Human and Social Biology: Paper 2

Centre Number
Candidate
Number
Candidate Name
CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

Joint Examination for the School Certificate
and General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level
HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY
5096/2
PAPER 2
OCTOBER/NOVEMBER SESSION 2002
2 hours
Additional materials:
Answer paper
TIME
2 hours
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Write your name, Centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page and on all
separate answer paper used.
Section A
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
Section B
Answer three questions.
Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided.
At the end of the examination,
1.
fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper;
2.
write an E (for Either) or an O (for Or) next to the number 11 in the grid below to indicate which
question you have answered.
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

The intended number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of
each question or part question.
FOR EXAMINERS USE
You are advised to spend no longer than 1 hour on Section A.
Section A
Section B
9
10
11
TOTAL
This question paper consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.

SP (NF/JB) S29517/3
CIE 2002
[Turn over
For
Examiners
Use
2
Section A
Answer all the questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.
Table 1.1 shows the increase in mass of a fetus in the last 28 weeks of a pregnancy.
Table 1.1
age of fetus / weeks
mass of fetus / kg
12
0.1
16
0.2
20
0.3
24
0.7
28
1.25
32
1.75
36
2.25
40
3.5
(a) On Fig. 1.1, complete the graph of fetal growth. The first three points have been plotted
for you. Join all the points up to make a line on your graph.
[6]
4.0
3.0
mass of
fetus / kg
2.0
1.0
0.0
12
16
20
24
28
age of fetus / weeks
Fig. 1.1
5096/2/O/N/02
32
36
40
For
Examiners
Use
3
(b) Using your graph, state over which period growth is
(i)
fastest,
between week .................. and week ..................
[1]
(ii)
slowest.
between week .................. and week ..................
[1]
(c) What was the weight of the fetus at 38 weeks? ....................... kg
[1]
(d) Add a second line to your graph to show the probable effect on fetal growth if the mother
began smoking heavily in week 20 of the pregnancy. Label this line S.
[3]
(e) Name the fluid that surrounds and cushions the fetus. ................................................[1]
(f)
It is possible to remove some of this fluid during pregnancy and, using a microscope, to
examine some of the fetal cells found floating there. If these cells are dividing, tiny rodlike structures are seen in the nuclei.
(i)
What are these structures called? ........................................................................[1]
(ii)
How many are there in a normal fetal nucleus? ....................................................[1]
(iii)
How do these structures differ in a male and female fetus?

...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(g) During birth, which part of the uterus

(i)
dilates during the first stage of birth; .....................................................................[1]
(ii)
contracts strongly during the second stage; .........................................................[1]
(iii)
is expelled in the third stage? ...............................................................................[1]

[Total : 20]
5096/2/O/N/02
[Turn over
4
2
Fig. 2.1 shows some of the exchanges taking place between a green plant and its
environment.
atmospheric gases
A
photosynthesis
respiration
process D
nitrates
Fig. 2.1
(a) Name gases A, B and C.
A .................................................................
B .................................................................
C .................................................................
[3]
(b) Name process D. .........................................................................................................[1]

(c) Which type of organism carries out process D?
......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total : 5]
5096/2/O/N/02
For
Examiners
Use
For
Examiners
Use
5
3
Fill in the blanks to complete the description of breathing.

In order to breathe in, the diaphragm muscle and the external intercostal muscle
............................................... . The volume of the thorax (chest) ............................................... ,
while the pressure inside the chest ............................................... . Since the pressure inside
is now ............................................... than the atmospheric pressure, air flows into the lungs.
Forced exhalation, as in blowing up a balloon, requires the contraction of the
............................................... muscles.
[Total : 5]
(a) State three early signs or symptoms of gonorrhea in a man.

1. ......................................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................................
3. ..................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) Which type of organism causes gonorrhea? ................................................................[1]
(c) Which method of contraception helps to limit the spread of gonorrhea?
......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total : 5]
5096/2/O/N/02
[Turn over
6
5
Fig. 5.1 shows changes in blood pressure in the left atrium, left ventricle and aorta during
one heartbeat.
C
140
left ventricle
aorta
left atrium
120
100
80
pressure / mm Hg
60
40
20
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
time / sec
0.8
1.0
Fig. 5.1
(a) What is the highest pressure reached in
(i)
the left ventricle, .............................. mm Hg
[1]
(ii)
the left atrium? .............................. mm Hg
[1]
(b) Valves close when the pressure in one chamber first becomes greater than that in the
previous chamber.
Which letter, A, B, C, D or E, indicates the closing of
(i)
the bicuspid valve, ................................................................................................[1]
(ii)
the aortic valve? ....................................................................................................[1]
(c) Which feature of the left ventricle enables it to generate a pressure four times greater
than that of the right ventricle?
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total : 5]
5096/2/O/N/02
For
Examiners
Use
7
6
(a) State two uses of calcium ions in the body, other than in forming bones and teeth.
For
Examiners
Use
1. ......................................................................................................................................
2. ..................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Which vitamin is needed for the uptake of calcium from the gut? ................................[1]
(c) Why does a breast-feeding mother need high calcium levels in her blood?
......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total : 4]
7
Fig. 7.1 compares the number of smokers and non-smokers suffering from bronchitis in two
towns. Town A has a higher level of air pollution than town B.
town B (low level of air pollution)
smokers
16
12
8
4
non-smokers
0
35-44 45-54
55-64
65-69
% suffering from chronic bronchitis
% suffering from chronic bronchitis
town A (high level of air pollution)

