Design and Fabrication of Biomass Briquetting Machine

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The current global energy mix is dominated by fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas)
whose reserves are on a definite downward trend. However, the World Energy Council
predicts that fossil fuels will remain the dominant energy source beyond 2050 despite the
depletion of known reserves. In addition, the same report notes the importance of reducing
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the existing pressure and challenge to diversify the
energy mix amid projected population growth with consequent growth in energy demand.
Furthermore, fossil fuels are responsible for 80% of GHG emissions while the remaining
20% is attributed to deforestation. Utilization of agricultural residues is often difficult due to
their uneven and troublesome characteristics. Paper briquettes are the by-product of a
briquette, which compresses shredded paper material and biomass waste into a small
cylindrical form.

Biomass, as a renewable energy source, has started to look much more favorable
again in recent years. There are many reasons for this trend, ranging from increased socio-
political discussion on our future energy supply to technological progress. The latter, in
particular, has helped change the image of biomass: while fewer regard it as old fashioned,
expensive or even dirty, today biomass raise its profile as a renewable and profitable energy
carrier. New processing methods have even improved the fuel and handling characteristics of
biogenic fuels. Those that have made the biggest difference are briquetting and pelletization,
from the solid fuel industry. Both of these techniques are based on compacting the original
loose material to yield one basic advantage: a higher energy densification. Hereinafter the
term briquetting will be used for both products briquettes and pellets

The advantages of biomass briquetting are by no means limited to its use in be an

interesting alternative for business makers but also for fuel clients. Modern industrial plants
or solid fuel boilers. Indeed, in developing countries a far bigger percentage of the population
cover their energy needs with biomass alone, where their primary need is for heat energy for
cooking and heating. International development cooperation has accordingly long been
focused on improving the basic energy supply in many countries around the world. It is
notable that biomass briquettes have played a bigger part in many projects over recent years,
such as those for distributing better stove technologies, for example. Next to adapted cooking

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 Design and Fabrication of Biomass Briquetting Machine

behaviors and improved cooking appliances, the fuel can play one important role in
improving the overall situation of households. Biomass briquettes can be produced out of
many field or process residues and burning them in cooking appliances instead of traditional
fuels as logged and collected wood or charcoal can However, like for most new technologies,
many technological but also economical questions may arise. The study involves the design
of a machine that creates briquettes made from biomass. Moreover, the machine created is
operated manually and has a control over temperature and pressure to vary the parameters in
creating high quality briquettes. The machine is mainly used for experimental purpose and
not for the large production of briquettes or for employment in urban or rural areas.
Experimental purposes and not for large production of briquettes or for employment in urban
or rural areas.

Many of the developing countries produce huge quantities of agro residues but they
are used inefficiently causing extensive pollution to the environment by reducing the
electrical energy consumption by pre-heating biomass, heating the die of the briquetting
machine by means of a briquette-fired stove and by incorporating a smoke removal system.
Apart from the problems of transportation, storage, and handling, the direct burning of loose
biomass in conventional grates is associated with very low thermal efficiency and widespread
air pollution.

The briquettes can be used for domestic purposes (cooking, heating, barbequing) and
industrial purposes (agro-industries, food processing) in both rural and urban areas. Thus
Biomass briquetting is the densification of loose biomass material to produce compact solid
composites of different sizes with the application of pressure. Briquetting of residues takes
place with the application of pressure, heat and binding agent on the loose materials to
produce the briquettes. If we deeply think on this particular topic then we come to know that
how important it is. Generally we treat waste material as useless and burnt it into open air or
dumped into sea. But there is one best alternative through which we can utilise it in a best
manner and that is biomass briquetting machine. Yes briquette machine through we can make
briquettes which are used into many brick industry, milk industry, ceramic industry and many
more.Now the question is that how these biomass briquettes are made. So answer is simple
briquettes are made from divested raw material. In briquetting press any type of agricultural
waste and forestry waste can be used. Rice husk, paddy straw, almond shells and many other
raw materials we can use into this machine.

