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    Rice Husk - An Alternative Fuel in Perú

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    Sandra Ferrell
    1) The document analyzes the potential for using rice husk as an alternative fuel source in Peru. Rice husk currently makes up 20% of rice processing waste in Peru. 2) Experiments were conducted to create compact rice husk briquettes using a wet process with binders like clay or starch. These briquettes had favorable burning properties and were easier to transport than loose rice husk. 3) Stoves were designed called the Voila 1 and Voila 2 that could burn rice husk or briquettes efficiently. Testing found the Voila 2 stove to be 20% efficient. The briquettes and stoves provide a way to make use of abundant rice

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    Rice Husk - An Alternative Fuel in Perú

    Uploaded by

    Sandra Ferrell
    61 views2 pages
    1) The document analyzes the potential for using rice husk as an alternative fuel source in Peru. Rice husk currently makes up 20% of rice processing waste in Peru. 2) Experiments were conducted to create compact rice husk briquettes using a wet process with binders like clay or starch. These briquettes had favorable burning properties and were easier to transport than loose rice husk. 3) Stoves were designed called the Voila 1 and Voila 2 that could burn rice husk or briquettes efficiently. Testing found the Voila 2 stove to be 20% efficient. The briquettes and stoves provide a way to make use of abundant rice

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    Rice husk

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    bp48_pp35-36

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    1) The document analyzes the potential for using rice husk as an alternative fuel source in Peru. Rice husk currently makes up 20% of rice processing waste in Peru. 2) Experiments were conducted to create compact rice husk briquettes using a wet process with binders like clay or starch. These briquettes had favorable burning properties and were easier to transport than loose rice husk. 3) Stoves were designed called the Voila 1 and Voila 2 that could burn rice husk or briquettes efficiently. Testing found the Voila 2 stove to be 20% efficient. The briquettes and stoves provide a way to make use of abundant rice

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    61 views2 pages

    Rice Husk - An Alternative Fuel in Perú

    Uploaded by

    Sandra Ferrell
    1) The document analyzes the potential for using rice husk as an alternative fuel source in Peru. Rice husk currently makes up 20% of rice processing waste in Peru. 2) Experiments were conducted to create compact rice husk briquettes using a wet process with binders like clay or starch. These briquettes had favorable burning properties and were easier to transport than loose rice husk. 3) Stoves were designed called the Voila 1 and Voila 2 that could burn rice husk or briquettes efficiently. Testing found the Voila 2 stove to be 20% efficient. The briquettes and stoves provide a way to make use of abundant rice

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Boiling Point 48/final

    6/11/02

    1:52 pm

    Page 35

    1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 60 6111

    Rice husk an alternative fuel in Per


    by Estela Assureira, Director of Biomass and Coal Research Programme, at the Pontificia Universidad Catlica del Per; Av. Universitaria cuadra 18 Lima 32 Per Email: [email protected]

    Introduction
    This study investigates the usefulness of rice husk as an alternative fuel for household energy. The work included an analysis of the production of rice in Per, visits to the productive zones, evaluation of rice husk, development and test of rice husk briquettes and the stoves that use them as fuel.

    Rice husk in Per


    Currently, in Per, the use of the agricultural wastes as fuel is limited and inefficient. In 1999 a study was implemented to identify those agricultural wastes with the most useful energy potential within Per; rice husk, black coffee husk and cotton stalks were found to be best. This conclusion was reached through a study of the fraction of the wastes produced, and where they had been produced in the previous seven years. Other factors included the distance between the users and the point of waste generation, the economic and environmental advantages and disadvantages of its elimination, the use of the waste in non-power applications, and the registered worldwide experience of its use. The species of rice that is cultivated in the Per is oryza sativa. Between 1992 to 2001, production reached 1900 kilotonnes per year, as shown in Figure 1. Rice is processed in 471

    mills, and 70% of them are located in the north of the country. The rice husk generated in the milling process represents about 20% of the rice casing. At present, only 5% of the rice husk is used as a fuel in brick manufacture in Piura the rest is burned or thrown into the river. An analysis of the rice husk produced in northern Per show that volatiles comprise nearly 60% of the total residue mass, with carbon accounting for over 30% (Table 1). Maximum calorific values are similar to wood and other agricultural wastes. However, the low density of the husk makes it difficult to store and increases the cost of transportation. Around 380 000 tonnes per year of rice husk are produced, which could provide 120 000 TOE (tonnes oil equivalent) per year of available energy. Of this, 60 % is very accessible because of its concentration and its proximity to local markets.

