
Prior to every dip soldering process the oxide film must be removed from the surface of the solder bath.
2 to 3 turns of the wire are dipped into the solder bath; the coil former must not be allowed to
come too close to the solder or remain there for too long (see diagram).
Typical values are: Bath temperature: 400 C, soldering time: 1 s.
For inductor assembly, it is advisable to clamp the cores with the associated relevant mounting
assemblies for the coil formers and cores. In this way it is possible to avoid the effects of external
mechanical stress.
2.3 Design and processing information for SMD components
2.3.1 Automatic placement
EPCOS ferrite accessories are suitable for automatic placement. Many automatic placement
machines pick up the components with suction probes and pliers, so the inductive components
should have simple and clear contours as well as a sufficiently large and flat surface. Ferrite cores
with a perpendicular magnetic axis, e.g. RM and ER cores, have a smooth surface and the flange
for the coil former is styled right for the purpose. For cores with a horizontal magnetic axis, e.g. E
cores and toroids, we provide cover caps to meet these requirements.
2.3.2 Coplanarity
Coplanarity means the maximum spacing between a terminal and a plane surface. If inductive com-
ponents are fabricated with coplanarity of < 0,2 mm for example, then one or more terminals may
be spaced maximally 0,2 mm from a plane surface.
Inductive components are fabricated to standard with coplanarity of < 0,2 mm. Coplanarity is influ-
enced by a number of factors:
a) Coil former specification
The coplanarity of the coil former is < 0,1 mm for manufacturing reasons.
b) Winding wire
Use of thick winding wire (e.g. 0,25 mm diameter in model ER 11) leads to considerable mechan-
ical strain on the terminal during winding, and this can degrade coplanarity.
c) Soldering temperature and duration
When winding wire is soldered to a terminal, the coil former is subjected to high thermal stress.
If thick wires have to be soldered, the soldering temperature and/or duration increase and thus
the thermal stress on the coil former too. This also degrades coplanarity.
Tin solder
FAL0115-T
0
,
5
Soldering of PTH (pin through hole) Soldering of J-leg Soldering of U-leg
FAL0680-Y
Solder bath
Leg 45
Solder bath
FAL0681-7
9
0
Leg
162 08/01
Processing Notes
Consequently the use of thick wires degrades coplanarity in two ways: greater mechanical strain
when winding, and greater thermal stress during soldering.
If electrical requirements call for the use of thick wires, either the manufacturing effort is greater
(it takes longer and the costs are higher), or a terminal geometry has to be chosen that is suitable
for the use of thick wires. EPCOS offers three different SMD lead geometries: gullwings,
J terminals and molded-in U terminals.
Gullwings molded-in J terminals molded-in U terminals
With gullwings the wire is wound direct on the terminal, which is then soldered on the circuit board.
With J terminals the wire is wound on a separate pin, and the J terminal is soldered to the circuit board.
With U terminals the wire is wound on a separate pin and the lower pin is soldered to the circuit board.
So gullwings are suitable for applications with thin wire (up to approx. 0,18 mm in diameter), and J
and U terminals for use with thick wire (upwards from 0,18 mm in diameter). These figures for wire
diameter are only intended as guidelines. Depending on wire diameter, the winding arrangement,
the pinning and electrical requirements, one has to decide from case to case which solution is best
for the particular application.
2.3.3 Solder paste application
Coplanarity has to be considered when determining the thickness of the solder paste. If coplanarity
is < 0,2 mm for example, the solder paste has to be applied at least 0,2 mm thick to ensure proper
soldering.
2.3.4 Solderability
EPCOS accessories are suitable for wave and reflow soldering. To ensure proper soldering on the
circuit board, EPCOS accessories satisfy solderability as specified in IEC 60068-2-20. In deviation
to this soldering temperature is 350 C 5 C, 1 s as the bobbins used to be dipped in a solder
bath (T > 350 C) for soldering the wire to the pins.
FAL0675-X
163 08/01
Processing Notes
2.4 Gluing
The mating surfaces must be free of dust, grease and fibers. From the numerous adhesives avail-
able, epoxy resins with appropriate hardeners have proved particularly suitable. The following ad-
hesives can be recommended:
a) for cores: b) for cores:
100 g Araldite AY 103 100 g Araldite AY 103
16 g hardener HY 956 40 g hardener HY 991
Pot life 1 hour max. Pot life 1 hour
Curing 3 hours at 60 C Curing 60 minutes at 80 C
Thermal stability of the glued joint 60 C Thermal stability of the glued joint 80 C
(for a short period 90 C)
c) for cores: d) for coil formers:
100 g Araldite AY 105-1 100 g adhesive a)
50 g hardener HY 991 200 cm
3
filler Aerosil 200
Pot life approx. 1 hour Curing same as a)
Curing 45 minutes at 80 C
Thermal stability of the glued joint 100 C
e) for external gluing:
Single-component adhesive AV 118
Open pot life
Curing 10 minutes 180 C
20 minutes 160 C
45 minutes 140 C
Thermal stability of the glued joint 120 C
(Manufacturer of adhesives a) e): Vantico (former Ciba Geigy)
2.5 Adhesive application and core mating
A quantity of adhesive appropriate to the area in question is applied to the cleaned surface of the
cores side walls. The centerpost must remain free of adhesive. The two core halves without coil
former are then placed on a mandrel and rotated against each other two or three times to spread
the adhesive. A slight ring of adhesive exuding around the edges indicates that sufficient adhesive
has been applied.
On porous, low-permeability SIFERRIT materials (K) the adhesive should be applied and spread twice.
The next step should follow immediately since the adhesive film easily attracts dust and absorbs
moisture. Therefore, the core pair with adhesive already applied is opened for a short time and the
wound coil is inserted without touching the mating surfaces.
The wound coil is then fixed into position. This can be done by using resilient spacers which must
be inserted before applying the adhesive. Appropriate spacers are available on request.
The coil former can also be fixed by gluing, e.g. using adhesive d), but only at one spot on the core