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 Design and Fabrication of Biomass Briquetting Machine

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

There are many projects are done on the basis of briquette making machines around
the world. Because these are cheap, reduces pollution and also which have many applications.
The manual briquette making which are works by densification of the raw materials such as
sawdust, paper wastes, green leaves, dry leaves etc. This can be replace the conventional
energy sources available. And by which we can reduce the pollution and also the cost and
keep our environment clean as possible by collecting the raw materials and this is converting
to useful energy with efficiency.

P. Balasubramani [1] researched that an efficient network of Biomass Briquette

Manufacturing system could help addressing most of these issues in a sustainable manner.
The briquettes made from biomass can be mixed with coal for co-firing, used in gasifiers to
produce syngas used for small scale power plants established in remote regions. All over the
world efforts are going on replacing fossil fuels with various possible renewable energy
options. At present India depends on highly pollusive indigenous coal for its power
generation and petroleum imports for most of its transportation needs. India has lot of coal
reserves and the power generated is very cheap if there is no penalty for its pollution. Wind
energy is location dependent, seasonal and cannot be used for base load operations. Solar
power is costlier today but promising because of high level of solar irradiation and more
number of sunny days in India. Biomass is another promising renewable energy source which
has low Sulphur and nitrogen content in addition to being CO2 neutral. It is preferable due to
its suitability for base load operations and its ability to substitute all existing fossil fuel based
applications with slight modifications in the equipment. Biomass can be converted to gases,
liquid and solid fuels to be used for all practical purposes existing today and widely used. The
energy density of biomass is usually in the range of 14,651-16,744 KJ which is very less
compared to 20,930-29,302 KJ of coal. This small scale, decentralized availability of low
energy density biomass makes it hard to utilize it effectively. By briquetting, the loose
biomass is compacted to a more usable product. Particularly screw briquetting which is
chosen as per their experiments. It might be inferred that for most biomass residues
briquetting and gasification would be an environmentally friendly solution than direct
burning. There are obvious benefits to be obtained by densification of biomass to briquettes.
biomass briquetting manufacturing (BBM) system It normally consists of dryer to reduce

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 Design and Fabrication of Biomass Briquetting Machine

excess moisture, a crusher to reduce the size of raw material to suitable levels and the
briquette making machine which produces the output. There are issues in these processes and
production is regularly being disturbed. To achieve continuous production and improve
productivity each stage should be properly monitored and parameters improved. The
productivity depends on raw material size, moisture content, the performance of screw and
mould assembly and the heating method can assure regular feedstock availability stand on its
own even without any consumers like biomass power plants. There are more than sufficient
small scale usages for loose biomass, wood and charcoal in both rural and urban sectors.
Most of them are using inefficient methods of burning the loose biomass which could be
greatly improved by moving to briquettes which have high energy density. And from this we
can understand that Biomass collection can become a significant rural self-employment
method. A strong network of biomass briquetting could act as a backbone to develop low
carbon energy system and rural development

Shunyan Wu [2] studied that plentiful renewable energy source, bioenergy has great
contribution to increase energy diversity and reduce carbon emissions. This can be done
densification of biomass, which is one of the main ways of bioenergy utilization. There are
two typesof heat treatment process Dry Torrefaction(DT) and Hydrothermal Treatment
(HT).DT is done by mild pyrolysis process that occurs below 350 °C and the desired result is
a material with low moisture content and higher heating value (HHV). They found that the
spruce samples torrefied at 300 °C could not be densified successfully and the pellets
prepared from the spruce samples torrefied at 275 °C exhibited many defects and which is
breakdown after densification. So mass production cannot be done by this. During HT
process, biomass is treated with hot compressed subcritical water (200–260°C) for 5 min–8 h,
resulting in three products, including gases, aqueous chemicals, and solid fuels.HT biomass
briquette has higher mass density and compressive strength and the bonding bridges between
HT pellet particles are more stable. Moreover, HT pellets also has higher HHV.HT biomass
briquette is excellent boiler fuel. The raw materials used are agricultural and forestry wastes,
Cotton Stalk (CS) and pine Wood Sawdust (WS). Raw or pretreated biomass sample was
placed manually into a die of 16 mm diameter to prepare biomass briquette. A band heater
was used to heat the sample with a controller maintaining the temperature of the sample at
about 75 °C for 3 min. A compressive force of 80 MPa was applied to the sample by a piston-
cylinder briquetting apparatus. After a holding time of 30 s, the pressure was released and the
heater was turned off simultaneously. The derived biomass briquette was removed and stored