    Figure 2

    Rice husk briquettes

    Rice husk briquettes


    Briquetting is a technology which uses either a dry or a wet process to compress rice husks into different shapes. The dry briquetting process requires high pressure and does not use a binder. This process is expensive and recommended only for high production levels. On the other hand, using a

    Figure 1

    Rice production in Per

    wet process allows lower pressure equipment, but a binder must be used. In this project, cylindrical briquettes were made using mechanical compression and including a binder in the mix (Figure 2). The mixture comprised well-rotted husk with a binder of clay, bentonite or yucca starch. The use of a binder allowed lower pressures to be used. The briquettes could be made in small quantities, and the skills needed to operate the equipment were easy to learn. In addition, the binders selected are available in the market, are not expensive and provide a strong bond. The rice was ground to a fine powder in a hammer mill, then the binder and water were mixed with the rice husk to form a paste, which was put into a briquetting machine. Finally the briquette was dried to reduce the humidity. This could be done either directly in the sun or in electrical drier. The pilot briquetting plant at the PUCP used a hammer mill, a vibratory sieve, a manual press machine and an electrical drier. Its production capacity is about 30 kg per hour. The physical and thermal characteristics of rice husk briquettes are presented in Table 2. Combustion efficiency is an important characteristic as it express the quality of combustion. It is calculated as the total burnt material (initial weight weight of ash left) divided by the theoretical maximum of combustible material (Eq.1 and Eq. 2). The results are given in Table 2.
    35

    Tonnes 103 Boiling Point No 48 2002

    Boiling Point 48/final

    6/11/02

    1:52 pm

    Page 36

    1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    Table 1

    Analysis of rice husks Mass Dry 38.43 2.97 0.49 36.36 0.07 61.68 16.65 21.68 0.00 15 324

    Carbon (%) Hydrogen (%) Nitrogen (%) Oxygen(%) Sulphur (%) Volatile matter (%) Fixed carbon (%) Ash (%) Humidity (%) Calorific value (kJ/kg)

    34.61 3.79 0.44 41.58 0.06 55.54 14.99 19.52 9.95 13 800

    m i mf combination = mcb mcb = mrice(1 %ash) + myucca(1 %ash

    Eq. 1

    Item Plant production

    Cost/Quantity 30 Tonnes/month
    Figure 3 The Voila 2 stove

    Research & development

    Eq. 2

    Capital investment US$10,000 (approximately) Fixed cost for maintenance and operation US$1550 per month

    Briquetting the residues improves their burning characteristics and also produces fuel pieces that are similar in size and weight. At the same time, problems of dust are reduced during handling, transportation and combustion and handling and storage problems are alleviated.

    Cost of briquetting
    The technical study on rice husk briquettes has been completed, and work is now being done on the economical aspects. Although the final production costs, and selling price are not yet determined, indicative manufacturing costs are given below.

    The plant is mainly manually operated, to create employment in rural areas. Based on the above mentioned fixed operating costs, which would include the cost of employing six people each working an eight hour per day, the manufacturing cost for the briquettes is US$50 per tonne. This assumes that capital was available for the equipment and no depreciation on the machinery.

    20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 4 5

    Rice husk stoves


    Using information from the International Rice Research Institute in Philippines (IRRI), some models of rice husk stoves have been developed

    that use rice husk and rice husk briquettes as a fuel. In 2001 the Voila 1 rice husk was built, similar to RHS-STD-001 IRRI stove. A further development, the Voila 2 rice husk stove (based on the Voila 1), consists of an open cone made of cast iron, with holes at the bottom, and an ash tray under it (Figure 3). A cylindrical flame guide, made of a refractory material, is placed into the cone. Pots are supported on the stove on three ledges welded onto the wall of the cylinder. To light the stove crumpled paper is placed at the ashport before filling with husks. In operation, the flames and gases first heat the base of the pot and then the walls. Table 3 presents the main characteristics of the stove.

    Stove testing
    The testing procedures developed are in accordance with the International Standards for Testing of Woodburning Cookstoves. The efficiency of stove is defined as the ratio of the energy transferred to the water, divided by the energy liberated by the burning fuel. For the Voila 2 stove, the efficiency was found to be 20%.
    Table 3 Voila 2 a rice stove model Dimensions Weight (kg) Materials Fuel Diameter = 505 mm High = 520 mm 12.4 Iron and clay Rice husk

    Table 2

    Technical characteristics of rice husk briquettes Briquette code BR1 BR3 70 0 20 10 40 40 3570 803 18 94 BR7 70 10 0 20 40 40 5000 8.5 91 BR8 60 0 40 0 40 40 3570 18 80 BR10 BR12 85 15 0 0 40 40 5000 800 10 97 85 15 0 0 50 40 8000 760 12 98

    Composition

    Rice husk(%) 100 Clay (%) 0 Bentonite (%) 0 Yucca starch (%) 0 40 40 6430 562 8 13 800 97

    Shape Diameter (mm) Height (mm) Pressure (PSIG) Bulk density (kg/m3) Time of ignition (min) Max. calorific value (MJ/kg) Combustion efficiency (%)

    Cylindrical

    667 965.5

    8280 13 000 13 000 11 730 11 730

    36

    Boiling Point No 48 2002

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