bottom to avoid any mechanical stress caused by the difference in thermal expansion of core and
coil former.
Adhesive e) is suitable for external gluing, which implies only four dots of adhesive at the joints on
both sides of the openings. Because of the somewhat lower torsional strength, it should be noted
that this kind of gluing should only be used with mounted cores.
164 08/01
Processing Notes
2.6 Holding jigs
The core assembly is cured under pressure in a centering jig. The core center hole where present
is used for centering, and two to eight coils can be held in one jig with a pressure spring. Spacers
will ensure that the pressure is only exerted on the side walls of the core.
Single jigs facilitate the coil inductance measurement, which has proved useful for checking cores
with small air gaps before the adhesive has hardened. Small inductance corrections can be made
by slightly turning the core halves relative to each other.
2.7 Final adjustment
(possible only with adjustable cores)
With all assembled ferrite cores, a magnetic activation takes place as a result of mounting influenc-
es such as clamping, gluing and soldering, i.e. a disaccommodation process commences. There-
fore the final adjustment for high-precision inductors should take place no earlier than one day after
assembly; preferably, one week should first elapse.
2.8 Hole arrangement
For drilling the through-holes into the PC board we recommend the dimensions given in the hole
arrangement for each coil former, which depend on the distance of the pins on the pin outlet level.
2.9 Creepage and clearance
For telecom transformers the clearance and creepage distances and the thickness of insulation
must be considered acc. EN 60 950 subclause 2.9.
165 08/01
Packing
Survey of packing modes
Ferrites
Accessories
Type Packing Para.
RM cores RM 4 to RM 10
RM 12, RM 14
Blister tapes
Standard trays
3.2
2.2.1
170
168
PM cores PM 50/39 to
PM 114/93
Standard trays 2.2.1 168
P cores all P cores
P 9 5 to P 22 13
Standard trays
Blister tapes on request
2.2.1
3.2
168
170
P core halves 7,35 3,6 to 150 30 Standard trays 2.2.1 168
TT/PR cores Standard trays 2.2.1 168
EP cores EP 5 to EP 20
EPX 7/9, EPX 10, EPO 13
Standard trays
Blister tapes on request
2.2.1
3.2
168
170
E cores E 5 to E 10
E 6,3 and E 8,8
Core length 12,6 36 mm
Core length > 36 mm
Standard trays
Tape on reel
Block packing
Standard trays
2.2.1
3.3
2.2.2
2.2.1
168
170
168
168
ELP cores
ER cores
ETD cores
EC cores
EFD cores
EV cores
DE cores
Standard trays 2.2.1 168
U and I cores Standard trays 2.2.1 168
Toroids (ring cores) Packing depends on size
and version
(coated/uncoated)
Standard trays
Boxes
Bags
2.2.1
2.3.2
2.3.1
168
169
169
Double-aperture cores Bags 2.3.1 169
Coil formers with pins Polystyrene boards 2.2.3 169
Coil formers Boxes 2.3.2 169
Mounting assemblies Boxes 2.3.2 169
Clamps Bags (individual clamps) 2.3.1 169
Insulating washers Bags (individual washers), Boxes 2.3.1 169
Packing
166 08/01
Packing
1 General information
Our product packaging modes ensure maximum protection against damage during transportation.
Moreover, our packing materials are selected with environmental considerations in mind. They are
marked with the appropriate recycling symbols.
Because of the large variety of types and sizes, we use five basic kinds of packing, which are de-
scribed in points 2 and 3 below:
I blister tape
I tray
I container
I reel
I magazine
The packing units are based on the following system:
1.1 Packing unit (PU)
Usually, a packing unit is a collection of a number of basic packages. The size of the packing unit
is stated for the particular components in their data sheets. When ordering, please state complete
packing units if possible. We reserve the right to round the ordered quantity accordingly.
1.2 Dispatch unit
A number of packing units are combined to form a dispatch unit. Standard dispatch units for large
quantities are a Europallet or pallet carton. For small quantities, folding corrugated cardboard boxes
are used in standard sizes. In the case of small quantities a dispatch unit may also include packages
with other components.
1.3 Bar-code standard label
On the product packing label (standard label) we include bar-code information in addition to plain
text. In addition to benefits relating to the internal flow of goods, this provides above all a more rapid
and error-free means of identification checking for the customer.
167 08/01
Packing
Examples of barcode labels with production ID (1P), lot number (1T), date code (10D), production
number (30P) and quantity (Q)
Example for core label
Example for accessories label
Example of a customer-specific barcode label
FAL0685-5
FAL0684-W
FAL0698-2
168 08/01
Packing
2 Modes of packing
2.1 Blister tape
Blister packing was specially devised for handling by automatic systems but has also proved to be
very good for conventional handling, especially where small quantities are concerned. See point 3.2
for a detailed description and a list of the core types that can be supplied in this type of packing.
2.2 Tray (pallet)
2.2.1 Standard tray
The polystyrene tray (basic package) is the standard packing for most types of core. The area of
200 mm 300 mm corresponds to the module dimensions of DIN 55 510 and is based on the area
of the 800 mm 1200 mm Europallet. Depending on the overall height of the trays and the numbers
contained, several trays will be stacked to form a packing unit and provided with a corrugated card-
board cover. For the protection of the cores the entire stack is also shrink-wrapped in polyethylene
film.
Each core is enclosed in a separate compartment. When P cores and similar types are packed in
sets, the halves of the core pairs are packed so that their pole faces are opposite one another. As
a rule their association is identified by markings in the polystyrene (recessed webs, thinner webs).
In the case of P3,3 2,6 and P4,6 4,1 cores the halves of a set are not located in a single tray but
in different trays of a packing unit.
2.2.2 Block packing
For E and U core we prefer block packing in trays with the dimensions 200 mm 300 mm. The sym-
metry, position, length and spacing of the blocks are always the same. The height of the tray is de-
pendent on the size of the core. For the makeup of a packing unit see point 2.2.1.
Block packing can be supplied in boxes of corrugated cardboard (special packing unit!) on request.