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at room temperature for the subsequently. and we can understand from this A new process for
barbecue charcoal production from biomass wastes without any binders has been put forward.
In the research, cotton stalk and wood sawdust pretreated by dry torrefaction and
hydrothermal process were densified into biomass briquette and then carbonized to prepare
charcoal briquette.

NayaraVilelaAvelar [3] found that textile industry generates a large quantity of solid
wastes, mostly primary and biological sludge from wastewater treatment systems and cotton
textile industry residues from the production process of spinning and weaving. And he used
these as raw materials and densified the low density raw materials into valuable product. The
application of pressure on a mass of disperse particles, aiming to produce a solid, compact,
geometric high-density material. This technique presents a range of advantages, such as the
improvement of the capability for transportation and storage, the production of a biofuel with
uniform burning quality. There is also an economic interest because briquettes can be
commercialized, generating income to the textile mills. The briquettes produced have good
properties of heating value, moisture content and elemental composition. These include the
following steps such as classification, physical and chemical characterization of wastes and
classification of the ashes from the combustion of the residues; and, production of briquettes
and their physical, chemical and mechanical characterization. The hazardous classifications
of the bio-sludge and cotton textile industry residues, and the ashes, were conducted. The
recommended moisture range for the manufacturing of briquettes varies from 8% to 15% dry
basis. Before the briquette production, the particles of cotton textile industry residues were
disaggregated in an electrostatic shaker to obtain the adequate particle size of between 8 and
10 mm required for briquetting. The briquettes were produced in a piston-press-type,
laboratory-scale briquetting machine from Lippel.There are Three compaction pressures were
used (6205, 8274 and 10342 kPa) during 5 min, with a cooling time of 5 min, at 90 C. The
bio-sludge was mixed in ratios of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% with cotton textile industry
residues, totaling a mass of 18 g of residue for each composition of raw material used for
briquette production. The produced briquettes have an low levels of moisture and ash and
high levels of fixed carbon and volatile compounds in addition to a high heating value. The
higher the levels of carbon and hydrogen, the better the combustion process. It was observed
that therewas an increase of the Higher Heating Value (HHV) in the briquettes with the rise
of biological sludge in the composition. In this process the compaction pressure of 6205 kPa
proved ideal for the briquetting process in the laboratory scale because in this pressure the

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briquettes had higher percentages of fixed carbon, high heating value and compressive
strength, and the lowest ash content. The ashes of biological sludge and cotton textile
industry residues were classified as hazardous wastes (Class I) and must be treated and
disposed of properly after combustion.

The best compaction pressure for the lab-scale process was 6205 kPa. With respect to
the different mixing ratios of the biological sludge and cotton textile industry residues used
during briquetting, it was verified that the biological sludge improved the briquette
characteristics, such as volatile compounds, high heating value, density and hygroscopic
equilibrium moisture content and that the addition of cotton textile industry residues
decreased the percentage of ashes and increased the level of fixed carbon and the maximum
rupture load. The ashes of biological sludge and cotton textile industry residues were
classified as hazardous wastes (Class I) and must be treated and disposed of properly after
combustion. The ashes of biological sludge and cotton textile industry residues were
classified as hazardous wastes (Class I) and must be treated and disposed of properly after
combustion. The best compaction pressure for the lab-scale process was 6205 kPa. With
respect to the different mixing ratios of the biological sludge and cotton textile industry
residues used during briquetting, it was verified that the biological sludge improved the
briquette characteristics, such as volatile compounds, high heating value, density and
hygroscopic equilibrium moisture content and that the addition of cotton textile industry
residues decreased the percentage of ashes and increased the level of fixed carbon and the
maximum rupture load. The ashes of biological sludge and cotton textile industry residues
were classified as hazardous wastes (Class I) and must be treated and disposed of properly
after combustion. The best compaction pressure for the lab-scale process was 6205 kPa. With
respect to the different mixing ratios of the biological sludge and cotton textile industry
residues used during briquetting.

