The Encyclope dia Of Sauces

:1: Every Sauce plays a vital role in the dish in which it features and its part in the menu is equally important. A sauce should do more than add moisture: it should enhance a dish by heightening its flavour, contribute to the colour of the meal, and possibly add texture as well. A sauce is carefully flavoured, well balanced liquid. Some are thickened, while others are thin but are reduced to concentrate on flavour. The majority of classic sauce relies on basic recipes, usually referred to as foundation sauces. These are well worth mastering, as they direct the cook toward a wide range of variations. If you are in experienced at making sauces, start by making everyday recipes and simple dressings - a white sauce, for example, or a French dressing. Then you can experiment with these before extending your repertoire to include more adventurous liaisons. CLASSIFICATION OF SAUCES A sauce can be extremely simple, such as melted butter sharpened with lemon juice and flavoured with herbs, or a sweet, warmed syrup. More complex sauces involve the use of thickening agents, such as fat, flour or eggs yolks. The liquid used to make a sauce can vary from stock or milk to wine, with the addition of cream or other enriching liquids. One method of categorizing the different sauces is to divide them according to the thickening used: Unthickened Sauces These include sauces based on melted butter, reduced liquids, and dressings, such as mint sauce or vinaigrette. Unthickened sweet sauces include syrups and simple flavoured yoghurt or cream mixtures. Roux - based Sauces A roux is a mixture of fat and flour cooked together to form a paste. It may be cooked for just a few minutes (for a blond roux to thicken pale sauces) or for longer to brown the flour (for a brown sauce or gravy). Then the liquid is gradually added, and the mixture is stirred vigorously the whole time to prevent lumps forming. There are several schools of thought about whether the liquid should be added on high or low heat, off the heat or how quickly. The most successful method is to add the liquid over medium heat, and to judge the speed at which the sauce thickens. If the liquid is poured in too fast, the benefit of the roux is lost to some extent and the sauce won't thicken, whereas if you add the liquid a little at a time, it heats up rapidly and the sauce thickens quickly, so there is less danger of lumps forming. If the mixture begins to thicken too quickly, however, then the stirring has to be quite vigorous, and the pan may have to be removed from the heat so that a little extra liquid can be beaten in to thin the sauce. A balloon whisk or coiled wire whisk is a useful implement for making a roux based sauce. After the liquid has been incorporated, the sauce is simmered to bring it to maximum thickness, and to take away the raw taste of flour. Beurre Manie This is another form of flour and fat thickening, this time to be added to the sauces that are already cooked, typically stews or poaching liquids.

Equal quantities of soft butter and flour are blended together to form a smooth, thick paste. Small pieces of the paste are whisked gradually into the simmering liquid, and the sauce is cooked, whisking or stirring vigorously all the time, until the butter gradually melts and releases the flour.

:2: Cornstarch Sauces and Other Slaked Thickenings These are fairly basic and not difficult to prepare. A thickening agent, such as cornstarch, is mixed with a little cold liquid to form a smooth paste - a process known as slaking. Then a little of the hot liquid is stirred in before combining the paste with the remaining hot liquid. The sauce is then cooked over medium heat, and stirred continuously until it boils. Although all purpose flour is some times used (for example, to thicken a casserole), fine starch thickenings are more popular. The culinary term for these is fecules, and they are produced by washing the starch to achieve a fine, light texture. The most common thickening agent in this type of sauce is cornstarch. This gives a slightly gelatinous texture to the sauce, and it contributes a very mild flavour and an opaque appearance to clear liquids. a cornstarch sauce should be simmered gently for 3-5 minutes after boiling in order to reach maximum thickness. Arrowroot is another popular thickening agent, particularly for making sweet sauces and fruit glazes. This is because, unlike cornstarch, arrowroot clears as it boils, so the sauce will not look opaque. Furthermore, it is tasteless, so it does not affect the flavour of delicate sauces. Another important characteristic of arrowroot is that it reaches its maximum thickness at boiling point, and should not be cooked beyond this stage. If the sauce is allowed to simmer, it will become thinner. Potato flour and rice flour are two other fine starches that may be slaked and incorporated with a sauce, but they are less commonly used. Liaison Sauces These sauces highlight the magic of chemistry, as two liquids that normally repel each other come together in a creamy liaison. a fat, such as butter or oil, and a liquid, such as wine or vinegar, form an emulsion that is stabilized by the presence of an additional ingredient such as egg yolks. Typical emulsions of liaisons, or emulsions, include mayonnaise, hollandaise and barnaise sauces. The consistency depends on the quantity of egg yolk and fat, and, in the case of cooked sauces such as hollandaise, the careful monitoring of the temperature at which the emulsion is prepared. Great care and attention is required when making these sauces - if the balance is thrown by adding the ingredients too quickly, trying to incorporate too much fat, overheating, or not whisking enough, curdling will result and this spells disaster. However, a curdled emulsion can be rescued by starting again. A fresh egg yolk should be used and the curdled sauce should then be incorporated drop by drop. When the sauce is completed, a wide range of flavourings may be added.

Egg Sauces Because of their slow setting properties and rich flavour, egg yolks are a classic ingredient for enriching sauces and helping them to thicken slightly. Egg sauces are usually richer and

more temperamental than ones that include some form part of starch, and the cooking process must be gentle to avoid curdling. For a custard type sauce, the yolks are beaten lightly to break them down, and the liquid for the sauce heated, but not boiled, before being added to the yolks. The mixture is then cooked very gently in a double boiler or in a saucepan over hot water, until there is slight evidence of thickening. If the sauce is cooked over too high a heat or for too long, the egg yolks will begin to set more firmly and separate, causing the mixture to curdle. If a sauce of this type curdles it cannot be rescued. :3: Egg yolks can be added to a sauce by combining them with a little of the hot liquid, then stirring them in, or mixing them with cream. In these instances their role is to enrich the sauce rather than thicken it. Egg yolks are often combined with starch to provide a more stable thickening and to enrich a sauce. The classic example is the confectioners' custard, which relies on flour for the main thickening but incorporates egg yolks for richness. The flour stabilizes the egg yolk and milk mixture so it can be boiled until very thick. The proportion of flour to liquid is very high in this mixture, and if the flour is not boiled, it will not thicken or taste cooked. Sauces incorporate a very small amount of cornstarch are not necessarily sufficiently stable to be heated to a high temperature. Other Thickeners Pureed vegetables and fruits, grains, pulses, bread, groundnuts, blood and liver are all examples of ingredients used to thicken sauces. Vegetables are popular in light, low fat sauces, especially root ones such as carrots, parsnips and potatoes. Grains, beans and pulses thicken a sauce by absorbing and reducing the liquid content, and impart some of their starch to the remaining liquid. Bread acts in much the same way, only more so, by swelling and absorbing liquid, then breaking down and thickening the sauce. Nuts are less powerful as thickeners, but they do provide flavour and enrich the mixture. Blood and liver both contribute their own distinctive characteristics. Dishes thickened with blood are known as "jugged" and the blood reacts in the same way as egg yolks - if it is overcooked, the sauce will curdle and separate. Also, precautions have to be taken to prevent the blood from coagulating after it is drawn from the animal - it must not be exposed to air, a little acid in the form of vinegar is usually added.

MARINADES These often form the basis of a sauce or become part of the sauce in a finished dish. A marinade is a flavouring mixture in which ingredients are soaked before they are cooked. The marinating time can be anything from as little as 30 minutes for delicate foods such a

fish, to several days for meats and game. Long marinating can only be carried out on foods that are absolutely fresh, otherwise is a danger of spoilage and even food poisoning. Macerating is the equivalent term for the preparation of sweet ingredients, primarily fruits. Alcohol (a wine or liqueur) is added with sugar to extract the juice from the fruit. There are three types of marinades: cooked, raw and dry mixtures. The first two are relevant to this book, the dry type being more applicable to the use of herbs and spices. One of the most common ingredients for a cooked marinade is red wine. The wine is cooked with flavouring ingredients, then cooled completely before being poured over the food to be marinated - usually poultry, meat or game. The food must be covered and chilled if it is to be marinated for any length of time. Raw marinades generally use lighter ingredients, such as citrus juices or white wine. Sometimes the raw marinade may replace the cooking process; for example, seviche is a dish of raw white fish that is marinated in limejuice. The limejuice causes the delicate protein in the fish to become firm and white, just as it does when it is cooked.

:4: STOCKS It is well worth making your own stock, as it is superior in flavour to bouillon cubes and concentrates, and is useful for both sauce and soup making. Make a large quantity, and freeze it in convenient amounts. Sometimes wine is added, but this can give a metallic flavour. Fish Stock yield: 2 - 3 cups 8 oz white fish trimmings (heads and bones) 6 white peppercorns 1 small onion, sliced 1 stalk celery, cut into 3 sprig of parsley sprig of thyme 1 small bayleaf Wash the fish trimmings, and place in a saucepan with the remaining ingredients. Cover with cold water, and bring to simmering point. Skim off any foam that comes to the surface. Cover and simmer for about an hour. (strain and use as required or cool quickly and freeze in a suitable container) Vegetable Stock This is an ideal way of using up vegetables, but avoid very strong flavoured vegetables or ones that could cause stock to become cloudy, such as parsnip. Another way of making vegetable stock is to keep the water that vegetables have been cooked in. yield: 4 cups 3 cups mixed vegetables, such as celery, carrot, watercress stalks, tomato, mushroom peelings or leeks 4 white peppercorns Bouquet Garnimade of parsley, thyme, and bayleaf salt pepper Rinse the vegetables under cold water. Put in a saucepan with peppercorns, herbs and a pinch of salt, then cover with about 1 quart cold water. Bring slowly to boil, reduce the heat, then cover and simmer gently for about 1 hours. Strain, then remove the stock to the pan, and reduce over high heat to get a more concentrated stock. Add seasoning to taste. (use straightaway or cool quickly and freeze in suitable containers)