Block packing permits highly rationalized handling and is designed for automatic processing.
Packing unit for standard or block packing
Label
Shrink-wrapped plastic film
Corrugated
PU
Tray =
basic passage
cardboard
cover
169 08/01
Packing
2.2.3 Board for coil formers with pins
For coil formers with pins, a polystyrene board is generally used. The coil formers are inserted in
the board with the pins downwards. A number of stacked boards (packing unit) are enclosed in a
jacket of cardboard, or packed in a folding box, and in some cases are shrink-wrapped in plastic.
2.3 Container
2.3.1 Bag
Small ferrite parts are packed in flat polyethylene bags. The number per bag depends on the volume
of the parts. Generally four bags in a corrugated cardboard box form a packing unit.
Small accessories (clamps, mounting assemblies, and also pinless and SMD coil formers) are also
packed in this way. The size of the bag depends on the volume of the parts (packing unit).
2.3.2 Box
Coated ring cores of medium size are packed in cardboard boxes with cardboard or polyethylene
foam inlays. The number per box depends on the volume of the cores.
Accessories (large mounting assemblies, coil formers, clamps, washers etc.) are packed in boxes
of cardboard or corrugated cardboard.
3 Delivery modes for automatic processing
3.1 General information on inductor production
The inductor parts described in the following can be handled by automatic manufacturing systems.
In addition to automatic winding machines - which can be combined with wrapping, fluxing and sol-
dering stations - flexible, high-performance automatic assembly lines are available. Design and
packing of the individual parts (ferrite cores, coil formers, clamps, insulating washers and adjusting
screws) have been optimized for automatic processing and permit easy feeding to the various sta-
tions of production lines.
We supply RM cores up to RM10 (P and EP cores on request) blister-taped in dispenser boxes. By
inserting a plate-shaped resilient insulating washer between core and coil former, gluing can be dis-
pensed with.
We also provide consulting services with examples of implementations to customers planning to in-
troduce automatic production lines.
170 08/01
Packing
Production sequence
3.2 Cores in blister tape (strips)
The cores are packed in sets ready for assembly, i.e. a stamped core with the base upwards and
an unstamped core (possibly with a threaded sleeve) with the pole face upwards. The blister tapes
have a hole at one end for orientation purposes (see also illustration). The tapes are sealed with a
paper cover. Looking at a tape with the hole on the left and the paper cover on top, then after re-
moving the paper cover the stamped cores will be in the upper row and the unstamped cores of the
sets in the lower row.
Several blister tapes are combined in a box with a perforated tear-off cover (dispenser pack) to form
a packing unit. The tapes are packed so that the orientation hole appears in the dispenser opening.
The box is shrink-wrapped in polyethylene film.
3.3 Cores in blister tape (reeled)
E 5 and E 6,3 cores can also be supplied taped and reeled as per IEC 60286-3, optionally in con-
ductive or non-conductive tapes. The cores are oriented for automatic feeding. The tapes are
sealed with a transparent cover tape and wound on 330-mm polystyrol reels. Each reel is identified
with a bar code label and a release label.
Clamps Reel
Magazine Coil former
Insulating film
Ferrite cores
Coil
winding
Coil
Wire
Solder
Component
Blister
dispenser
Assembly of
wound ferrite
component
Reel
Reel
Magazine
Insulating washer
Insulating washer
Adjusting screw
Other components
Placement of
components on
circuit board
PC board
171 08/01
Packing
The following table lists the core types which are available in blister tape:
For ordering codes refer to the individual data sheets.
Dimensions are nominal; tolerances given in design drawings.
Type Dimensions
of blister tape
l b d
mm
Spacing
mm
Spacing
upper/
lower row
mm
Dimensions of
dispenser pack
l b h
mm
Sets/
tape
Tapes/
box
Sets/
box
Approx.
net
weight
g
RM cores
RM 4
RM 4 LP
RM 5
RM 6
R 6
RM 7
RM 8
RM 10
RM 10 LP
340 60 6,6
340 60 5,0
340 60 8,0
340 60 8,0
340 60 8,0
295 82 9,4
295 82 11,8
295 82 11,8
295 82 9,4
17,0
17,0
17,0
17,0
17,0
29,5
29,5
29,5
29,5
27,5
27,5
27,5
27,5
27,5
38,5
38,5
38,5
38,5
349 63 203
349 63 203
349 63 203
349 63 203
349 63 203
301 85 240
301 85 240
301 85 240
301 85 240
20
20
20
20
20
10
10
10
10
30
40
25
25
25
25
20
20
25
600
800
500
500
500
400
200
200
250
1000
1550
2550
2550
1925
2600
4600
EP cores (on request)
EP 7
EP 10
EP 13
EP 17
EP 20
340 60 5,0
340 60 8,0
340 60 8,0
295 82 11,8
295 82 11,8
17,0
17,0
17,0
29,5
29,5
27,5
27,5
27,5
38,5
38,5
349 63 203
349 63 203
349 63 203
301 85 240
301 85 240
20
20
20
10
10
40
25
25
20
20
800
500
500
200
200
1260
1375
2550
2220
5640
P cores (on request)
P 9 5
P 11 7
P 14 8
P 18 11
P 22 13
340 60 4,0
340 60 4,0
295 82 5,9
295 82 9,4
295 82 9,4
17,0
17,0
29,5
29,5
29,5
27,5
27,5
38,5
38,5
38,5
349 63 203
349 63 203
301 85 240
301 85 240
301 85 240
20
20
10
10
10
50
50
40
25
25
1000
1000
400
250
250
800
1700
1280
1500
3250
E cores (on request) Pieces/reel Pieces/box
E 5
E 6,3
E 8,8
27000 12 2,7
27000 12 2,7
33000 16 3,0
4,0
4,0
4,0
4,0
8,0
10,0
370 340 100
370 340 100
370 340 100
6500
3400
2100
32500
17000
10500
172 08/01
Packing
3.4 Blister tapes
The blister compartments always comprise the following function spaces: a free space for the grip-
per claws, the recess in which the core rests and the padding.
The free space enables the cores to be removed by mechanical grippers. On the reverse side of
the blister, these free spaces lead to a regular grid arrangement with a spacing of 6,2 mm and 3,1
mm. The blisters should be guided and stopped at these intervals. A hanging arrangement is to be
preferred, because this avoids problems arising in case the blister height or padding thickness var-
ies.
The core recess centers the core in the blister compartment.
The padding serves as protection during transport and as spacing to achieve correct filling of the
dispenser pack. The shape and position of the padding may vary, depending on the production
method used. All padding dimensions given must therefore be considered to be subject to change
at any time.
height
Core
(paper)
Cover tape
areas
Adhesive
Core width
Pad-
C
o
r
e