George K. Ngusale [4] researched that Wood fuel accounts for the largest proportion
as a primary fuel in Kenya. In aggregate, wood fuel accounts for 70%, petroleum (21%) and
electricity (9%). These fuels are mainly used to generate electricity, power household
appliances, cooking, lighting and greenhouses. Wood fuel demand is increasing with the rise
in population the average growth in wood fuel demands is about 4.7 million tones per year.
The average annual increment method is used to determine the sustainable supply. Kenya
estimates that 700 tones of charcoal per day (about 16% of the total amount of charcoal made
in Kenya)total amount of charcoal made in Kenya). Biomass wastes include char fines
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 Design and Fabrication of Biomass Briquetting Machine

(known as char dust) sawdust, rusk husks/straws, coffee husks/shells and maize Stover, just
to mention but a few. Such biomass wastes can be briquetted to provide an alternative fuel
that is sustainable. Biomass is an almost CO2-neutral energy source. The presence of binders
in the briquette making might slightly alter the emission characteristics of biomass wastes.
However, briquette emissions characteristics might be better than those from firewood and
other biomass lower down the energy ladder and this helps to reduce the methane gases by
avoiding the degradation of wastes. Briquetting is carried out to improve the density, burn
time and the calorific value of raw biomass. Briquetting also improves the handling and
transportability of biomass. Waste paper is the other raw material commonly used in briquette
making. The briquette producers claimed that waste paper is easily available and mostly used
as a binder. Firstly, the waste papers are sorted out to obtain non-colored papers (claimed that
the colored papers are not good). Some briquette producers have fabricated a novel-based
machine known as the shredder that shreds the waste papers into the required small sizes.
After shredding, the shreds of paper are soaked in water (some claimed soapy water) for a
period of about 24 hours. This is to soften the paper fibers for easy pulping and mixing
process and this process continues. Some biomass feedstock with moisture content (6–14%)
naturally bind from subjection of pressure (4–60 Mpa) and temperatures (160–280 1C). This
is due to the presence of lignin substance.Lignin is the encrusting substance binding the wood
cells together and giving rigidity to the cell wall However, the temperatures cause the thermal
softening of lignin material, leading to the subsequent flow to form an entanglement network
of molten polymers. For compaction the air that is contained in the particles of materials
when received in the mold for compression. In briquetting operation, the entrapped air must
be dispelled to avoid making a spongy or loose briquette. A spongy briquette deteriorates in
storage and also does not exhibit desired results from the stand point of the briquette being a
long burning and efficient fuel. It was clear that most consumers lack knowledge of the
existence of briquettes and even if they have, do not know the difference between charcoal
and briquettes. An awareness campaign program need to be carried out to sensitize the
population on the benefit of using fuel briquettes in terms of fuel savings, reducing
respiratory diseases and environmental conservation. There is an opportunity for sales the
briquettes and earning.

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CHAPTER-3

COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

The major components that are used in the motorized biomass briquetting machine are as
follows

1. Hopper
2. Top Roller
3. Spur gear arrangement
4. Bearing with bearing cap
5. Screw rod with plunger
6. Frame Stand

3.1 DRAWING

Fig. 3.1 Biomass briquetting machine

3.2 HOPPER

A storage container used to dispense granular materials through the use of a chute to
restrict flow, sometimes assisted by mechanical agitation. It is also a storage container used to
collect granular materials designed to easily dispense these materials through the use of
gravity.

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To hold particulate matter that has been collected from expelled air. Hoppers are
usually installed in groups to allow for a greater collection quantity. They are employed in
industrial processes that use air pollution control devices such as dust collectors, electrostatic
A hopper is a large, pyramidal shaped container used in industrial processes precipitators,
and bag houses/fabric filters. Most hoppers are made of steel.

Fig. 3.2 Hopper

3.3ROLLERS

Rollers are the main components of a briquette making machine. The raw materials
are passed through the rollers and which are crushed by the rollers and this crushed raw
materials is goes to another hopper for compressing.