16
12
smokers
8
4
non-smokers
0
35-44 45-54
age / years
55-64
65-69
age / years
Fig. 7.1
What is the evidence from the two graphs that

(a) smoking increases the incidence of bronchitis;
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) air pollution also increases the incidence of bronchitis;
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) smoking progressively damages the bodys defences?
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
5096/2/O/N/02
[Total : 6]
[Turn over
For
Examiners
Use
8
8
Fig. 8.1 shows a blood smear as seen under the microscope.
Fig. 8.1
(a) On Fig. 8.1, label a phagocyte.
[1]
(b) Using only the terms natural active, artificial active, natural passive and artificial
passive, state which type of immunity is being described below.
(i)
immunity developed from a serum

...............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii)
immunity following an attack of influenza

...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iii)
immunity resulting from antibodies crossing the placenta

...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iv)
immunity developed from a vaccine

...............................................................................................................................[1]
[Total : 5]
5096/2/O/N/02
9
Section B
Answer three questions.
Question 11 is in the form of an Either / Or question. Only one part should be answered.
Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided.
(a) Use your knowledge of digestion to explain the following statements.

Runners in a long-distance race will have a large, starchy meal several hours before their
race starts.
Sprinters eat glucose tablets just before their race starts.
[10]
(b) In the blood of the hepatic portal vein, glucose levels rise some hours after a meal. In the
blood of the hepatic vein, glucose levels remain constant. Explain how the blood glucose level
is regulated.
[5]
[Total : 15]
10 (a) Describe the stages in making sewage harmless and include the parts played by
microorganisms.
[10]
(b) Describe the dangers to people and to the environment of allowing untreated sewage to flow
into rivers.
[5]
[Total : 15]
Question 11 is on the next page.
5096/2/O/N/02
[Turn over
10
11 Either
(a) When reading a word in a book, we look directly at it, making sure it is well lit. From your
knowledge of the retina, explain why we do this.
[4]
(b) Explain why, in dim light, objects are more clearly seen out of the corner of the eye.
[2]
(c) What changes occur in the eye when we move from a dimly lit room into bright sunlight?
[4]
(d) Eye-colour in humans is controlled by two alleles, B and b, where B is dominant and gives
brown eye-colour.
(i)
Using a genetic diagram, explain how two brown-eyed parents may have a blue-eyed
child.
[4]
(ii)
What is the probability that any child of these parents is blue-eyed?
[1]
[Total : 15]
Or
(a) The blood of patients with liver disease shows abnormally high levels of amino acids and little
or no urea. Why is this?
[2]
(b) Blood arriving at the kidneys contains proteins, amino acids and urea. Describe what
happens to these substances as they pass through the kidneys.
[6]
(c) How does the urine of a person who has been sweating a lot differ from the urine produced by
that person on a cold day? Explain how the differences come about.
[5]
(d) Patients with high blood pressure are given diuretics. These are medicines that increase
urination. How does this help to reduce blood pressure?
[2]
[Total : 15]
5096/2/O/N/02
11
BLANK PAGE
5096/2/O/N/02
12
BLANK PAGE
5096/2/O/N/02

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Centre Number

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY

fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper;

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

FOR EXAMINERS USE

You are advised to spend no longer than 1 hour on Section A.

This question paper consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.

between week .................. and week ..................

between week .................. and week ..................

(c) What was the weight of the fetus at 38 weeks? ....................... kg

What are these structures called? ........................................................................[1]

How many are there in a normal fetal nucleus? ....................................................[1]

How do these structures differ in a male and female fetus?

(g) During birth, which part of the uterus

dilates during the first stage of birth; .....................................................................[1]

contracts strongly during the second stage; .........................................................[1]

is expelled in the third stage? ...............................................................................[1]

(b) Name process D. .........................................................................................................[1]

Fill in the blanks to complete the description of breathing.

(a) State three early signs or symptoms of gonorrhea in a man.

the left ventricle, .............................. mm Hg

the left atrium? .............................. mm Hg

the bicuspid valve, ................................................................................................[1]

the aortic valve? ....................................................................................................[1]

% suffering from chronic bronchitis

% suffering from chronic bronchitis

town A (high level of air pollution)

What is the evidence from the two graphs that

Fig. 8.1 shows a blood smear as seen under the microscope.

immunity developed from a serum

immunity following an attack of influenza

immunity resulting from antibodies crossing the placenta

immunity developed from a vaccine

(a) Use your knowledge of digestion to explain the following statements.

Question 11 is on the next page.

What is the probability that any child of these parents is blue-eyed?

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