:5: Chicken Stock Raw or cooked bones may be used, but be careful that cooked bones have not become stale. Duck or turkey bones can be used in the same way. yield: 1 quart bones from one carcass 1 onion, sliced 1 carrot, sliced 1 piece leek(optional) 6 peppercorns Bouquet Garnimade of parsley, thyme, and bayleaf Break the carcass into pieces, place in a large saucepan, and add all the remaining ingredients, plus cold water to cover. Bring slowly to boil, skimming off any foam that comes to the surface. Cover and simmer for about 1 hours. (strain and use immediately, or cool quickly and freeze in suitable containers) Brown Stock The best-flavoured stock is made from bones with a bit of meat left on them. Have the bones cut into suitable sizes. yield: 1 quart 2 lb beef shank bones, cut into pieces 1 Spanish onion, sliced 2 carrots, sliced 2 stalks celery, cut into 3 sprig of parsley sprig of thyme 1 bayleaf 6 peppercorns salt Roast the bones in a hot oven until brown, to extract fat. This process is important as it adds to the richness and colour of the stock.. It may take longer depending on the size of the bones; add some dripping if necessary. Transfer the bones to a large saucepan. Add the vegetables, stir and cook until just coloured. Pour on 2 quarts cold water, and bring slowly to boil, skimming to remove any foam. Add the herbs, peppercorns and a little salt. Cover the pan, simmer gently for about 3 hours. Remove the bones and vegetables, then reduce the liquid if a more concentrated stock is required. (strain and use immediately, or cool quickly and freeze in suitable containers) OTHER STOCK AND THEIR USES White Stock Made from a mixture of bones, but not mutton, lamb and ham bones as they are a bit strong for a general purpose stock, plus the usual vegetables. Delicate in flavour; use for

cream soups, white sauces and aspic. The stronger lamb stock is good for Scotch Broth, lamb casseroles and gravy. Game Stock This is a brown stock made from game carcasses and beef bones. It can be made from the second cooking of beef bones, plus the usual vegetables and herbs. Use with game, pies, pates and casseroles. :6: Household Stock A general purpose white stock made from ham bones, lamb, veal or chicken, plus any raw trimmings. Bacon rinds are also ideal, plus the usual vegetables and herbs. For use in simple casseroles, sauces and soups. Meat Glaze This is made from brown stock, and is used to enrich sauces. It can be stored in the refrigerator for a short time, or frozen in small quantities, and is well worth making as it gives sauces a really professional look. Strain some brown stock, and make sure it is completely grease free. Place in a large pan, and boil rapidly, uncovered. Skim when necessary. When the stock has reduced sufficiently, it will become syrupy. Pour into a jar or suitable freezer container, and store until required. (see Madeira Sauce) ASPIC This deserves special mention, as it cannot be overlooked in a book on sauces. Aspic is a clear coating that is applied to food to enhance its appearance and prevent it from drying out, as well as to contribute to the flavour. Aspic jelly is made from a full flavoured stock, sometimes enriched with wine, and clarified until sparkling, then set with gelatin. Sometimes the natural setting properties of meat, fish or chicken are enough to set the aspic, but it is usual to add extra gelatin to be sure of success. It is important to follow the instructions for clarifying stock closely, making sure all equipment is completely clean and grease free. Sometimes aspic is combined with a bchamel, mayonnaise or espagnole sauce to make a chaudfroid sauce for coating cold meats or fish. Aspic Jelly This should be sufficient to add to a chaudfroid sauce and for setting over decoration. Use over chicken, meat, fish, eggs, and canaps. Scald all the equipment with boiling water before making the aspic jelly. yield: 1 quart 3 cups good strong stock cup sherry and water mixed 2 tbs. white wine or cider vinegar 4 tbs. gelatin, soaked in a little of the measured stock 2 egg whites and their shells, crushed

Put the cold stock in a large, grease free, spotlessly clean saucepan. Stir in the sherry and water, wine or vinegar and gelatin. Heat gently to dissolve the gelatin. To clarify the stock, whisk the egg whites until frothy, then add to the stock with the eggshells, still heating gently. Continue whisking until the liquid is just below boiling point. A thick crust will form on top. Remove the pan from the heat to let the foam or crusts subside, then repeat twice more; the liquid should become clear. Skim off any foam being careful not to break it up. Place a large piece of scalded cheesecloth into a large, clean strainer, place this over a clean, grease-free bowl, and very carefully strain the liquid. If not, scald everything again and strain again. (it is possible to freeze aspic, but not if has become cloudy, unless you only plan to add it to a sauce)

: 7 : Many sauces deteriorate from good beginnings to an inferior condition when served. It is important to distinguish between those sauces that can be cooked ahead and kept hot or reheated, and others that have to be served straightaway. Keeping Sauces Hot Sauces thickened with starch can usually be kept hot for a limited period, or they can be cooled, chilled and reheated successfully. Enriching ingredients that may curdle, such as cream, fromage frais, yoghurt or egg yolks should not be added until after the sauce has been reheated. Always remember that sauces should not be kept warm for long periods, as this may encourage bacterial growth that could result in food poisoning. They should be kept hot by placing them over a pan of hot water or in a bain-marie. Press plastic wrap or dampened baking parchment all over the surface of milk sauces or custards to prevent a skin forming. Dampening the baking parchment stops it from sticking. Gravies and lighter sauces thickened with flour will only form a light skin, so covering them with a close fitting lid is sufficient. Whisk or stir them week before serving. It is important to prevent a sauce from overcooking while it is kept hot. If you cant reduce the heat enough to keep the sauce hot without simmering, then sit the saucepan in a roasting pan of hot water, or pour the sauce into a bowl and place it over a saucepan of hot water. Cooked liason sauces can only be kept warm for a short time while the finishing touches are added to the main dish. Do not attempt to keep hollandaise or barnaise sauces and their sister recipes hot as they quickly thicken and become inferior in texture; worse, there is a danger of separation. Cooling, Chilling and Freezing Sauces Sauces thickened with starch or pureed vegetables generally keep well in the refrigerator or freezer, but do not add cream, egg or other enriching agents until you want to use the sauce. The sauce should be poured into a cold airtight container as soon as it is cooked, and surface covered to prevent skin forming. Cool as quickly as possible, then chill. Milk sauces keep 1-2 days in the refrigerator; gravies and wine sauces will keep for 2-3 days. If the sauce is to be frozen, it should be placed in the freezer as soon as it is cold. Remember to label the container with notes on any enriching ingredients that have to be added on reheating. Thawing and Reheating Sauces Frozen sauces should be thawed in the freezer container until soft. Sauces thickened with starch will look lumpy and slightly separated when they are thawed, but will return to normal when thoroughly whisked. Some sauces tend to be slightly thinner when thawed, and thick-set mixtures based on cornstarch or arrowroot will become significantly more liquid after freezing and thawing. Reheat the sauce fairly gently, stirring or whisking all the time, then bring the mixture to a boil just before serving. Add any flavouring ingredients and taste for seasoning. Serving Sauces

Always heat jugs or dishes before pouring in hot sauce. One practical method is to fill the container with boiling water from the kettle and set it aside, then drain and dry it just before filling. Stand the container on a saucer or plate to catch drips. Serving a sauce from a dish with a small ladle can be an attractive method. If sauce is poured over food, take care not to drown it. Instead, just partly coat it and offer the rest of the sauce separately. Remember to clean the edges of a serving dish or individual plate of any drips after adding the sauce and before taking it to the table, as messy dishes look most unattractive.

: 8 : Special Effects Many decorative effects can be achieved when serving sauces. For example, instead of pouring the sauce over the food, try flooding the plate with sauces, carefully placing the food on top of it. A particularly effective presentation is to serve two sauces together on the same plate. The sauces, savoury or sweet, hot or cold, must have complimentary flavours and colours, and should also compliment the food, of course. Try any of the following presentations, but note that you need to work quickly, and that for hot sauces the plate must be well heated and the food piping hot. Separate areas of the plate can be flooded with two different sauces that meet in the center. Both sauces must be the same consistency, and the plate must be held level. A central puddle of sauce can be surrounded by an outer ring of contrasting sauce, and the two lightly feathered into each other with a toothpick where they meet. One sauce can be thinly flooded on the plate, and the second sauce randomly trickled over, then marbled through with a toothpick. Small dots of sauce can be dropped into a flooded plate of sauce, then feathered or marbled into distinctive patterns by dragging a toothpick through the dots. USEFUL TIPS FOR SAUCE SUCCESS Never rush the process of sauce making good sauces are the result of time and care. Whenever possible, use homemade stock; if not, be selective about store bought alternatives. Bouillon cubes vary enormously in quality - some are very powerful and destroy delicate flavours. Chilled prepared stock, available in large supermarkets, is a better alternative for special sauces. Select the right-sized pan for the quantity of sauce being made. A heavy-based pan with good conduction properties gives the best control. Use a suitable sized mixing spoon or whisk but remember not to use a metal whisk, in a non-stick pan. Add any liquid gradually, especially when there is danger of lumps forming. Cook the sauce slowly to cook out the taste of flour. Large proportions of acid can inhibit thickening, so the quantity of starch should be increased accordingly. This is only relevant when making a vinegar rich sauce, for example in pickles. Cheese, concentrated tomato paste, beurre manie, egg yolks and blood cause a sauce to thicken further on cooling slightly - be aware of this if you intend serving a sauce warm or cold. Seasonings and flavouring ingredients should be added in stages when preparing some sauces. For example, a sauce that is simmered for a long period or reduced by boiling should not be seasoned to taste until after it is cooked, as the flavour will be more concentrated at the end of cooking time. This is mainly relevant to salt, pepper and other strong flavours, but also applies to sharpening ingredients, such as lemon juice, or sweeteners, such as sugar.

 If a starch-thickened sauce becomes lumpy, remove the pan from the heat, and whisk the mixture vigorously. If this does not work, press the sauce through a fine strainer, then return the pan to the heat and simmer until reduced if it is too thin. If the sauce is too thick, more liquid may be added to thin it. Remember to whisk or stir in the liquid to avoid a repeat performance of seiving out lumps!

: 9 : Basic White This recipe is for a pouring sauce. See the chart for additional flavourings. yield: 2 cups 3 tblspn margarine 1/3 cup all purpose flour 2 cups milk, slightly warm salt pepper Melt the butter or margarine in a medium sized heavybased saucepan. Stir in the flour to make a roux, and mix well with a wooden spoon. Cook, stirring for 1 minute. Remove the pan from the heat, and stir in a little of the milk, then return the pan to the heat, stirring until the mixture thickens. Continue gradually adding the milk like this until it is all used up. Beating the sauce well in between each addition of milk results in a smooth glossy sauce. When all the milk has been added, bring the mixture to a boil, reduce the heat, and simmer for about 5 minutes to make sure the flour is cooked. Add seasoning and any other flavouring. (serve straightaway or cool and freeze) Bchamel This is a basic white sauce, but the milk is flavoured with vegetables and herbs. yield: 2 cups 2 cups milk 1 small onion, peeled 6 cloves blade of mace or pinch of ground mace 4 peppercorns 1 small carrot 1 bayleaf sprig of parsley 3 tblspn butter 1/3 all purpose flour salt pepper Pour milk into a saucepan. Stick the onion with the cloves, and add to the milk with mace, peppercorns, carrot, bayleaf and parsley. Leave on a low heat for 1015 minutes, but do not let it boil. Remove the pan from the heat, and let sit for 15 minutes for the flavours to infuse; then strain, discarding the vegetables and herbs. Proceed with the remaining ingredients as for basic white sauce using the warm milk. (this will freeze with a piece of plastic wrap on top to prevent a skin forming) Simple Brown This basic brown sauce is a pouring sauce, with a quick cooking time. Use homemade stock or good quality, store bought stock. Serve with liver, lamb pork or chicken. yield: 2 cups 2 tbs. lard/drippings 1 small carrot, diced 1 onion chopped cup all purpose flour 2 cups good strong stock salt pepper Melt the lard or drippings in a saucepan, and saut the carrot and onion over a low heat for about 10 minutes until the onion is softened and lightly browned. Stir in flour, lower heat, and cook very gently, stirring, so the roux turns golden brown. Gradually stir in the stock, and bring to a boil, stirring, until the sauce thickens. Add seasoning to taste. Strain into a warm serving dish. (will freeze well)

: 10 : BASIC VARIATIONS for 1 cups white sauce NAME ANCHOVY RECIPE SUITABLE STOCKS milk and fish stock All milk USES Baked, steamed or broiled fish, fish pie. Poured over eggs or baked fish steaks, fish pie. Vegetables, fish, pasta and eggs. Vegetables, fish. Ham and boiled bacon, vegetables. Fish and other vegetables. Chicken, fish and vegetables. Vegetables, fish, bacon, chicken or rabbit.