Fig 3.3 Roller

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3.4 SCREW ROD WITH PLUNGER

A screw thread, often abbreviated thread, is a helical structure used to convert

between rotational and linear movement and force. A screw thread is a ridge wrapped around
a cylinder or cone in the form of a helix, with the former being called a straight thread and the
latter called a tapered thread. More screw threads are produced each year than any other
machine element.

In most applications, the pitch of a screw thread is chosen so that friction is sufficient
to prevent linear motion being converted to rotary that is so the screw does not slip even
when linear force is applied so long as no external rotational force is present. This
characteristic is essential to the vast majority of its uses. The tightening of a fastener's screw
thread is comparable to driving a wedge into a gap until it sticks fast through friction and
slight plastic deformation.

Screw threads have several applications:

1. Fastening
 Fasteners such as wood screws, machine screws, nuts and bolts.
 Connecting threaded pipes and hoses to each other and to caps and
fixtures.
2. Moving objects linearly by converting rotary motion to linear motion, as in the lead
screw of a jack.
3. Measuring by correlating linear motion to rotary motion (and simultaneously
amplifying it), as in a micrometer.
4. Both moving objects linearly and simultaneously measuring the movement,
combining the two aforementioned functions, as in a lead screw of a lathe.

In all of these applications, the screw thread has two main functions:

1. It converts rotary motion into linear motion.

2. It prevents linear motion without the corresponding rotation.

3.5 FRAME STAND

This is made of mild steel material. The whole parts are mounted on this frame
structure with the suitable arrangement. Boring of bearing sizes and open bores done in one

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 Design and Fabrication of Biomass Briquetting Machine

setting so as to align the bearings properly while assembling. Provisions are made to cover
the bearings with grease.

BRIQUETTING

Briquetting is one of several compaction technologies in the general category of

densification.

In densification, a material is compressed to form a product of higher bulk density,

lower moisture content, and uniform size, shape, and material properties. There are two ways
that compaction can be accomplished: with and without a binder.

One must have something to make the material stick together during compression.
Otherwise, when the briquette is removed from the mold, it will crumble to pieces. This
fastening agent is known as a binder. In some cases, most commonly under high temperature
and/or pressure, a material can act as its own binder. Wood, for example, becomes plastic and
can be briquetted without a binder under such conditions. Many of the processes considered
here, however, will require the addition of a binder.

In most cases, the process of briquetting will consist of a series of steps:

1. Collecting material to be densified

2. Preparing material

3. Compacting

4. Removing, drying or cooling, and storing

3.6 BEARING

The bearings are pressed smoothly to fit into the shafts because if hammered the
bearing may develop cracks. Bearing is made up of steel material and bearing cap is mild
steel.

Ball and roller bearings are used widely in instruments and machines in order to
minimize friction and power loss.

While the concept of the ball bearing dates back at least to Leonardo da Vinci, their
design and manufacture has become remarkably sophisticated.

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This technology was brought to its p resent state of perfection only after a lon
g period of research and development. The benefits of such specialized research can be
obtained when it is possible to use a standardized bearing of the proper size and type.

However, such bearings cannot be used indiscriminately without a careful study of the
loads and operating conditions. In addition, the bearing must be provided with adequate
mounting, lubrication and sealing. Design engineers have usually two possible sources for
obtaining information which they can use to select a bearing for their particular application:

a) Textbooks

b) Manufacturers’

Catalogs Textbooks are excellent sources; however, they tend to be overly detailed
and aimed at the student of the subject matter rather than the practicing designer. They, in
most cases, contain information on how to design rather than how to select a bearing for a
particular application. Manufacturers’ catalogs, in turn, are also excellent and contain a
wealth of information which relates to the products of the particular manufacturer.

These catalogs, however, fail to provide alternatives – which may divert the
designer’s interest to products not manufactured by them. Our Company, however, provides
the broadest selection of many types of bearings made by different manufacturers.