l
e
n
g
t
h
1/2 spacing
Orientation hole
C
o
r
e

s
p
a
c
i
n
g
Spacing
3)
compartments
Upper row of
compartments
Lower row of
1)
Depends on core height
2)
Thickness incl. cover tape
3)
For RM3: 2 sets per spacing
ding
1)
Padding
Core recess
Free space for gripper claws
173 08/01
Packing
3.5 Dispenser pack
To open a blister tape manually, peel back the paper cover tape smoothly but not too quickly, along
the axis of the tape as shown in the following illustration.
When opening a blister tape automatically, it is advisable not to completely remove the paper cover.
Rather, the cover paper should be divided up by means of 4 longitudinal cuts so that the mating
surfaces remain on the blister (cf. blister tape illustration). The paper strips produced above the two
rows of compartments can then be easily lifted. This avoids malfunctions resulting from fluctuations
in the adhesive properties of the paper sealing tape.
FAL0696-K
b *
l
*
h *
h *
l
*
* Outer dimensions
Type label
Type label
174 08/01
Packing
3.6 Skin packing
Skin packing is a new and very compact packing method.
Several cores are placed on a cardboard pallet and sealed in GLTE film by heat shrinking. The var-
ious pallets are then stacked in a cardboard box.
Advantages
I Environmentally friendly solution with easy-to-recycle materials
I Suitable for all cores larger than E30
I Good protection of mating surface
I Film can be peeled back very easily
I Code numbers printed on cores can be read through transparent film
Cores for which skin packing is used:
E 47, ELP 43, I 43; special types on request.
FAL0677-E
Cardboard
Cardboard
box
cover
FAL0697-T
Cores
pallet
GLTE film
Cardboard
Planar cores for
power applications
Integrating ferrite cores into the PCB has
become common in the power supply
market. In those low-profile designs fer-
rite planar cores with low losses and
high saturation are
widespread. The trends
are increasing the
power density of the
throughput transformer
and the current in the
output inductor. Ferrite
cores are considered a
key component for
these targets. EPCOS has extended the
range of planar ferrite cores to meet the
new requirements.
Besides the standard ELP core series,
EPCOS now offers extended series of
planar cores with round center posts:
ER 9.5 to ER 32 and EQ 13 to EQ 30.
This wide range of shapes improves the
design capabilities for individual power
converter solutions.
Customer-specific heights
can be supplied as well as
different air gap require-
ments for all series.
All EPCOS planar cores are
available in the well-known
EPCOS power materials.
Preferred materials are N97
and N92. N97 is optimized for low
losses, N92 for high saturation currents
in the output chokes. N87 is suitable for
standard requirements. For frequencies
higher than 400 kHz, we recommend
N49.
Advantages
ELP cores:
Standardized to IEC 61860
ER cores:
Optimized winding area
Small overall footprint
(core and winding)
Less EMI
Minimized winding length
EQ cores:
Optimized cross section
Small overall footprint
(core and winding)
Less EMI
Minimized winding length
Planar core sets Material (code number) Ordering code
A
L
values (nH)
Piece 1

Piece 2

N92 (92)

N97 (97)

Piece 1 or set

Piece 2

ELP I ELP I
ELP14/3.5/5 I14/1.5/5 900 25% 1300 25% B66281G0000X1** B66281P0000X1**
ELP18/4/10 I18/2/10 2300 25% 3000 25% B66453G0000X1** B66453P0000X1**
ELP22/6/16 I22/2.5/16 4000 25% 5250 25% B66455G0000X1** B66455P0000X1**
ELP32/6/20 I32/3/20 4800 25% 6300 25% B66457G0000X1** B66457P0000X1**
ER ER or I ER ER or I
ER9.5/2.5/5 ER9.5/2.5/5 660 +30/20% 840 +30/20% B65523J0000R0** (sets)
ER11/2.5/6 ER11/2.5/6 900 +30/20% 1200 +30/20% B65525J0000R0** (sets)
ER14.5/3/7 ER14.5/3/7 1100 +30/20% 1500 +30/20% B65513J0000R0** (sets)
ER18/3/10 ER18/3/10 1800 25% 2300 25% B66480G0000X1** B66480G0000X1**
ER23/5/13 I23/2/13 2600 25% 3400 25% B66482G0000X1** B66482P0000X1**
ER24/5/8.5 ER24/5/8.5 1800 25% 2400 25% B66352G0000X1** B66352G0000X1**
ER25/6/15 I25/3/15 3400 25% 4600 25% B66484G0000X1** B66484P0000X1**
ER26/6/8 ER26/6/8 1900 25% 2600 25% B66508G0000X1** B66508G0000X1**
ER32/5/21 ER32/5/21 3800 25% 5000 25% B66501G0000X1** B66501G0000X1**
EQ I EQ I
EQ13/3 I13/1 1550 25% 1750 25% B66479G0000X1** B66479P0000X1**
EQ20/6 I20/2 3400 25% 4400 25% B66483G0000X1** B66483P0000X1**
EQ25/6 I25/2 4450 25% 5750 25% B66481G0000X1** B66481P0000X1**
EQ30/8 I30/3 4600 25% 6000 25% B66506G0000X1** B66506P0000X1**
Planar core sets Magnetic characteristics (sets) Dimensions
Type l
e
/A
e
l
e
A
e
A
min
V
e
ELP, ER, EQ

Piece 1

Piece 2

(mm
-1
) (mm)

(mm
2
) (mm
2
) (mm
3
) (mm)

(mm)

(mm)