2 tsp. anchovy paste 1 can mashed anchovies with a few fillets chopped. ANCHOVY & 2 tsp. anchovy paste EGG & 1 hard cooked egg chopped. CHEESE cup grated Cheddar EGG 1-2 hard cooked eggs, chopped. EGG AND 1 hard cooked egg PARSLEY and 1 tbs. fresh chopped parsley FENNEL 2 tbs. chopped fennel, slightly cooked MUSHROOM 4 oz button mushrooms, sliced and cooked in 2 tbs. butter PARSLEY 1-2 tbs. chopped fresh parsley

All milk, or milk and vegetable stock All milk All milk, or milk and vegetable stock All milk, or milk and vegetable stock All milk and 1 tbs. cream, if liked. All milk, milk and fish stock, or milk and vegetable stock

: 11 : Espagnole This is the foundation of many rich sauces. It takes time, so it is worth making quite a lot then freezing it in 1 cup or 2 cup quantities. yield: 2 cups 1/3 cup chopped lean bacon 1/4 cup butter or drippings 1 small onion, chopped 1 small carrot, finely diced 1 shallot, sliced 1/2 cup all purpose flour 2 cups good brown stock 4 mushrooms or mushroom stalks & peelings bouquet garni 1 tbs. tomato paste 1 tbs. sherry (optional) Salt and pepper Saut the bacon in butter or drippings. Add the prepared vegetables, and fry them gently without browning for 3-5 minutes. Stir in the flour, and cook slowly so the flour gradually browns and becomes a good russet colour; this can take up to 30 minutes if done properly. Stir occasionally, and take care not to scorch the roux, as this would ruin the flavour. Gradually stir in the stock, add the mushrooms and bouquet garni, then bring to boil, stirring. Skim off any foam and simmer gently for 30 minutes. Add tomato paste, sherry if using, and seasoning. Simmer for further 10-15 minutes. Strain the sauce by pounding through some of the vegetables, and discard the remnants. Taste and adjust seasoning. (ideal for freezing) VARATION Demi - Glace This is espagnole sauce with extra strong stock added for flavour. Make the espagnole sauce 20 minutes before the end of cooking time, add 2/3 cup extra strong stock and continue to cook to required consistency. A tablespoon of Madeira or sherry is often added at the end for added flavour. Gravy Gravy is most frequently made in a roasting pan from juices left after roasting meat or poultry. It may be either thick or thin.

: 12 : Thick Gravy yield: 1 cups pan juices from meat or poultry roast all purpose flour meat stock or vegetable water and good quality, store bought stock

2 tbs. 1 tbs. 1 cups salt pepper Pour off most of the fat from the roasting pan to leave the 2-tbs. required. Over a low heat, blend the flour with the fat, using a spoon. Cook for a few minutes to let the roux brown without scorching. Gradually stir in the stock, bring to boiling point and cook for 2-3 minutes. Season to taste, strain and serve hot with roast. Thin Gravy This is best with beef. yield: 1 cups pan juices from a meat roast 1 cups meat stock or vegetable water and good quality, store bought stock Pour away all the fat from the roasting tin, add the hot stock and stir well. Bring to boil, and reduce for 2-3 minutes. Fresh Tomato This is well worth making and freezing when there is glut of tomatoes in summer, but it may also be made with canned tomatoes, which have a stronger flavour. It goes well with meat, fish pasta and vegetable dishes. yield: 2 cups 1 onion, chopped 1/3 cup chopped bacon 1 carrot, diced 2 tbs. oil 3 tbs. all purpose flour 1 lb. fresh tomatoes, chopped scant 1 cup vegetable stock 1 bayleaf sprig of parsley 2 fresh basil leaves, crushed salt and pepper pinch of sugar Place the onion, bacon and carrot in a saucepan with oil. Heat gently, and cook for 5 minutes. Stir in the flour, and cook for about 2 minutes; then stir in all remaining ingredients, and bring to boil. Cover and cook gently for 1 hour, stirring occasionally. Let cool slightly, then strain the sauce, taste and adjust the seasoning. Add a pinch of sugar if the sauce is too acid. (reheat if using straightaway or freeze in a rigid plastic container)

: 13 : Veloute This is a reduced white sauce with cream added. Yield: 1 cups 2 tbs. butter cup all purpose flour 2 cups white stock mushroom trimmings parsley stalks 1-2 tbs. light or heavy cream salt and pepper Melt the butter, then add the flour, and cook the roux, stirring for 2 minutes. Gradually add the stock, stirring, and bring to boil. Add mushroom trimmings and parsley stalks. Simmer gently for about 1 hour until reduced by half. Strain and return to the rinsed out saucepan. Stir in the cream, season to taste, and reheat gently. For a richer sauce, add a knob of butter at the end. For a richer sauce still, finish with an egg liason and extra cream. (freeze this sauce before adding the cream) Bread Roast chicken calls out for this sauce - its just not the same without it. Yield: 1 cups 1 cups milk 1 onion 6 cloves piece of mace or pinch of ground mace 1 bayleaf 1 cup fresh breadcrumbs knob of butter salt and freshly ground black pepper a little cream (optional) Pour the milk into a saucepan. Peel the onions, and stick in the cloves, then put it in the milk with the mace and bayleaf. Bring almost to a boil. Remove the pan from the heat, and infuse for 30 minutes. Remove the onion, bayleaf and mace, and stir in the breadcrumbs. Heat gently, then add the butter, and cook until the sauce comes together and looks creamy. Season to taste, and add the cream, if using. If the sauce thickens too much or catches, thin it with a little extra milk. (will freeze)

: 14 : Egg Custard Traditional egg custard relies on egg yolks to thicken it, and more the egg yolks the richer the sauce will be. This sauce can be used as a base for ice cream. yield: about 2 cups 2 cups milk 1 vanilla bean 5 egg yolks cup superfine sugar Put the milk in a saucepan with the vanilla bean and warm; do not boil. Put the egg yolks in a bowl with the sugar, and whisk together until thick and creamy. Remove the vanilla bean and stir in the hot milk. Rinse the saucepan, pour in the custard and return to the heat. Heat very gently, stirring continuously, until custard thickens. The custard is the correct consistency when it coats the back of the spoon. (not suitable for freezing) VARIATION Infuse the milk with lemon or orange rind. Add 1 tbs. Tia Maria, rum or rum flavouring to the custard. Red or White Wine There are two ways of making a wine sauce: either make a roux and use half wine and half stock for the liquid, or cook wine or marinade with stock, then reduce and thicken it with beurre manie. This sauce is made by the latter method. Yield: about 3 cups 1 tbs. each of chopped onion, carrot and celery 2 tbs. butter 2 cups red or white wine 1 cups chicken stock if using white wine, beef stock if using red wine 1 small bayleaf salt and pepper cup beurre manie Lightly saut the vegetables in butter, then stir in the wine, stock and bayleaf. Bring to boil, then simmer until reduced by half. Season to taste. Thicken with beurre manie. (will freeze)

: 15 : Hollandaise Hollandaise, barnaise and mayonnaise are liason sauces. They require time and practice since they can curdle easily. This is because a high proportion of butter or oil is added to egg yolks, which need time to absorb the fat. Too much heat will cook the egg yolks and prevent this process. With careful handling the fat is absorbed, and the egg is cooked. This sauce is served warm, usually with salmon or asparagus. yield: about 1 cups 1 tbs. lemon juice or vinegar 1 tsp. water 2 egg yolks 2/3 cups butter, softened salt and pepper Place the lemon juice or vinegar and water in a bowl that fits over a pan of simmering water. Make sure the base of the bowl doesnt touch the water. Beat the egg yolks, and add them to the bowl with a knob of butter. Whisk well until a thick emulsion is formed, and the whisk leaves a trail. Reduce the heat, and gradually whisk in the remaining butter, then add seasoning to taste and extra lemon juice or vinegar if required. Beat well to give a glossy sauce. Serve immediately. (not suitable for freezing) Barnaise This is same as hollandaise but is sharper. Serve with broiled steak. yield: 1 cups 2 tbs. finely chopped shallots 4 peppercorns cup tarragon vinegar cup white wine vinegar 2 egg yolk 2/3 cups butter, softened 1 tbs. each of chopped fresh tarragon and chervil salt and pepper Place the shallots, peppercorns and vinegar in a small saucepan. Bring to a boil, then boil to reduce to about 2 tbsp. Let cool slightly, then proceed in the same way as for hollandaise, adding the herbs at the end with salt and pepper to taste. VARIATION Choron This is basic barnaise sauce (above) without the herbs. stir in sufficient reduced fresh tomato pulp to give a good consistency - about cup to 1 cups sauce. Or add about 2tsp. concentrated tomato paste.