For this reason, we are interested in providing a condensed overview of the subject
matter in an objective manner, using data obtained from different texts, handbooks and
manufacturers’ literature. This information will enable the reader to select the proper bearing
in an expeditious manner. If the designer’s interest exceeds the scope of the presented
material, a list of references is provided at the end of the Technical Section. At the same time,
we are expressing our thanks and are providing credit to the sources whichsupplied the
material presented here.

BIOMASS BRIQUETTES

Biomass briquettes are made from agricultural waste and are a replacement for fossil
fuels such as oil or coal, and can be used to heat boilers in manufacturing plants, and also
have applications in developing countries. Biomass briquettes are a renewable source of
energy and avoid adding fossil carbon to the atmosphere.

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A number of companies in India have switched from furnace oil to biomass briquettes to save
costs on boiler fuels. The use of biomass briquettes is predominant in the southern parts of
India, where coal and furnace oil are being replaced by biomass briquettes. A number of units
in Maharashtra are also using biomass briquettes as boiler fuel. Use of biomass briquettes can
earn Carbon Credits for reducing emissions in the atmosphere.

A popular biomass briquette emerging in developed countries takes waste products

such as sawdust, compresses it and then extrudes it to make a reconstituted log that can
replace firewood. It is a similar process to forming a wood pellet but on a larger scale. There
are no binders involved in this process. The natural lignin in the wood binds the particles of
wood together to form a solid. Burning a wood briquette is far more efficient than burning
firewood. Moisture content of a briquette can be as low as 4%, whereas green firewood may
be as high as 65%

Fig 3.4 Biomass Briquettes

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CHAPTER 4
CONSTRUCTION

The biomass briquetting machine is simple in construction and which include the
above components as we mentioned earlier. There is a base of frame is provided and in which
all the components are mounted. The frame is made up of mild steel and all the parts are
mounded on it. There is hopper placed above the rollers and which is used for storing the raw
materials. For crushing of the raw materials the handle is connected to the rollers. There is
another hopper is given below the hopper for collecting the grinded raw materials. Here we
provided two spur gears for transmit the power and also 4 bearings are provides for enables
the rotational motion while reducing the friction and handling stresses during rotation of the
rollers. The hopper collect the crushed raw materials and used to store for compression. For
compression we were used a plunger and which is moved by a screw rod. There is another
handle is provided for the compression and connected to screw rod. While rotating the handle
the screw rod moves and compresses raw materials and gets a compressed biomass
briquettes. There is a cylindrical cavity is provided which act as die for making the briquettes.
The briquettes are coming after passing through the cylinder and the briquettes gets the
cylinder shapes.at the opening we were provided adisc plate and by which the die is opens or
closed during compression. Here we gives the raw materials in the input of the hopper and we
can find the product in the closing disc plate.

Fig 4.1Briquette making machine

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CHAPTER 5

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The project deals about the manually operatedBiomass briquetting machine. The main
principle of this machine is to compress the wood scrap material in a barrel by converting the
rotary motion of the motor into the reciprocating motion of the piston by using screw rod
mechanism. The compressing motion is developed by using lead screw arrangement. The raw
wood is crushed and poured into the hopper. Then it is converted into powdered state. This
will be crushed through the barrel to the die by the compressing force of the piston. The
powdered wood which is poured into the hopper is compressed by the reciprocating piston in
it. After completing this process, the briquettes settle on the other side of the piston, we will
get the product from the die.

Here we are using Sawdust, Coffee husk, Dry leaves and Rice husk etc. as raw
materials. These raw materials are gathered and are added to the hopper in required ratio to
get the compact briquette. After filling the raw materials the top portion of hopper is closed
this is because due to high speed of the blade the raw material may move out. These grinded
raw materials are stored at the bottom of hopper and sliding member. Sliding member is a
rectangular box with top portion open and having small hole at the bottom.

While filling the cylinder with grinded raw materials the bottom portion of the hopper
is closed by the stopper. And also the bottom portion of cylinder is closed by the piston. After
complete filling of the cylinder with raw materials, the sliding member is moved back to its
initial position.