ELP I l b a
ELP14/3.5/5 I14/1.5/5 1.152 16.7 14.5 13.9 242 14.00 0.30 5.00 0.10 11.00 0.25
ELP18/4/10 I18/2/10 0.514 20.3 39.5 38.9 802 18.00 0.35 10.00 0.20 14.00 0.30
ELP22/6/16 I22/2.5/16 0.332 26.1 78.5 77.9 2049 21.80 0.40 15.80 0.30 16.80 0.40
ELP32/6/20 I32/3/20 0.270 35.1 130.0 128.0 4563 31.75 0.65 20.35 0.40 25.40 0.50
ER ER or I a c d
1
ER9.5/2.5/5 ER9.5/2.5/5 1.544 13.6 8.8 120 9.50 0.30 5.00 0.20 7.50 +0.25
ER11/2.5/6 ER11/2.5/6 1.137 14.1 12.4 175 11.00 0.35 6.00 0.20 8.70 +0.30
ER14.5/3/7 ER14.5/3/7 1.080 19.0 17.6 334 14.50 0.20 6.70 0.10 11.80 0.20
ER18/3/10 ER18/3/10 0.732 22.1 30.2 30.1 667 18.00 0.35 9.70 0.20 15.60 0.30
ER23/5/13 I23/2/13 0.530 26.6 50.2 50.0 1335 23.20 0.45 12.50 0.25 20.20 0.40
ER24/5/8.5 ER24/5/8.5 0.851 31.3 36.8 34.0 1152 24.39 0.60 8.51 0.25 18.59 0.60
ER25/6/15 I25/3/15 0.399 28.1 70.4 69.4 1978 25.00 0.50 14.80 0.30 21.70 0.40
ER26/6/8 ER26/6/8 0.805 34.3 42.6 42.0 1461 25.90 0.90 7.50 0.20 20.30 0.50
ER32/5/21 ER32/5/21 0.346 38.0 109.8 98.5 4172 32.00 0.60 21.00 0.40 29.70 0.50
EQ I a c d
1
EQ13/3 I13/1 0.8030 15.9 19.8 19.2 315 12.80 0.30 8.7 0.25 11.2 0.30
EQ20/6 I20/2 0.4197 25.1 59.8 55.0 1501 20.00 0.35 14.0 0.30 18.0 0.35
EQ25/6 I25/2 0.2943 26.4 89.7 82.8 2368 25.00 0.40 18.0 0.30 22.0 0.40
EQ30/8 I30/3 0.2917 31.5 108.0 95.0 3402 30.00 0.40 20.0 0.30 26.0 0.40
Dimensions and characteristics
FEK0433-I
a
c
1
d
d
2
1
2
FEK0381-W
c
a
12
2
d
d
1
ER 9.5 ... ER 14.5
FEK0383-D
b
h
c
FEK0382-5
d
a
b
h
c
ELP cores I cores ER 18 ... ER 32
EPCOS AG
s
Dimensions Planar core sets
ELP, ER, EQ

I cores Type
(mm)

(mm)

(mm)

(mm)

(mm)

(mm)

(mm)

Piece 1

Piece 2

d h c l b c h ELP I
3.00 0.05 3.50 0.10 2.00 0.10 14.00 0.30 5.00 0.10 0.2 max 1.50 0.10 ELP14/3.5/5 I14/1.5/5
4.00 0.10 4.00 0.10 2.00 0.10 18.00 0.35 10.00 0.20 0.2 max 2.00 0.10 ELP18/4/10 I18/2/10
5.00 0.10 5.70 0.10 3.20 0.10 21.80 0.40 15.80 0.30 0.2 max 2.50 0.10 ELP22/6/16 I22/2.5/16
6.35 0.15 6.35 0.15 3.20 0.15 31.75 0.65 20.35 0.40 0.3 max 3.15 0.15 ELP32/6/20 I32/3/20
d
2
l
1
l
2
a c l
1
l
2
ER ER or I
3.50 0.20 2.50 0.10 1.60 +0.15 ER9.5/2.5/5 ER9.5/2.5/5
4.25 0.20 2.50 0.10 1.50 +0.15 ER11/2.5/6 ER11/2.5/6
4.70 0.10 2.95 0.05 1.65 0.10 ER14.5/3/7 ER14.5/3/7
6.20 0.15 3.15 0.10 1.60 0.10 ER18/3/10 ER18/3/10
8.00 0.20 5.10 0.10 3.10 0.10 23.20 0.45 12.50 0.25 2.10 0.10 0.2 max ER23/5/13 I23/2/13
6.61 0.25 5.00 0.10 3.00 0.10 ER24/5/8.5 ER24/5/8.5
9.40 0.20 5.50 +0.10 3.10 +0.10 25.00 0.50 14.80 0.30 2.50 0.10 0.2 max ER25/6/15 I25/3/15
7.50 0.15 5.90 0.20 3.00 0.10 ER26/6/8 ER26/6/8
11.20 0.20 5.10 0.10 2.70 0.10 ER32/5/21 ER32/5/21
d
2
l
1
l
2
a c h EQ I
5.0 0.15 2.85 0.075 1.75 0.15 12.80 0.30 8.7 0.25 1.10 0.10 EQ13/3 I13/1
8.8 0.15 6.30 0.1 4.10 0.15 20.00 0.35 14.0 0.30 2.30 0.05 EQ20/6 I20/2
11.0 0.20 5.60 0.05 3.20 0.15 25.00 0.40 18.0 0.30 2.30 0.05 EQ25/6 I25/2
11.0 0.20 8.00 0.15 5.30 0.20 30.00 0.40 20.0 0.30 2.70 0.10 EQ30/8 I30/3
FEK0437-G
a
c
1
d
d
2
1
2
FEK0438-P
c
h
a
EQ cores I cores
FEK0434-R
1
2
a
c
I cores
EPCOS AG
Large Toroids
with initial permeability
i
of 10000
Due to improvements in the production process
EPCOS was able to set new limits in the performance
of T38 material for large toroids.
Features
I
i
=10 000 at 10 kHz up to R38.1
I Improved frequency characteristic
I Improved normalized impedance
I Curie temperature T
c
>130 C
I Suitable for the design of high-quality
common-mode chokes
Further information:
Internet : www.epcos.com
0
f
FUS0133-C
'
kHz
2000
4000
6000
8000
12000
10 10
3
10
2 1
0
f
FUS0134-K
MHz
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
/mm
N
Z
10 10
0
10
1 1
_
10
2
_
Permeability vs. frequency measured on R29, T38
Normalized impedance vs. frequency measured on R25 cores
Large Toroids
with initial permeability
i
of 10000
Further information:
Internet : www.epcos.com
The inductance factor A
L
needs to be increased to
obtain the improved permeability. The table gives a
survey of the new A
L
values.
Core type Ordering code A
L
[nH]
Tolerance 30%
R17.0/10.7/6.8 B64290L0652X038 6280
R18.4/5.90/5.90 B64290L0697X038 13.400
R20.0/10.0/7.00 B64290L0632X038 9740
R22.1/13.7/6.35 B64290L0638X038 6070
R22.1/13.7/7.90 B64290L0719X038 7570
R22.1/13.7/12.5 B64290L0651X038 12.000
R22.6/14.7/9.20 B64290L0626X038 7900
R25.3/14.8/10.0 B64290L0618X038 10.700
R25.3/14.8/20.0 B64290L0616X038 21.300
R29.5/19.0/14.9 B64290L0647X038 13.100
R30.5/20.0/12.5 B64290L0657X038 10.600
R34.0/20.5/10.0 B64290L0058X038 10.100
R34.0/20.5/12.5 B64290L0048X038 12.700
R36.0/23.0/12.5 B64290L0674X038 13.500
R38.1/19.05/12.7 B64290L0668X038 17.600
464 08/01
I In accordance with IEC 61860
I For transformers featuring high inductance
and low overall height
I ER9,5 cores are supplied in sets
Magnetic characteristics (per set)
l/A = 1,54 mm
1
l
e
= 13,6 mm
A
e
= 8,81 mm
2
V
e
= 120 mm
3
Approx. weight 0,6 g/set
Ungapped
Material A
L
value
nH
e
Ordering code
T38 4500 + 40/ 30 % 5680 B65523-J-Y38
N87 800 + 30/ 20 % 1000 B65523-J-R87
B65523
ER 9,5/5 through ER 54/18/18
Core
ER 9,5/5
465 08/01
SMD coil former with gullwing terminals
Material: GFR liquid crystal polymer (UL 94 V-0, insulation class to IEC 60085:
F max. operating temperature 155 C), color code black
Solderability: to IEC 60068-2-20, test Ta, method 1 (aging 3): 350 C, 1 s
Resistance to soldering heat: to IEC 60068-2-20, test Tb, method 1B: 350 C, 3,5 s
permissible soldering temperature for wire-wrap connection on coil former: 400 C, 1 s
Winding: see Processing Notes, page 160
Yoke
Material: Stainless spring steel (0,1 mm)
Coil former Yoke
Sections A
N
mm
2
l
N
mm
A
R
value
Terminals Ordering code