: 16 : Mayonnaise This liason sauce is the base for many variations. One of the traditional rules is to keep everything cool, but I always find that adding a little warm water makes the sauce less sharp. yield: 2/3 cups 1 large egg yolk pinch of each salt, sugar, freshly ground pepper and dry mustard 2/3 cup good olive oil 1 tsp. warm water 1 tbs. white wine vinegar, to taste Place the egg yolk in a bowl, and blend in the seasonings. Beat in the oil drop by drop, whisking it well between each addition, so it is completely absorbed each time and the mixture thickens. When about half the oil has been added, gradually beat in the warm water. When this has been included, it is easier to add the remaining oil. When all the oil is mixed in, sharpen the flavour with vinegar to taste. To restore curdled mayonnaise, start with a fresh egg yolk in a clean bowl, and slowly beat in the curdled mixture. It may be necessary to add extra oil and vinegar as the sauce will be more eggy in flavour. (freezing not recommended) Chaudfroid This sauce is prepared from one of several foundation sauces and can be made different colours for serving purposes. White chaudfroid is made from bchamel or veloute; brown chaudfroid uses espagnole sauce. Mayonnaise chaudfroid can be made from mayonnaise, and it can be also coloured green, using spinach puree or herbs, or red using tomato paste. The basic sauce should be the consistency of a coating sauce. Let it cool until it is thick enough to coat the food completely. yield: about 3 cups 2 cups bchamel or espagnole sauce 4 sheets gelatin or 2 tsp. powdered gelatin 2/3 cup aspic jelly The bchamel or espagnole sauce should be slightly warm with no lumps. Dissolve the extra gelatin in the aspic jelly, then stir in the sauce. When the sauce is thick enough, start coating the food. Watch the sauce in case it starts to set. If it does, place the pan in a little warm water. (freeze base sauce only)

: 17 : Game This is made with stock from game bones. Some wine may be added when making the stock, or use some marinade instead. Game sauce can be thickened with blood, which is obtained from the game from the butcher, and should be mixed with vinegar to prevent it clotting. Stir the blood into the sauce to thicken it; never boil it or it will separate. yield: 2 cups 2 tbs. oil 1 lb. game bones 1 onion, chopped 1 clove garlic, crushed 1 carrot, cut in largo pieces 1 stalk celery, cut in large pieces 1 cups red wine or marinade 2 cups water 1 bayleaf } 6 juniper berries } leave these out if using marinade 4 peppercorns } 1/3 cup beurre manie 2 tbs. redcurrant jelly salt and pepper Heat the oil in a large pan, and brown the bones and vegetables. Add the wine, water and spices if using, cover and simmer for at least 30 minutes. Strain, return to the pan, and simmer until reduced to 2 cups. Gradually blend in the beurre manie to thicken; bring to a boil, reduce the heat, simmer for 5 minutes. Stir in the redcurrant jelly, and adjust the seasoning. (perfect for freezing) Rich Shrimp Sauce with Dill This sauce is well worth the effort of making it. Serve over fish or scallops, or use as part of a fillign for pancakes or over an omelet. yield: 1 cups 6 oz fresh cooked shrimps in their shells 5 tbs. light cream 3 tbs. butter 3 tbs. all purpose flour 1 cups fish or chicken stock 2 egg yolks 1 tbs. lemon juice 2 tbs. chopped fresh dill salt freshly ground pepper Wash the shrimps, remove the shells, and place the shells in a saucepan with cream. Bring to a boil, then remove from the heat, leave to infuse for about 10 minutes, and strain. Melt the butter in a pan, stir in the flour, and cook for 2 minutes, stirring continuously to prevent it from catching. Gradually add the stock, and bring to a boil, stirring. Simmer for 2-3 minutes.

Remove the sauce from heat. Blend the egg yolks with the cream, then gradually add to the sauce with the lemon juice, dill, shrimp, salt and pepper. Reheat gently without boiling. (not suitable for freezing)

: 18 : Aurore This is a coating sauce with tomato added, and can be used with fish, meat, eggs and vegetables. To give extra richness it should be mounted with extra butter. yield: 1 cups 1 cups bchamel sauce 1 tbs. tomato paste or 2 tbs. reduced thick fresh tomato pulp cup unsalted butter salt and pepper Make the bchamel in the usual way, then stir in the tomato paste or fresh tomato pulp. Remove the pan from the heat. Whisk in the butter a little at a time; do not return the pan to the heat after the butter has been added as it will separate from the sauce. Taste and adjust the seasoning. (not suitable for freezing) Bercy Serve this sauce with fish dishes yield: 1 cups 1 tbs. butter 2 shallots, finely chopped 2/3 cup dry white wine 1 cups fish stock 1 tbs. lemon juice salt and freshly ground pepper 2 tbs. beurre manie 1 tbs. finely chopped parsley Melt the butter in a small saucepan, add the onion, and cook until soft, without browning. Add the wine, bring to a boil and cook until reduced by half. Add the stock, lemon juice, salt and pepper. Return to a boil, and simmer for 2 minutes; then remove the pan from the heat. Whisk in beurre manie a little at a time with the parsley, then simmer for a few minutes until the sauce is thickened and is smooth. Taste and adjust the seasoning. (suitable for freezing) Chivry This is a wonderful green sauce to serve with chicken, poached fish, vegetables and eggs. yield: 1 cups Bunch of chervil, tarragon and chives 2 cups fresh spinach, stalks removed 1 cups veloute sauce or supreme sauce small knob of butter pinch of freshly grated nutmeg

Wash the herbs and spinach. Cook these quickly in a little boiling water for about 5 minutes; then drain well, and press through a strainer. They should give about one tablespoon puree. Add this puree to the veloute or supreme sauce, and heat through if necessary. An extra piece of butter may be added if using veloute sauce, and the nutmeg if liked. (will freeze, the puree of herbs and spinach can be prepared when seasonal and frozen in ice cube trays)

: 19 : Caper Serve with boiled lamb, mutton, chicken or plainly cooked fish. I always like to add a little chopped parsley but this is not traditional. yield: 2 cups 3 tbs. butter or margarine cup all purpose flour 2 cups vegetable stock 2 tsp. vinegar tsp. Dijon mustard salt and pepper 3 tbs. capers, slightly chopped 1-2 tbs. light cream 1 tbs. chopped fresh parsley Melt the butter or margarine in a pan, stir in the flour, and cook for 2 minutes. Gradually add the stock, bring to a boil, stirring, and cook for 3 minutes. Stir in the vinegar, mustard, salt, pepper and capers, and cook for 2 minutes; then stir in the cream and the parsley, if using, taste and adjust the seasoning if necessary. Bordelaise A gourmet sauce with bone marrow added. Serve with beef or game. Ask the butcher to choose pieces of marrow bone with the marrow left in. yield: 1 cups cup bone marrow, extracted from the bone 2 shallots, finely chopped cup red wine 1 cups espagnole sauce freshly ground black pepper sprig of thyme 1 tbs. butter Cut the raw bone marrow into slices, and poach it gently for 1-2 minutes in a little stock or water. Remove with a slotted spoon, and keep on one side. Gently cook the shallots in wine until softened and then reduce the wine by half. Stir in the espagnole sauce, a little pepper and thyme. Bring to a boil, stirring, then strain. Add the bone marrow to the sauce, and heat through; then remove from the heat and stir in the butter. Adjust the seasoning if necessary. (this will freeze for a short time) Smoked Salmon This sauce is quick to prepare and goes well with most types of fish yield: 2 cups fish stock heavy cream butter, softened cornstarch smoked salmon, chopped chopped fresh dill

1 cups 2/3 cup 2 tbs. 4 tsp. 4 oz 2 tsp.

salt and pepper 1 tsp. lemon juice Place the fish stock and cream in a saucepan, and bring to a boil; then reduce the heat. Blend the butter and cornstarch together and add to the sauce in pieces like beurre manie. Simmer for about 3 minutes, then stir in the smoked salmon, dill, salt and pepper to taste and the lemon juice. (this will freeze but for a short time only) : 20 : Italienne This is a useful sauce and it always looks good when poured over a sliced roast beef fillet or a boneless loin of lamb. It is also good with tongue. yield: 2 cups 1 finely chopped shallots cup white wine 1 tbs. butter 2/3 cups small button mushrooms, thinly sliced cup cooked ham, cut into julienne strips 1 cups demi glace 2 tsp. tomato paste chopped parsley Place the shallots in a pan with wine and butter and cook gently to soften the shallots and reduce the wine by half. Stir in mushrooms, cook for 2 minutes, then add the ham, demi glace, tomato paste and parsley. Cook for 5 minutes and serve poured over meat. (this will freeze but the ham might develop a stale flavour if it is frozen for too long) Bourguignonne Beef can be cooked slowly in this rich wine sauce. yield: 2 cups 2 tbs. butter 1/3 cup chopped bacon 1 small onion, chopped 1 small carrot, chopped 2/3 cups button mushrooms, sliced 1 bayleaf sprig of parsley 3 cups red wine 1/4 cup beurre manie salt and freshly ground pepper Melt the butter in a pan and fry the bacon and onion, until they are lightly browned and the onion soft. Add the carrot, mushrooms, herbs and red wine. Bring to a boil and reduce by half. Remove the herbs. Gradually add the beurre manie, whisking it in. Bring to a boil, still whisking and cook for 3-4 minutes until thickened. Enrich with an extra 2 tbs. butter if liked. (this will freeze well but for not more than 2 months) Quick Beef and Mushroom A quick and tasty sauce for serving with roast or broiled beef or Beef Wellington.

yield: 2 cups 1 small onion, finely chopped 1 tbs. butter 2/3 cup small button mushrooms, thinly sliced 10 oz condensed beef consomm 1 tbs. red wine vinegar 1 tsp. arrowroot 2 tbs. water Place the onion and butter in a saucepan, cook gently to soften the onion, then add the mushrooms and cook for about 3 minutes. Remove the pan from the heat. Add the consomm and vinegar. Blend the arrowroot with water until smooth. Stir into the consomm, return the pan to the heat and cook until the sauce thickens and becomes clear. (not suitable for freezing) : 21 : Charcutiere A sharp sauce to serve with meat, including rabbit and chicken. yield: 1 cups 1 small onion, finely chopped 2 tbs. butter 2/3 cup white wine 1 tbs. vinegar 1/3 cup chopped gherkins 1 cups espagnole sauce 1/2 tbs. french mustard Put the butter in a saucepan, add the onions and cook gently to often without browning. Add the wine and vinegar. Reduce by half, then stir in the remaining ingredients. Heat gently and cook for 2 minutes. Taste and add the mustard to balance the flavour. Poivrade This is a well flavoured, slightly piquant sauce. Serve with game or any marinated meat dish. yield: 1 cups 1 tbs. oil 1 small onion, chopped 1 small carrot, chopped sprig of parsley 1 small bayleaf 4 tbs. red wine 2 tbs. red wine vinegar 2tbsp butter 2 tbs. all purpose flour 2 cups good strong stock 1 tbs. black peppercorns, crushed salt and freshly ground black pepper

Heat oil in a pan, add the vegetables and herbs and cook for 5 minutes to soften without browning. Add the wine and vinegar and cook until reduced by half. Keep on one side. In a clean saucepan, make a roux with the butter and flour and cook until brown. Gradually pour in the stock, stirring, then bring to boil, add the vegetables and their liquor and simmer for 30 minutes. Add the peppercorns and seasoning and simmer for a further 10 minutes, then strain. Return the sauce to the rinsed out pan and continue cooking until the required consistency is achieved; it should be a good pouring sauce. (suitable for freezing) Supreme A veloute sauce made with chicken stock and enriched with cream and meat jelly. It is usually served with chicken or rabbit or used as a base for chaudfroid. yield: 2 cups 1 cups veloute sauce cup heavy cream 3 tbs. butter Heat the veloute sauce if necessary, then stir in the cream and butter. Heat very gently for a few minutes, then strain and serve. (not suitable for freezing)