Now the top portion of the cylinder is closed by the locking mechanism. Then the
motor is move the piston upwards and to compress the raw materials into briquette

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CHAPTER 6
DESIGN OF COMPONENTS

6.1 DESIGN OF SCREW ROD

PITCH OF THE SCREW:

It is the distance from a point on one thread to the corresponding point on the adjacent
thread measured parallel to the axis.

LOAD OF THE SCREW:

Load is the distance; the screw would advance relative to the nuts in one rotation. For
single threaded screw load is equal to one pitch. For double thread screw lead is equal to
twice the pitch and so on.

HELIX ANGLE:

It is related to the lead and pitch diameter of thread by the equation,

𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑
tanΦ =
𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑

Pitch of screw, P = 𝜋𝑑 × 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼

Where,
d = Diameter of the screw
𝛼 = Pressure angle
Pitch p =𝜋 ×× .014 × 𝑡𝑎𝑛 20
= .016 m

Lead = No of starts × Pitch

= 1 × .016

= .016 m
𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑
Helix angle, tan ∅ =
𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑

.016
tan∅=
0.014

tan∅= 1.14°
∅= 48.81 °

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6.2 DESIGN OF CYLINDER

Area of cylinder face, A = 𝜋𝑟 2

A= 𝜋. 042

= 5.02 × 10−3 𝑚2

Volume of cylinder V = Area × length

V = 5.02 × 10−3 × .30

V = 1.50 × 10−3 𝑚3

Where

r = Radius of cylinder = .04 m

h = height of cylinder = .30m

6.3 DESIGN OF HOPPER

𝑃+𝑄
Area of hopper A = ℎ × ( )
2

Where
p = Base width of trapezoid
q = Top width of trapezoid
h = height of trapezoid
𝑃+𝑄
Area of hopper A = ℎ × ( )
2
0.20+0.08
A =0.19 × ( )
2

A = 0.0266 𝑚2
𝑃+𝑄
Volume of trapezoid v = ℎ × 𝐿 × ( )
2

V = 0.0266 × 0.16
V = 4.25 × 10−3 𝑚3
Where
L = length of trapezoid =0.16 m

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 Design and Fabrication of Biomass Briquetting Machine

CHAPTER 7
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
7.1 ADVANTAGES
Biomass briquettes offer much advantage over traditional fuels like coal, wood chips,
green wood, nut shell and various husks. The advantages of briquettes are

 The daily using components can be easily made.

 The cost of the project is very less.
 Less skilled labor is enough.
 Different shape of the components can be made according to the die what are used.
Renewable in Nature.
 Cost effective fuel for industries.
 Ecofriendly.
 Reduces usage of wood.
 Easy to transport.
 No flying of ashes.
 Constitute burning high efficiency and quality fuel.
 No sulfur and phosphor emission.
 Used in transportation.
 Produces constant heat for a longer time
7.2 DISADVANTAGES
The limitations are following

 Undesirable combustion characteristics often observed e.g., poor ignitability, smoking

etc.
 Tendency of briquettes to loosen when exposed to water or even high humidity
weather

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 Design and Fabrication of Biomass Briquetting Machine

CHAPTER 8
APPLICATIONS
Biomass Briquette are widely used for any type of thermal application like steam
generation in boilers, in furnace & foundries (It can be used for metal heating & melting
where melting point is less than 1000℃.), for heating purpose (Residential & Commercial
Heating for winter, heating in Cold areas and Hotels, Canteens, Cafeterias and house hold
kitchen appliances etc.), drying process and in gasification plant replacing conventional solid
fuels like Coal and Firewood and liquid fuels like Diesel, Kerosene, Furnace Oil (FO), etc.
Briquettes is a forth coming fuel of the world. An upcoming use of Briquettes is in
Bio-Gasifiers for Thermal Applications and Electricity Generation. It’s a high quality asset
towards economical, ecological, & advanced environmental company policy

Briquetted fuel can be used by the industrial, commercial and household sectors. It is
ideally suited for use in the following areas:

 Boilers: (sugar mills, paper mills, chemical plants, Cement, food processing
units, oil extraction units etc.) using fuel for steam generation and heating.
 Forges and Foundries: For metal heating and melting.
 Brick kilns and Ceramic Units: For firing of furnaces.
 Residential Heating: For winter heating in cold areas and in restaurants,
canteens etc.
 Gasification: The gas can be used to generate power, and eventually replace
coal based producer gas systems and oil firing in furnaces.
 Agriculture: Heating Green houses , Nurseries and Chicken coops