1 3,23 18,4 196 8 B65527-B1008-T1
Yoke B65527-A2000
FEK0412-V
_
5,1+0,2
0
,
3
11,6
8,2
4,5
0
,
4
0,3
_
0,3
0,2
_
0
,
4
0
,
2
3
,
1
5
_
2
1
,
8
6
0
6
2
3

x
=
_
8
,
2
0
,
3
1
,
2
2
1,35
12,2
3

x

2

=

6
PCB layout
Recommended
0
,
6
0
,
2
_
1
,
2
7,25 0,3
_
3,7+0,15
FEK0413-4
1,4
5
,
5
2
,
6
4,6
9,8
A
B
0
,
6
2
4
,
5
Section A-B
B65527 Accessories
ER 9,5/5
466 08/01
I ER11/5 cores are supplied in sets
l/A = 1,1 mm
1
l
e
= 14,1 mm
A
e
= 12,4 mm
2
V
e
= 174 mm
3
Ungapped
Gapped
Material A
L
value
nH
e
Ordering code
T38 6400 + 40/ 30 % 5600 B65525-J-Y38
N49 800 + 30/ 20 % 715 B65525-J-R49
N87 1200 + 30/ 20 % 1050 B65525-J-R87
Material A
L
value
nH
s
approx.
mm
e
Ordering code
N87 160 3 % 0,08 140 B65525-J160-A87
B65525 Core
ER 11/5
467 08/01
SMD coil former with gullwing terminals
Material: GFR liquid crystal polymer (UL 94 V-0, insulation class to IEC 60085:
permissible soldering temperature for wire-wrap connection on coil former: 400 C, 1 s
Yoke
Material: Stainless spring steel (0,15 mm)
Sections A
N
mm
2
l
N
mm
A
R
value
Terminals Ordering code

1 3,3 21,6 225 10 B65526-B1010-T1
Yoke B65526-A2000
8,6
0
,
3
4,3+0,1
2
4

x

2

=

8
1
2
3
4
5 6
7
8
9
10
13 2
1,5
2
1
,
2
4

x

2

=

8
Empfehlung fr das
Leiterplattenlayout
1
,
7
Markierung
fr Stift 1
0
,
8
B
A
7,4
0,1 5,2
_
6,2
_
9,3 0,2
_
0
,
4
0
,
0
5
2
,
9
0
,
1
_
0
,
5
5
0
,
1
_
_
1
,
3
0
,
1
_
4
,
7
0
,
1
1
0
,
5
0
,
2
_
0
,
7
0
,
0
5
_
7
,
7
0
,
3
8
,
5
5
_
0
,
1
0,3 12,3
_
Recommended
PCB layout
Marking of pin 1
Coil former Yoke
FEK0414-C
5,70,1
Section A-B
11,2
5
,
1
+
0
,
2
1
,4
0
,1
2,5
5
B
A
2
,
5
0
,
1
FEK0285-N
8,6
4,3+0,1
2
4

x

2

=

8
1
2
3
4
5 6
7
8
9
10
13,2
1,5
2
1
,
2
4

x

2

=

8
Empfehlung fr das
Leiterplattenlayout
1
,
7
fr Stift 1
0
,
8
B
A
7,4
1
0
,
5
0
,
2
_
0
,
7
0
,
0
5
_
7
,
7
0
,
3
8
,
5
5
_
0
,
1
0,3 12,3
_
Recommended
PCB layout
Marking of pin 1
B65526 Accessories
ER 11/5
468 08/01
I ER14,5/6 cores are supplied in sets
l/A = 1,1 mm
1
l
e
= 19 mm
A
e
= 17,6 mm
2
V
e
= 333 mm
3
Ungapped
Material A
L
value
nH
e
Ordering code
N49
1)
900 + 30/ 20 % 800 B65513-J-R49
N92
1)
1100 + 30/ 20 % 970 B65513-J-R92
N87
1)
1500 + 30/ 20 % 1250 B65513-J-R87
T42
1)
8500 + 40/ 30 % 7200 B65513-J-Y42
FEK0420-L
g
2
,
9
5
0
,
0
5
1
,
6
5
0
,
1
4,70,1
11,80,2
6
,
7
0
,
1
14,50,2
1) Preliminary data
B65513 Core
ER 14,5/6

Ferrites Core Type
ER18/3/10 B66480
Preliminary data

EPCOS AG 2003. Reproduction, publication and dissemination of this data sheet, enclosures hereto and the information contained
therein without EPCOS' prior express consent is prohibited.
Purchase orders are subject to the General Conditions for the Supply of Products and Services of the Electrical and Electronics Industry
recommended by the ZVEI (German Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers' Association), unless otherwise agreed.