: 22 : Mustard This is a basic white sauce flavoured with mustard and enriched with cream. Experiment with different types of mustard and serve with pork or ham or over vegetables. yield: 1 cups 1 cups milk slice of onion 1 small bayleaf sprig of parsley salt and freshly ground white pepper 2 tbs. butter 1 tbs. all purpose flour 2 tsp. Dijon mustard 2 tsp. horseradish sauce 4 tbs. heavy cream Put the milk in a saucepan with the onion, bayleaf, parsley and a little salt and pepper. Slowly bring just to boiling point. Remove from heat; let it sit for 5 minutes, then strain. Using a clean pan, melt the butter, stir in flour and cook for 1 minute. Gradually stir in the milk. Bring to a boil, stirring and cook for 2 minutes. Blend the mustard, horseradish and cream together and whisk carefully into the sauce. (the basic sauce will freeze; thaw and add the cream and mustard when required) Sweet and Hot Mustard This could be served hot, stirred into strips of beef, chicken or pork. It is also good cold with hot sausages or frankfurters. yield: 2 cups 1 tbs. butter or margarine 1 small onion, finely chopped 2 tbs. granulated sugar 1 cups dry white wine 2/3 cup white wine vinegar cup cornstarch 1 tsp. dry mustard 1 tsp. soya sauce salt and pepper(optional) Melt the butter or margarine in a pan, add the onions and cook without browning, until soft, about 5 minutes. Remove the pan from the heat and stir in the sugar, wine and vinegar. Blend the cornstarch and mustard with a little water and stir into the sauce; then bring to a boil, stirring until the mixture thickens and clears. Stir in soya sauce, taste and seasoning if necessary. (suitable for freezing)

: 23 : Diable This sauce should be serve hot with broiled meat. It is usually prepared in small quantities. yield: 1 cups 2 tbs. white wine 2 tbs. white wine vinegar 1 tbs. finely chopped shallots 1 cups demi glace 2 tsp. tomato paste pinch of cayenne pepper 2 tsp. Worcestershire sauce a little chopped canned pimento 2 tbs. butter Place the wine, vinegar and shallots in a small saucepan and cook gently to soften the shallots and reduce the liquid to 3 tablespoons. Stir in the demi glace, tomato paste, a small pinch of cayenne pepper and the Worcestershire sauce and cook for 2 minutes. Remove the pan from the heat, add the pimento, if using and stir in the butter in small pieces. (this will freeze for a short time only, as the vinegar changes its character on freezing) Lyonnaise A brown onion sauce to be served with broiled or roast meat yield: 2 cups 2 tbs. butter 1 cups chopped onions cup dry white wine 1 cups espagnole sauce 1 tbs. white wine vinegar salt and pepper Melt butter in a pan, add the onion and cook until softened and lightly browned. Add the wine, increase the heat and cook until reduced by half. Stir in the sauce and cook for a further 10 minutes. Season and add vinegar. Drain and puree the onion through a strainer or serve straightaway. (suitable for freezing) Mornay This is a cheese sauce with egg yolk and cream added at the end to enrich it. Serve over pasta vegetables, eggs or fish, sprinkled with a little extra cheese and broiled to brown lightly. yield: 2 cups 2 tbs. butter all purpose flour 1 cups milk, warmed 1 cup finely grated Gruyere cheese 1 egg yolk 4 tbs. light cream tsp. Dijon mustard

salt and pepper Melt the butter in a pan, add the flour to make a roux and cook for 1 minute. Gradually add the milk as in basic white sauce and cook for 5 minutes. Stir in the cheese and beat well to give a smooth consistency; then remove the pan from the heat. Blend the egg yolk, cream and mustard together and stir in a little of the sauce; then add this mixture to the pan and stir in carefully over gentle heat, whisking. If the sauce gets too hot, it will curdle.. Season to taste. (not suitable for freezing) : 24 : Robert This is another demi glace with piquant additions. Serve with pork or kidneys. yield: 1 cups 1 small onion, chopped 1 tbs. butter 3 tbs. red wine vinegar 1 cups demi glace 3 mini gherkins, chopped 2 tsp. Dijon Mustard 2 tsp. chopped fresh celery Cook the onion in butter until softened, then add the vinegar and reduce by half. Add the demi glace sauce and simmer for 10 minutes. Just before serving stir in the remaining ingredients. (demi glace sauce is suitable for freezing; thaw and finish the sauce as above) Madeira This can be made in two ways: either by reducing the Madeira with a little meat glaze and adding to the demi glace, if available, or by starting from scratch. Serve with beef, tongue or calves liver. yield: 1 cups 1 tbs. drippings or butter 2 tbs. finely chopped onions or shallots 1 slice bacon, finely chopped 1 tbs. all purpose flour 1 tsp. tomato paste cup Madeira or sherry a few mushroom stalks, chopped sprig of thyme sprig of parsley 2 cups good brown stock salt and pepper Melt the fat in a pan, add the onions or shallots and bacon and cook slowly to brown without burning; otherwise the sauce will be bitter.. Stir in the flour and cook slowly to brown a little. Add the tomato paste and the Madeira or sherry and cook for a few minutes to reduce. Add the mushrooms and herbs, then stir in the stock and a little seasoning. Bring to a boil and simmer for 15 minutes letting the sauce reduce a little. Strain and returnn to the pan to reheat and reduce more if necessary.

(will freeze, but not for too long) VARIATION Perigueux This is a Madeira sauce with chopped up truffles and a little juice added - delicious but very expensive. Although it would not be Perigueux, you can obtain a similar effect by rinsing and chopping up a few black olives or pickled walnuts, or even 2 or 3 prunes in an emergency.

: 25 : Whipped Butter This lightly whipped butter sauce may be flavoured with chopped fresh parsley, dill or tarragon. Crushed garlic mixed with parsley would make a good combination. Serve with vegetables or fish, or spread on warm bread or rolls cup butter, at room temperature Place the butter in a bowl and using a tablespoon which should occasionally be dipped in warm water, cream the butter until light and fluffy. The butter will take up some of the water to lighten it. Note:- there are no short cuts to this, but it does not take long and is worth the effort.. Softening or slightly melting the butter does not give the best results. (not suitable for freezing) Crab This is good served over halibut or similar firm white fish yield: 3 cups 2 cups bchamel sauce 6 oz white crabmeat 1 - 2 tbs. chopped fresh parsley Make the sauce in the usual way. Drain the crabmeat well and check or any bones; then flake any pieces and add to the sauce with parsley. Heat gently and serve. (this would freeze, but it is better to freeze the basic bchamel and add the crab when thawed) Onion Cream (Soubise) A deliciously smooth creamy sauce to serve with lamb, egg or vegetable dishes. Some of the stock could be replaced with white wine. yield: 2 cups 2 tbs. butter 2 tbs. oil 1 cups finely diced Spanish onions 1 medium onion, finely sliced 1 small clove garlic, crushed 3 tbs. all purpose flour 1 cups chicken or vegetable stock, warmed 2/3 cup light cream salt and freshly ground black pepper 1 tsp. lemon juice Heat the butter and oil in a pan and stir in the onions. Cover with a damp piece of baking parchment, put the lid on the pan and let cook gently until softened but not browned, about 10 - 15 minutes. Add the garlic and flour and cook for 1 minute stirring. Gradually stir in the stock and cream, then cook over a low heat for 10 minutes. Strain or liquidize the sauce. Return it to the pan, add the seasoning and lemon juice and heat gently. (not suitable for freezing)

: 26 : Cumberland A lovely sauce to serve with ham, tongue, pork and turkey. You can make it richer by adding more redcurrant jelly and a tablespoon of Grand Marnier. It is a good idea to make the sauce ahead so it matures. yield: 2 cups 1 lemon 1 orange 1 cups redcurrant jelly cup port 2 tsp. arrowroot 1 tbs. Grand Marnier (optional) Thinly peel the rind from the lemon and the orange and cut into very thin shreds. Place these in a pan of cold water, bring slowly to a boil and cook for 5 minutes; then strain and refresh under cold water. Keep on one side. Squeeze the juice from the lemon and orange and strain into a saucepan. Add the redcurrant jelly, heat gently and stir until dissolved; then boil for 5 minutes and add the port. Blend the arrowroot with a little water, then stir it carefully into the hot mixture. Cook, stirring, until the mixture thickens and clears. Stir in the Grand Marnier, if using. Strain if necessary and the shreds of orange and lemon rind. Let cool so that the sauce matures, then reheat to serve. (will not freeze, but will keep in the refrigerator for about a week) Chasseur or Huntsmans This sauce is delicious with chicken, rabbit or veal and may be added to the dish or served separately. It can be enriched with a little heavy cream. yield; 1 cups 1 cup sliced button mushrooms 2 tbs. butter cup red wine 2 tsp. tomato paste 1 cups Espagnole sauce 2 tsp. chopped mixed fresh herbs(parsley, marjoram and thyme) Cook the mushrooms lightly in half the butter; then add the wine and reduce by about half. Stir in the tomato paste and espagnole sauce and simmer for 2 - 3 minutes. Remove the pan from the heat and stir in the remaining butter and fresh herbs. (this will freeze very well) Broccoli with Lemon A simple, light vegetable sauce which would be good served with fish, chicken or other vegetables. yield: 2 cups 8 oz fresh broccoli, washed 1 cups vegetable stock 2 tbs. beurre manie juice of lemon

2 tbs. heavy cream freshly ground pepper Chop the broccoli stalks and cut the florets into small pieces. Cook these in the vegetable stock until just tender. Remove from the heat. Using a slotted spoon, lift out a few of the florets. Whisk in beurre manie in small pieces, then return the pan to the heat, making sure the beurre manie has dissolved. Bring to a boil, then cook for 2 minutes. Return the reserved pieces of broccoli to the pan with the remaining ingredients. (this can be frozen for a short time with the lemon) : 27 : Carrot This puree of carrot thickened with cream cheese is ideal to serve with other vegetables. yield: 2 cups 2 cups sliced carrots 2 cups vegetable stock 1 tbs. tarragon vinegar salt and freshly ground black pepper cup low fat cream cheese Cook the carrots in the stock for about 10 minutes, until softened. Puree the carrots and the stock, then blend in the remaining ingredients. Serve either hot or cold. (will freeze for around a month) Cold Creole Serve over eggs and vegetable dishes. yield: 1 cups 1 cup tomato puree 3 tbs. fresh lime juice 1 cup finely chopped onions 1 small stalk celery, finely chopped 1 tsp. finely chopped fresh chilly 1 tsp. salt 4 stuffed olives, chopped 1 tbs. chopped fresh parsley Mix all ingredients together and serve. (suitable for freezing) Spinach This is a delicious simple sauce. Serve over eggs, vegetables or pasta, or combine with eggs to make a quiche filling. For a thinner sauce, add a little cream or milk. yield: 3/4 cups 3 cups spinach leaves 2 tbs. water cup cream cheese salt and freshly ground pepper pinch of freshly grated nutmeg Wash the spinach, then put it in a small saucepan with water. Cook gently until wilted, then press through a strainer, or puree in a food processor.