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 Design and Fabrication of Biomass Briquetting Machine

CHAPTER 9
LIST OF MATERIALS

SL. NO. NAME OF THE PARTS MATERIAL QUANTITY

1 Frame stand MS 1

2 Screw Rod MS 1

3 Bearing MS 4

4 Roller MS 2

5 Spur Gear MS 2

6 Hoppe M.S 1

7 Plunger M.S 1

8 Hollow pipe M.S 1

Table 9.1 List of Materials

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 Design and Fabrication of Biomass Briquetting Machine

CHAPTER 10

COST ESTIMATION

1. Material cost

SL. NO. NAME OF THE PARTS QUANTITY AMOUNT (RS)

1 Frame stand 1 2500

2 Screw Rod 1 500

3 Bearing 4 600

4 Roller 2 400

5 Spur Gear 2 400

6 Hopper 1 400

7 Plunger 1 300

8 Hollow pipe 1 600

TOTAL 5700

Table 10.1 Cost Estimation

2. LABOR COST

Labor cost includes the following: lathe, drilling, welding, grinding, power
hacksaw, gas cutting.

Cost=3500Rs

3. OVERHEAD CHARGES

The overhead charges are arrived by “Manufacturing cost”

Manufacturing Cost= Material Cost + Labor cost

= 5700 + 3500

= 9200Rs

Overhead Charges = 20% of the manufacturing cost

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 Design and Fabrication of Biomass Briquetting Machine

= 1840Rs

4. TOTAL COST

Total cost= Material Cost + Labor cost + Overhead Charges

= 5700 + 3500 + 1840

= 11040Rs

Total cost for this project = 11040Rs

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 Design and Fabrication of Biomass Briquetting Machine

CHAPTER-11
CONCLUSION
This project work has provided us an excellent opportunity and experience, to use our
limited knowledge. We gained a lot of practical knowledge regarding, planning, purchasing,
assembling and machining while doing this project work. We feel that the project work is a
good solution to bridge the gates between the institution and the industries.

We are proud that we have completed the work with the limited time successfully.
The “design and fabrication of biomass briquetting machine” system is working with
satisfactory conditions. We can able to understand the difficulties in maintaining the
tolerances and also the quality. We have done to our ability and skill making maximum use
of available facilities.

Thus we have developed a “biomass briquetting machine” which helps to achieve the
briquetting of the bio-mass with the help of the pedal operation.. By using more techniques,
they can be modified and developed according to the applications.

Here we concluded that by using this machine, and made briquettes from green leaves
and dry leaves. The amount of green leaves is 2.13 × 10−4 𝑚3 , get a briquette of size of
1.80 × 10−4 𝑚3 and by using dry leaves get 6.63 × 10−4 𝑚3 , get the briquette of 1.005×
10−4 𝑚3. And the volume and weight of the raw materials is much less than the input. So get
the final product without adding any binders. Here it takes only few materials for testing and
if it take more raw materials thus can obtain more output as we expecting. So that adding
more binders the adhesion between the particles is increases.

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 Design and Fabrication of Biomass Briquetting Machine

REFERENCE
1. P. Balasubramania , V.Anbumalarb , M.S. Nagarajanc , P. MaheanderaPrabud:-Biomass
2. Shunyan Wu, Shouyu Zhang, Caiwei Wang, Chen Mu, Xiaohe Huang:-High-strength
charcoal briquette preparation from hydrothermal pretreated biomass wastes
3. Nayara Vilela Avelar a , Ana Augusta Passos Rezende a, Angelica de C assia Oliveira
Carneiro b , Claudio Mudadu Silva:-Evaluation of briquettes made from textile industry
solid waste
4. George K. Ngusale a , Yonghao Luo a,n , Jeremiah K. Kiplagat b:-Briquette making in
Kenya: Nairobi and peri-urban areas
5. Design data book

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering AACET, Page 24