FER PD 09.03.2003
Page 1 of 1

Magnetic Characteristics (per set) Dimensional drawing

Sl/A = 0.730 mm
-1

l
e
= 22.1 mm
A
e
= 30.2 mm
2

A
min
= 30.1 mm
2

V
e
= 667 mm
3

Approx. weight 3.5 g/set

Type of delivery: Pieces
Packing: Standard styrofoam tray (size 200 mm x 300 mm)

Material A
L
value [nH]
1)

e
Air gap
[mm]
A
L1min
[nH]
2)

P
Vmax

[W/Set]
3)

Ordering code
N87 2300 +/-25% 1340 - 2100 0.35
3)
B66480G0000X187
N97 2300 +/-25% 1340 - 2100 0.28
3)
B66480G0000X197
N92 1800 +/-25% 1050 - 2600 0.39
3)
B66480G0000X192
N49 1800 +/-25% 1050 - 1000 0.10
4)
B66480G0000X149

1)
Measurement parameter: f = 10kHz / B = 0.25mT / 100 turns / room temperature

2)
Measurement parameter: f 10kHz / B = 320mT / T = 100C
3)
Measurement parameter: f = 100kHz / B = 200mT / T = 100C

FEK0427-9-E
6,20,15
13,5 min.
15,60,3
180,35
9
,
7
0
,
2
R 0,8 (12x)
1
,
6
0
,
1
3
,
1
5
0
,
1
Air gap

Ferrites Core Type
ER23/5/13 with I23/2/13 B66482
Preliminary data


FER PD 09.03.2003
Page 1 of 1

Magnetic characteristics Dimensional drawing
(per set E&I)
Sl/A = 0.531 mm
-1

l
e
= 26.6 mm
A
e
= 50.2 mm
2

A
min
= 50 mm
2

V
e
= 1340 mm
3


I core ER core

Packing: Standard styrofoam tray (size 200 mm x 300 mm

Material A
L
value [nH]
1)

e
Air gap
[mm]
A
L1min
[nH]
2)

P
Vmax

[W/Set]
3)

Ordering code
N87 3400 +/-25% 1430 - 3000 0.70
3)
B66482G0000X187 (ER core)
B66482P0000X187 (I core)
N97 3400 +/-25% 1430 - 3000 0.56
3)
B66482G0000X197 (ER core)
B66482P0000X197 (I core)
N92 2600 +/-25% 1100 - 3600 0.77
3)
B66482G0000X192 (ER core)
B66482P0000X192 (I core)
N49 2600 +/-25% 1100 - 1400 0.21
4)
B66482G0000X149 (ER core)
B66482P0000X149 (I core)
1)

2)
3)
4)
FEK0426-1-E
80,2
17,5 min.
20,20,4
23,20,45
1
2
,
5
0
,
2
5
R 0,8 (12x)
3
,
1
0
,
1
5
,
1
0
,
1
Air gap
2
,
1
0
,
1
0
,
2

m
a
x
.

Ferrites Core Type
ER25/6/15 with I25/3/15 B66484
Preliminary data


FER PD 09.03.2003
Page 1 of 1

Magnetic characteristics Dimensional drawing
(per set)
Sl/A = 0.400 mm
-1

l
e
= 28.1 mm
A
e
= 70.4 mm
2

A
min
= 69.4 mm
2

V
e
= 1980 mm
3


I core ER core

Packing: Standard styrofoam tray (size 200 mm x 300 mm)

Material A
L
value [nH]
1)

e
Air gap
[mm]
A
L1min
[nH]
2)

P
Vmax

[W/Set]
3)

Ordering code
N87 4600 +/-25% 1460 - 3900 1.05
3)
B66484G0000X187 (ER core)
B66484P0000X187 (I core)
N97 4600 +/-25% 1460 - 3900 0.83
3)
B66484G0000X197 (ER core)
B66484P0000X197 (I core)
N92 3400 +/-25% 1080 - 4700 1.14
3)
B66484G0000X192 (ER core)
B66484P0000X192 (I core)
N49 3400 +/-25% 1080 - 1900

0.3
4)
B66484G0000X149 (ER core)
B66484P0000X149 (I core)
1)

2)
3)

FEK0425-S-E
9,40,2
18,3 min.
21,70,4
250,5
1
4
,
8
0
,
3
R 0,8 (12x)
3
,
1
0
,
1
5
,
5
0
,
1
Air gap
2
,
5
0
,
1
0
,
2