Return the spinach to the saucepan and stir in the cream cheese with seasoning and nutmeg to taste. (this will freeze for a short time, or you can freeze the spinach puree in small amounts, then thaw and add cream cheese and seasoning when required)

: 28 : Cucumber and Dill Try a different way with cucumber, excellent served with fish or vegetables. yield: 1 cups 3/4 cup peeled and diced English cucumber 3 tbs. butter cup all purpose flour 1 cups milk 1 egg yolk 2 tbs. light cream 1 tbs. chopped fresh dill salt and freshly ground pepper Saut the cucumber in 1 tbs. of butter until it is slightly softened, but still retains some texture. Transfer to a plate. Melt the remaining butter in the pan, add the flour and cook for 2 minutes; then gradually stir in the milk. Bring to a boil, stirring and cook for 3 minutes. Remove the pan from the heat. Mix together the egg yolk and cream, then beat this mixture into the sauce. Return the pan to the heat and cook for about 2 minutes, stirring, for the egg to cook and thicken. Stir in reserved cucumber with dill, salt and pepper. (not suitable for freezing) Celeriac and Coriander An unusual combination, suitable for serving with vegetables or fish. It could also be used as a base for soup. yield: 2 cups 4 cups peeled and diced celeriac 1 medium potato, peeled and sliced 2 cups water 1 tbs. ground coriander 2/3 cup Greek yoghurt salt and pepper Put the celeriac and potato in a saucepan with the water and coriander. Bring to a boil, then cook for about 15 minutes until the vegetables are tender. Mash well or puree, then stir in the yoghurt, salt and pepper. (this will freeze as a puree; add the yoghurt when required) Garlic and Parsley Although there is a lot of garlic in this sauce, the flavour is quite sweet and mild because the cloves are left whole. Use really fresh garlic. Its good with vegetables and pasta and would also go well with chicken and fish. yield: 1 cups 14 even sized cloves garlic, peeled 1 tbs. butter 1 cup scant creme fraiche 1/3 cup ground almonds

2 tbs. chopped fresh parsley salt and pepper Place the garlic cloves and the butter in a small skillet and cook over moderate heat until the garlic has lightly browned. Keep moving the cloves around so they dont brown too quickly. Add the creme fraiche to the pan, stir until melted, then stir in the remaining ingredients and heat through. Serve hot or cold, or as a dip with extra cream or milk added to give the required consistency. (freezing is not recommended as the texture would be ruined) : 29 : Pepperoni A mixture of bell peppers makes this colourful sauce. yield: 2 cups 3 small bell peppers, red green and yellow 2 tbs. olive oil 2 tbs. butter or margarine 1 large onion, sliced 1 carrot, peeled and cut into strips 3 tbs. all purpose flour 2/3 cup white wine 1 cups stock salt and pepper Wash and deseed the bell peppers; then slice them fairly thin. Heat the oil and the butter or margarine in a saucepan, then add the onion, carrot and bell peppers. Cook until soft but not brown, about 8 minutes. Stir in the flour and cook for 1 minute. Gradually stir in the wine and cook for a few seconds; then stir in the stock. Bring to a boil, stirring gently so as not to break up the vegetables too much. Cook gently for 4 minutes. Add seasoning to taste. (this will freeze well) Ratatouille This is quick to make as all the ingredients are cut up small to reduce the cooking time. A colourful and versatile sauce that could be used in many dishes: try it as a filling for quiches, or an accompaniment to lamb, chicken, pork, eggs, pasta and vegetables. yield: 2 cups 1 medium eggplant 1 medium zucchini small red bell pepper 5 tbs. olive oil 1 onion, chopped 1 clove garlic, crushed 14 oz can chopped tomatoes 2 tbs. chopped fresh parsley salt and pepper Cut the eggplant into very small dices. Sprinkle with salt and leave for 30 minutes. Drain, rinse and pat dry. Heat 3 tbs. of oil in a fairly large saucepan, add the eggplant and fry

quite quickly until transparent. Remove and transfer to a colander placed over a bowl to drain. Dice the zucchini and the bell pepper. Add the remaining oil to the saucepan and cook the onion and garlic for a few minutes, then add the bell pepper and zucchini and cook gently until these have softened a little. Return eggplant to the pan with tomatoes and cook, stirring gently, until the tomatoes have reduced a little but the vegetables still retain their shape. Add the parsley, salt and pepper to taste, then serve at once. (this will freeze well)

: 30 : Leek and Pepper Serve with roast lamb, pasta or vegetables. yield: 2 cups 8 oz leeks(weighed after trimming) 3 tbs. butter or margarine cup all purpose flour 2 cups milk 2 canned red pimentos salt and pepper Cut the leeks into thin slices. Melt the butter or margarine in a pan, add the leeks, cover and cook without browning for 10 minutes, stirring occasionally. Stir in the flour and cook gently for 3 minutes. Gradually add the milk, bring to a boil, stirring and simmer for 2 minutes. Drain the red pimentos well, cut into strips and add to the sauce. Heat through, then season to taste. (suitable for freezing) Minted Pea Puree This refreshing puree can be served over vegetables or with ham or eggs. It is also a good base for soups. yield: 1 cups 1 tbs. butter 1 large scallion, chopped 1 cups peas 2/3 cup vegetable stock sprig of thyme 2 tbs. creme fraiche salt and freshly ground black pepper 1-2 tbs. chopped fresh mint Melt the butter in a saucepan, add the scallion and cook until softened. Add the peas. Pour stock over the peas with the leaves from the thyme. Cover and cook on medium heat for about 10 minutes until the peas are tender. Liquidize or press the mixture through a strainer, then return it to the pan and add the creme fraiche, seasoning and mint. Heat through and serve. (will freeze perfectly) Red Peppercorn and Cream A simple sauce to serve over fish. yield: 1 cups red peppercorns unsalted butter heavy cream

2 tsp. cup 1 cups salt 1 tbs. chopped fresh parsley Crush the peppercorns. Melt the butter in a small skillet over low heat, then add the peppercorns. Cook very briefly to extract a little of the flavour.

Quickly add the cream, increase the heat and stir very thoroughly so the ingredients blend together. Add a little salt. Pour into a warmed serving dish, sprinkle with chopped parsley and serve at once. (not suitable for freezing)

: 31 : Tarragon and Parsley Try this sauce with zucchini, squash or whole new carrots, leeks and fava beans. It is also good with chicken and poached fish. yield: 1 cups 3 tbs. butter or margarine 3 tbs. all purpose flour 1 cups milk, or half milk and half stock 1 tbs. chopped fresh tarragon 2 tbs. chopped fresh parsley 2 tbs. light cream salt and freshly ground white pepper Melt the butter or margarine in a pan add the flour and cook without browning for 2 minutes. Gradually add the liquid off the heat; then return the pan to the heat and bring to a boil, stirring. Reduce the heat and cook for about 5 minutes. Remove the pan from the heat and add the remaining ingredients. Do not let the sauce boil again. (this will freeze, but reheat very carefully because of the cream) Corn this sweet tasting sauce is sharpened by the addition of lemon juice. Serve it over vegetables, as a part of a bean dish or with chicken or bacon. yield: 2 cups 1 small leek, trimmed 1 stalk celery, chopped 2 tbs. butter or margarine 2 slices bacon, chopped (optional) 15 oz can creamed corn 1 tomato, deseeded and chopped 1 tbs. lemon juice salt and freshly ground pepper Put the leek and celery in a saucepan with the butter or margarine and cook slowly to soften the vegetables. Add the bacon halfway through, if using. When the vegetables are soft, add the remaining ingredients and heat through. (this sauce is so quick to make, its not necessary to freeze it) Celery This is a very good server over artichokes or you can add cooked chestnuts and serve with brussel sprouts. Delicious poured over nut roast yield: 2 cups 2 cups milk 3 stalks celery, washed and thinly sliced 1/3 cup butter 3 tbs. all purpose flour nutmeg

Pour the milk into a pan, add the celery and cook slowly, covered, until tender, about 15 minutes. Strain the milk and reserve the celery. Melt half the butter in a pan, stir in the flour and cook for 1 minute. Remove the pan from the heat and gradually stir in the milk. Return to the heat, then bring to a boil, stirring and cook for 3 minutes. Stir in the celery and remaining butter and nutmeg. Do not let the sauce boil. (suitable for freezing, reheat by adding a little milk)

: 32 : Curried Parsnip and Celery This delicately flavoured vegetable puree could easily be made into soup by adding milk. Serve over cauliflower, carrots or eggs. yield: 2 cups 2 tbs. oil 1 small onion, chopped 2 tsp. ground cumin 1 tsp. ground coriander 1 stalk celery, sliced 1 cups peeled and diced parsnips 2 cups water 1 tsp. salt Heat oil in a pan, add the onion and cook until softened. Stir in the cumin and the coriander and cook for 30 seconds, stirring. Add the remaining ingredients and bring to a boil, stirring; then reduce the heat and simmer for 20 minutes. When the vegetables are tender, press the sauce through a strainer or liquidize. (suitable for freezing) Romaine This sauce goes with vegetable dishes or over beef, lamb chicken or fish. yield: 1 cups 3 tbs. butter or margarine 1 medium onion, chopped 1 small turnip, finely diced 2 small carrots, thinly sliced 1 tsp. dried mixed herbs 2 tbs. all purpose flour 1 tbs. sherry 1 cups vegetable stock 1 tbs. chopped fresh parsley salt and pepper Melt the butter or margarine in a pan, add the onion and cook gently for 5 minutes. Add the turnip, carrot, celery and herbs, stir around, then cover with a piece of damp parchment. Put the lid on the pan and cook gently for 10 minutes, until the vegetables are just ender. Stir in the flour and cook for 1 minute; then ad the sherry. Gradually stir in the stock, bring to a boil and cook for 2 minutes. Add the parsley and seasoning to taste. (this will freeze well)

: 33 : Tomato and Marjoram This is a shortcut sauce using canned tomatoes. It makes a good basis for pasta sauces and it can also be turned into a barbeque sauce. yield: 1 cups 2 tbs. olive oil 1 onion, chopped 1 small green bell pepper, deseeded and diced 2 cloves garlic, crushed 14 oz can peeled tomatoes 1 tbs. tomato paste 1 tbs. brown sugar 2 tsp. dried marjoram salt and pepper Extras for a quick Barbeque Sauce: 2 tbs. sweet pickle 1 tsp. Worcestershire sauce tsp. Dijon mustard 2 tsp. cider vinegar Place the oil in a saucepan, add the onion and cook for 5 minutes without browning. Stir in the green bell pepper, garlic and tomatoes. Cover and simmer for 15 minutes; then stir in the tomato paste, sugar, marjoram, salt and pepper. Continue cooking, without the lid, for a further 10-15 minutes, until the sauce has reduced. Taste and adjust the seasoning. To make a quick barbeque sauce, add the extra ingredients at the same time as the sugar, etc. This sauce will keep for a few days and can be served hot or cold. (both will freeze well) Red Wine and Paprika This is an unusual sauce to serve over artichokes, cauliflower, beef or lamb steaks or pork. yield: 2 cups 3 tbs. butter or margarine 1 small red bell pepper, deseeded and thinly sliced 2 tsp. paprika pepper 3 tbs. all purpose flour 2 tbs. red wine 1 cups milk 2/3 cups vegetable stock salt and freshly ground pepper Melt the butter or margarine in a pan, stir in the red bell pepper and cook until just softened, about 3 minutes. Stir in the paprika and flour and cook for 2 minutes; then pour in the wine. Gradually add the milk and stock, then bring to a boil, stirring and simmer for about 6 minutes to reduce the sauce and let the flavours develop. Taste and adjust the seasoning. (freeze in rigid containers)

: 34 : Tomato and Lentil Serve over eggs, vegetables or rice. yield: 2 cups 2 tbs. oil 1 small onion, chopped 1 stalk celery, chopped 1 carrot, cut into small dice 1 small parsnip, cut into small dice 1 tsp. ground cumin 1 tbs. tomato paste 1/3 cup green lentil, washed 2 cups vegetable stock, or water and 1 cube vegetable bouillon sprig of parsley salt and freshly ground pepper 1 tsp. cornstarch(optional) Heat oil in a pan and lightly saut the onion, celery, carrot and parsnip for 5 minutes just to soften. Add the cumin, stir and cook for 30 seconds; then add the tomato paste, lentils, stock, parsley and a little pepper. Cover and cook gently for 20-25 minutes, stirring occasionally to make sure that the lentils cook evenly. For a thicker sauce, blend the cornstarch with a little water and add a little of the hot mixture to it; then stir it into the pan and cook for 3 minutes. Taste and season if necessary. (this sauce freezes well) Mushroom and Sherry There are three ways of making this sauce; the mushrooms can be cooked in butter and added to a white sauce; for a rich dark sauce, they can be finely chopped and cooked with finely chopped onion and parsley, then added to the white sauce; or they can be cooked as part of the sauce, as in the recipe below. A little sherry and cream could also be added. yield: 2 cups 1/4 cup butter 1 scallion, thinly sliced(optional) 1 cups wiped and sliced button mushrooms 1/3 cup all purpose flour 2 tbs. dry sherry 1 cups warm milk salt and freshly ground white pepper Melt the butter in a pan, add the scallion, if using and the mushrooms and cook until softened. Stir in the flour, add the sherry and gradually add the milk; then bring to a boil, stirring and cook for 5 minutes. Season to taste. (freezes very well)

: 35 : Tomato and Mozzarella This sauce is made with pasta, a shop-bought tomato puree easily available in most supermarkets. Serve with pasta, pork chicken or vegetables. yield: 2 cups 2 tbs. oil 1 large onion, chopped 1 clove garlic, crushed 1 bayleaf 2 cups pasta 1 cup diced mozzarella cheese 8 olives, sliced a few basil leaves, shredded Heat oil in a pan, add the onions, garlic and bayleaf and cook gently, covered; for 15 minutes. Stir in the pasta and cook for further 15 minutes, then remove the pan from the heat and stir in the remaining ingredients. (a quick sauce to make, so not worth freezing and taking up space) Chicken Liver A cheap, flavour some sauce. The herbs may be left out if unavailable. serves: 4 3 tbs. olive oil 1/3 cup chopped bacon 1 small onion, chopped 1 clove garlic, crushed 1 cups trimmed and finely chopped chicken livers 2/3 cups finely chopped mushrooms 1 tbs. all purpose flour 2 tbs. medium sherry, Marsala or Martini 1 tbs. tomato paste 1 cups chicken stock 1 tbs. chopped fresh marjoram or oregano(optional) salt and pepper Place oil, bacon, onion and garlic in a saucepan and cook slowly for about 10 minutes to soften the onion.. Stir in the chicken livers and mushrooms and cook until they change colour, 2-3 minutes. Add the flour and cook for a further minute; then add the wine, let it bubble and stir in the tomato paste. Gradually add the stock, stirring; then add the herbs, if using and salt and pepper. Cover and simmer gently for about 30 minutes. Serve with pasta or rice. (suitable for freezing)

: 36 : Chili Beef The amount of chili powder you add depends on how hot you like your food. Use a mild chili powder, if preferred. If you like, serve yoghurt with this sauce. serves: 3-4 1 tbs. oil 2 cups lean ground beef 1 onion, chopped 1 stalk celery, chopped 2 cloves garlic, crushed 1-2 tsp. hot chili powder 2 tbs. tomato paste 1 tbs. all purpose flour 8 oz can chopped tomatoes 2/3 cup water Heat oil in a pan, add the beef and saut until meat is no longer red. Add the onion, celery and garlic and cook until the vegetables are soft, about 8 minutes. Stir in the remaining ingredients and cook for 30 minutes. (this freezes well; make double and freeze in small containers) Bolognaise There are many versions of this type of sauce and not all of them include red wine, but the addition of alcohol does make it a bit special. If you prefer leave it out, increase the amount of stock. Serve with pasta, rice or chicken. serves: 3-4 1 tbs. olive oil 1 onion, chopped 1 cups lean ground beef 1/3 cup washed and chopped chicken liver 1 cups chopped mushrooms 1 tbs. all purpose flour 1 cups beef stock 1 clove garlic, crushed 1 bayleaf 2/3 cup red wine or sherry 3 tbs. tomato paste salt and pepper Put oil in a saucepan, add the onion and fry until lightly browned. Stir in all the meat and cook briskly to lose the bright colour. Add the mushrooms. Sprinkle in the flour and stir around; then gradually add the stock and bring to a simmer. Add the remaining ingredients and seasoning to taste and bring back to a simmer. Cover and cook gently, stirring occasionally, for about 45 minutes. (it is always useful to have this sauce in the freezer and worth making in bulk)

: 37 : Leek and Bacon These ingredients are always handy to have in reserve as they are so versatile - use in pasta sauces, quiches and omelets or rice. This sauce is an ideal consistency for pasta; it will need cup more stock if a pouring sauce is required. serves:3-4 1 medium leek, trimmed and thinly sliced 4 slices bacon, chopped 2/3 cup sliced mushrooms 2 tbs. all purpose flour 1 cup chicken stock 3 tbs. light cream 1 tbs. chopped fresh parsley freshly ground pepper Melt a knob of butter in a pan, stir in the leek and bacon and cook gently, stirring ocasionally, for about 5 minutes to soften the leek. Stir in the mushrooms and cook for 1 minute; then add the flour and cook for 2 minutes. Gradually stir in the chicken stock, bring to a boil, stirring and cook for 5 minutes. Add the remaining ingredients, stir around and heat through. Serve with pasta or over chicken pieces.. (suitable for freezing but leave out the cream) Bacon, Blue Cheese and Celery These ingredients make an interesting sauce which can be used with vegetables or stirred into pasta. serves: 4-5 3 stalks celery, washed and sliced 2 cups milk 3 tbs. butter or margarine 3 slices bacon, chopped 3 tbs. all purpose flour 3/4 cup cubed Danish blue cheese freshly ground pepper Place the celery in a saucepan with the milk, cover and simmer gently for 12-15 minutes until the celery is tender. Strain the milk, reserving the celery. Melt the butter or margarine in a pan, add the bacon for 2 minutes. Add the flour and cook for 2 minutes, stirring all the time. Remove the pan from the heat and gradually add the strained milk.. Return the pan to the heat and cook stirring, until the sauce thickens, about 3-5 minutes. Add the reserved celery, the cheese and pepper to taste. Heat through to melt the cheese. (freeze for about 1-2 months only, because of the bacon)

: 38 : Seafood Shelled shrimps and mussels are now available in cans or cooked and chilled. The fish may be varied according to availability. For a really luxurious sauce, make the richer version of veloute. serves:3-4 12 oz mixed fresh fish, e.g. monkfish, squid, scallops 2 cups water veloute sauce made with the liquid from cooking fish 4 oz peeled shrimps 4 oz cooked mussels Prepare the fish: cut into cubes or rings and poach in the water, adding squid first as it takes longer. Cook until just tender. Remove the fish with a slotted spoon and reserve the liquor. Make the veloute sauce, using the fish liquor; then stir in the cooked fish and shellfish. Serve with pasta. (not suitable for freezing; have the veloute sauce in the freezer and add the fish when required) Tomato and Olive This uses fresh tomatoes, but canned tomatoes can be substituted if necessary. yield: 2 cups 1 tbs. olive oil 1 onion, chopped 1 clove garlic, crushed 1 lb. fresh tomatoes, skinned and chopped 2 tbs. wine or cider vinegar 1 tsp. Worcestershire sauce 3/4 cup chopped stuffed olives 1/4 cup pitted and chopped black olives 2 tbs. chopped fresh parsley, or 1 tbs. chopped fresh basil Heat the oil in a saucepan, add the onion and cook without browning until soft, about 2 minutes. Stir in the garlic and tomatoes and cook until a pulp, about 10 minutes. Add the remaining ingredients. Heat through and serve with pasta and with Parmesan cheese, if liked. (suitable for freezing) Spanish serves: 3-4 3 tbs. 2 2 cups 2 cloves 2 0z can 10 3 tbs. olive oil spanish onions, thinly sliced sliced button mushrooms garlic, crushed anchovies, well drained pimento-stuffed olives, halved light cream

freshly ground pepper 2 tbs. chopped fresh parsley freshly grated Parmesan cheese Heat the oil in a pan, and cook the onions until just softened. Stir in the mushrooms, garlic, anchovies, olives, cream, pepper and parsley. Heat through and serve over pasta, sprinkled with Parmesan cheese (not suitable for freezing)

: 39 : Vegetarian Pasta yield: 1 cups 2 tsp. olive oil 2/3 cup finely sliced red bell pepper 2 leaves spinach, washed and finely chopped 1 clove garlic, crushed 2 tsp. finely chopped sage 1/3 cup chopped walnuts 1 cup scant fromage frais 1 tsp. cornstarch 1 tsp. freshly grated Parmesan cheese freshly ground pepper Put the oil in a saucepan with red bell peppers and spinach. Cook gently to soften the vegetables, about 5 minutes; then stir in the garlic, sage and walnuts and cook for 30 seconds. Blend the cornstarch with fromage frais and stir into the vegetables. Cook for 1 minute to thicken slightly, then add the parmesan and pepper. (not suitable for freezing) Creole This sauce is suitable to serve with sausages, omelets and some vegetables. yield: 2 cups 1 red bell pepper 1 green bell pepper 2 tbs. olive oil 2 onions, chopped 1 clove garlic, crushed(optional) 14 oz can chopped tomatoes salt and freshly ground pepper 1 tbs. cornstarch 1 tsp. superfine sugar Deseed the bell peppers and slice fairly thinly. Put the oil in a saucepan with the bell peppers and onions. Cover and cook gently for about 10 minutes to soften. Stir in the garlic, if using, with the tomatoes and seasoning. Bring to a boil and cook for about 10 minutes. Blend the cornstarch with a little water and stir into the pan. Bring to a boil, stirring and cook until thickened. Stir in the sugar and adjust the seasoning to taste. (this freezes well) Bagna Cauda This is a traditional Italian sauce to serve with raw vegetables or crisp bread or grissini sticks. it is truly wonderful with globe artichoke. yield: 2/3 cups 2 oz can anchovies in olive oil 1/3 cup unsalted butter 6 cloves garlic, crushed 2 tbs. olive oil