m
a
x
.
469 08/01
I Round center leg particularly suitable
for use of thick winding wires or tapes
I For compact winding design with
low leakage inductance
I ER cores are supplied as single units
l/A = 0,88 mm
1
l
e
= 75,0 mm
A
e
= 85,4 mm
2
A
min
= 77,0 mm
2
V
e
= 6 400 mm
3
Approx. weight 32 g/set
Ungapped
Material A
L
value
nH
e
A
L1min
nH
P
V
W/set
Ordering code
N72 2700 + 30/ 20 % 1890 1780 < 0,80
(200 mT, 25 kHz, 100 C)
B66433-G-X172
FEK0318-4
9,90,25
28,550,55
1
2
,
6
0
,
3
1
6
,
9
0
,
2
21,750,5
1
1
,
4
0
,
2
5
1
+
0
,
2
1
+
0
,
2
B66433 Core
ER 28/17/11
470 08/01
l/A = 0,81 mm
1
l
e
= 89,6 mm
A
e
= 111 mm
2
A
min
= 101 mm
2
V
e
= 9 930 mm
3
Ungapped
Gapped
The A
L
value in the table applies to a core set comprising one ungapped core (dimension g = 0) and
one gapped core (dimension g > 0).
Calculation factors (for formulas, see E cores: general information, page 382)
Validity range: K1, K2: 0,10 mm < s < 2,50 mm
K3, K4: 90 nH < A
L
< 600 nH
Material A
L
value
nH
e
A
L1min
nH
P
V
W/set
Ordering code
N27 2500 + 30/ 20 % 1610 1930 < 1,95
(200 mT, 25 kHz, 100 C)
B66350-G-X127
Material g
mm
A
L
value
approx.
nH
e
Ordering code
N27 0,50 0,05 275 177 B66350-G500-X127
1,00 0,05 170 109 B66350-G1000-X127
1,50 0,05 125 80 B66350-G1500-X127
Material Relationship between
air gap A
L
value
Calculation of saturation current
K1 (25 C) K2 (25 C) K3 (25 C) K4 (25 C) K3 (100 C) K4 (100 C)
N27 169 0,706 275 0,847 256 0,865
B66350 Core
ER 35/20/11
471 08/01
l/A = 0,58 mm
1
l
e
= 99 mm
A
e
= 170 mm
2
A
min
= 170 mm
2
V
e
= 16 800 mm
3
Ungapped
Gapped
The A
L
K3, K4: 110 nH < A
L
< 1100 nH
Material A
L
value
nH
e
A
L1min
nH
P
V
W/set
Ordering code
N27 3200 + 30/ 20 % 1480 2700 < 3,10
(200 mT, 25 kHz, 100 C)
B66347-G-X127
N87 3700 + 30/ 20 % 1710 2700 < 9,00
(200 mT, 100 kHz, 100 C)
B66347-G-X187
Material g
mm
A
L
value approx.
nH
e
Ordering code
N27 1,00 0,05 257 119 B66347-G1000-X127
air gap A
L
value
K1 (25 C) K2 (25 C) K3 (25 C) K4 (25 C) K3 (100 C) K4 (100 C)
N27 257 0,741 415 0,847 387 0,865
N87 257 0,741 401 0,796 377 0,873
B66347 Core
ER 42/22/15
472 08/01
Coil former
Material: GFR polyterephthalate (UL 94 V-0, insulation class to IEC 60085:
Coil former Ordering code
Sections A
N
mm
2
l
N
mm
A
R
value
Pins
1 222 70,8 18,6 18 B66348-A1018-T1
FEK0156-4
15,2+0,1
4
1
5
,
2
+
0
,
2
0
,
5
3
2
,
2
_
1
2
17
18
0,3 17,4
_
0,3 29,1
_
45,50,3
1
5
,
6
+
0
,
1
0
,
6
6
,
2
_
26,5
32,2 max.
1
,
5
1
,
5
0
,
3
3
0
,
6
_
1
8 x 5 = 40
2
7
,
5
2
,
5
1
,
6
+
0
,
1
5
0
,
6
_
5
2
,
4
B66348 Accessories
ER 42/22/15
473 08/01
l/A = 0,34 mm
1
l
e
= 79 mm
A
e
= 233 mm
2
A
min
= 226 mm
2
V
e
= 18 400 mm
3
Ungapped
Gapped
The A
L
K3, K4: 190 nH < A
L
< 1850 nH
Material A
L
value
nH
e
A
L1min
nH
P
V
W/set
Ordering code
N27 5700 + 30/ 20 % 1550 4630 < 3,62
(200 mT, 25 kHz, 100 C)
B66377-G-X127
Material g
mm
A
L
value approx.
nH
e
Ordering code
N27 1,00 0,05 343 93 B66377-G1000-X127
air gap A
L
value
K1 (25 C) K2 (25 C) K3 (25 C) K4 (25 C) K3 (100 C) K4 (100 C)
N27 343 0,826 589 0,847 546 0,865
B66377 Core
ER 46/17/18
474 08/01
l/A = 0,49 mm
1
l
e
= 118 mm
A
e
= 243 mm
2
A
min
= 225 mm
2
V
e
= 28 700 mm
3
Ungapped
K3, K4: 130 nH < A
L
< 1300 nH
Material A
L
value
nH
e
A
L1min
nH
P
V
W/set
Ordering code
N27 3500 + 30/ 20 % 1350 3240 < 5,38
(200 mT, 25 kHz, 100 C)
B66391-G-X127
air gap A
L
value
K1 (25 C) K2 (25 C) K3 (25 C) K4 (25 C) K3 (100 C) K4 (100 C)
N27 342 0,750 578 0,847 540 0,865
B66391 Core
ER 49/27/17
475 08/01
l/A = 0,35 mm
1
l
e
= 90 mm
A
e
= 256 mm
2
A
min
= 252 mm
2
V
e
= 23 000 mm
3
Ungapped
Gapped
The A
L
K3, K4: 180 nH < A
L
< 1800 nH
Material A
L
value
nH
e
A
L1min
nH
P
V
W/set
Ordering code
N27 5600 + 30/ 20 % 1560 4480 < 4,40
(200 mT, 25 kHz, 100 C)
B66357-G-X127
N87 5800 + 30/ 20 % 1620 4480 < 12,50
(200 mT, 100 kHz, 100 C)
B66357-G-X187
Material g
mm
A
L
value approx.
nH
e
Ordering code
N27 0,50 0,05 620 173 B66357-G500-X127
air gap A
L
value
K1 (25 C) K2 (25 C) K3 (25 C) K4 (25 C) K3 (100 C) K4 (100 C)
N27 360 0,786 635 0,847 590 0,865
N87 360 0,786 616 0,796 574 0,873
B66357 Core
ER 54/18/18

Magnetic Hysteresis and Ferromagnetic Materials

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565 08/01

Symbol Meaning Unit

Temperature coefficient (TK)

where, in terms of a series equivalent circuit, (see Fig. 5)

Terminals Ordering code

Terminals Ordering code

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