Using a pair of kitchen scissors, snip the anchovies into small pieces in the can. Melt the butter in a pan and add all the ingredients, including the anchovies and their oil. Cover and cook very gently for 10 minutes. Serve hot, straightaway. (not suitable for freezing)

: 40 : Mexican Green Salsa This sauce is hot because of the chilies. Taking out the seeds gives a gentler heat. Serve with chicken, spicy sausages or filled tortillas. yield: 1 cups 3 cups chopped green tomatoes 2 oz chopped onions 2 cloves garlic, crushed 2 tbs. finely chopped fresh parsley 2 small green chilies, sliced salt and pepper Place all the ingredients in a saucepan and bring slowly to a boil. Simmer gently until the tomatoes are soft. Using a potato masher, break down the sauce and adjust the seasoning if necessary. (will freeze) Raita This Indian relish is served with spicy food to cool it down. A refreshing dish which goes well with samosas, curries and barbequed food. yield: 2 cups 5-in piece English cucumber salt and pepper 2 cups yoghurt 2-3 tbs. chopped fresh mint garam masala and paprika Peel and coarsely grate the cucumber; then place it in a nylon strainer over a bowl and sprinkle with a little salt. Leave for 15 minutes, then press out most of the juice. Put the yoghurt in a bowl, then add the cucumber, mint and seasoning. Serve sprinkled with garam masala and paprika. (not suitable for freezing) Sweet and Sour A versatile sauce derived from Chinese cookery but now served with chicken, duck, turkey and crispy battered and crumbed products. yield: 2 cups 2 tbs. oil 1 small carrot, cut into shreds 1 small leek, trimmed and thinly sliced small red bell pepper 1 large clove garlic, crushed 1 cups chicken stock 1 tbs. soy sauce 1 tbs. cornstarch 1-2 tbs. white wine vinegar 1 tsp. sugar salt and pepper

Heat oil in a pan, add the vegetables and cook, stirring, for about 5 minutes. Do not let the vegetables brown. Stir in the garlic, add the chicken stock and cook for another 5 minutes. Blend the cornstarch, soy sauce and vinegar, adding a little of the hot stock as well, then pour into the pan and cook for 3 minutes or until the sauce has thickened. Stir in the sugar, salt and pepper to taste. (suitable for freezing)

: 41 : Black Bean A traditional Chinese sauce authentically served with steamed fish or chicken. It may also be served with broiled or poached fish or poultry, or used as the cooking medium for finely sliced beef steak, pork or lamb after a brief stir frying. yield: 2/3 cups 1 tsp. sesame oil 1 tbs. oil 3-in piece fresh ginger root, peeled and cut into fine strips 4 large scallions, finely shredded diagonally 1 large clove garlic, finely chopped 2/3 cup dry sherry 3 tbs. salted black beans 1 tbs. lemon juice 2 tbs. soy sauce 1 tsp. sugar 1 tsp. cornstarch(optional) Heat the oils in a wok, add the ginger, scallions and garlic and cook for about 3 minutes. Stir in the remaining ingredients and cook, covered, for 15 minutes. If liked, thicken slightly by blending the cornstarch with 2 tablespoons water, then stirring it into the sauce. Bring to a boil, stirring and simmer for 2 minutes. (make and use the same day) Teriyaki This Japanese sauce is used both as a marinade and as a coating for broiled foods such as chicken, beef and pork. It may also be brushed over skewered foods such as chicken and scallions before broiling or served as a coating sauce. yield: 2 cups 2 tbs. scallions, finely chopped 3 cloves garlic, crushed 1 tbs. grated fresh root ginger 1 tsp. sesame oil scant 1 cup Japanese soy sauce 1/2 cup Japanese Saki or dry sherry 3 tbs. sugar 3/4 cup chicken stock 1 tsp. cornstarch Place the scallions, garlic and ginger in a saucepan with the sesame oil and cook slowly for a few seconds. Add the soy sauce, Saki or sherry, sugar and chicken stock. Bring to a boil and simmer for 10 minutes. Blend the cornstarch with a little water, add some of the hot liquid, then return to the pan. Bring to a boil, stirring, then reduce the heat until the sauce thickens, about 2-3 minutes. (not suitable for freezing)

: 42 : Korma Usually the meat is cooked in this popular Indian sauce. You could make this sauce in advance, then add strips of sauted chicken, allowing time for flavours to mingle. yield: 2 cups 3 tbs. oil 1 cups finely chopped onions cup ground almond tsp. turmeric powder 1 tbs. ground cumin 2 tbs. ground coriander 2 tsp. grated fresh ginger root 4 cloves garlic, crushed 1 cups water 2/3 cup light cream 2 tsp. salt Heat the oil in a pan and slowly fry the onion until softened but not browned. Add the spices, ginger, garlic and ground almonds. Cook for 1 minute, then gradually add the water. Stir in the cream and salt and cook covered for about 30 minutes, stirring occasionally. The sauce should be fairly thick and creamy; if not, increase the heat to reduce a little. (this will freeze well) Coconut and Chili A modern sauce to serve hot over chicken or vegetables, or use as a side sauce for a vegetable curry or samosas. yield: 1 cups 2 tbs. oil 1 onion, finely chopped 1 tsp. grated fresh ginger root 1 green chili, deseeded and finely chopped 2 cloves garlic, crushed 4 tsp. curry powder 1 tsp. turmeric 2 oz creamed coconut 2 cups hot water juice of 1 lime 2 tbs. cream Heat the oil in a pan, add the chopped onion and saut without browning for about 5 minutes. Stir in the ginger, chili and garlic, and cook for 1 minute. Stir in the turmeric and curry powder, and cook for 30 seconds. Remove the pan from the heat. Dissolve the creamed coconut in the hot water, then pour into the pan and stir around. Bring the sauce to a boil, then reduce the heat, cover and simmer, stirring occasionally, for about 30 minutes, or until the sauce has reduced and had thickened. Stir in the lime juice and the cream. (this sauce will freeze very well)

: 43 : Pesto This traditional Italian sauce for pasta freezes well and is a good way of using up fresh basil, when available. Pecorino Romano cheese could be used instead of Parmesan and I have even used Gouda occasionally. yield: 2/3 cups cup virgin olive oil 1 cups fresh basil leaves 2 cloves garlic, crushed 2 tbs. pine nuts pinch of salt freshly ground black pepper cup grated Parmesan cheese 2 tbs. cream(optional) A food processor or blender can be used for this recipe, or use a pestle with a mortar and blend the ingredients and oil gradually. Place the oil, basil, garlic, pine nuts, salt and pepper in the food processor or blender and process until creamy. Transfer to a bowl and fold in the cheese and cream, if using. (freeze in small amounts) Barbeque Sauce yield: 2 cups 2 tbs. butter 1 small onion, finely chopped 1 stalk celery, finely chopped 1 clove garlic, crushed 2 tsp. dry mustard 2 tbs. soft brown sugar tsp. Tabasco sauce 14 oz can tomato juice 3 tbs. Worcestershire sauce juice of 1 orange 4 tbs. wine vinegar 1 bayleaf salt and pepper Melt the butter in a saucepan, add the onion and celery and cook for about 5 minutes until softened but not browned. Stir in the garlic and cook for 2 minutes. Add the remaining ingredients, bring to a boil and simmer for 10-15 minutes. Adjust the seasoning and remove the bayleaf before serving either hot or cold. (ideal for freezing)

: 44 : Gado Gado This is an Indonesian recipe which I have simplified by using crunchy peanut butter. If preferred, grind salted peanuts and adjust the consistency accordingly. Serve over mixed salads or vegetable dishes such as vegetable bakes and with more water if required. yield: 1 cups 2 tbs. oil 1 onion, finely chopped 1 tsp. chili powder 2 tsp. freshly grated ginger root 1 clove garlic, crushed cup crunchy peanut butter 1 cups water 1 tbs. molasses 1 tbs. lemon juice 1 tsp. soy sauce 2 tbs. light cream(optional) Heat oil in a pan, add the onion and cook for 3 minutes. Add the chili, ginger and garlic and cook for 2 minutes; then let cool slightly. Stir in all the remaining ingredients except the cream. The sauce will thickens as it cools; if necessary add extra water for a thinner sauce and the cream for a creamier sauce. (this will freeze for a short time but may need thinning again) Satay A simple Indonesian peanut sauce to serve with broiled skewered meats or fish. yield: 1 cups 1 tbs. oil 1 small onion, finely chopped 1 tsp. chili pwd cup peanut butter 2 tsp. soy sauce 1 tsp. soft brown sugar 1 tbs. lemon juice 1 oz creamed coconut 2/3 cup water Heat oil in a pan and cook the onion until softened. Add the chili powder and cook for 30 seconds; then stir in the peanut butter, soy sauce, sugar and lemon juice. Remove the pan from the heat. Dissolve the coconut in hot water and stir into the pan. Let cool before serving. (this will freeze for a short time)

: 45 : Apricot Curry A simple fruity sauce to go with chicken, lamb, pork and vegetables. yield: 1 cups 1 cup dried apricots 2 tbs. oil 1 medium onion, coarsely chopped 1 tbs. curry powder 2 tbs. all purpose flour 2 cups water 1 tsp. tomato paste tsp. salt Cover the apricots with boiling water while preparing the sauce. Heat oil in a pan and cook the onions for 5 minutes without browning. Stir in the curry powder and cook gently for 2 minutes. Stir in the flour and cook for1 minutes. Gradually add the water; then bring to a boil, stirring. Cook for 2 minutes. Drain and chop the apricots; add them to the sauce, then cover and simmer gently for 20 minutes. Add tomato paste and salt. (this will freeze well) Gooseberry Traditionally this sauce is served with mackerel, but it may also be served with pork and ham steaks or smoked shoulder butt. For a thicker sauce add 2 tbs. beurre manie. yield: 1 cups 1 cups gooseberries 1/3 cup water 2 tbs. butter 1 tbs. chopped fresh fennel sugar to taste salt and freshly ground pepper Wash, top and tail the gooseberries; then place them in a saucepan with the water and cook until soft. Either leave them whole or puree the sauce. Add the remaining ingredients, heat through and serve. (suitable for freezing) Plum Substitute some port for some of the wine you prefer. Serve with ham, turkey or venison. yield: 2 cups 1 lb. plums, pits removed 1 cups white wine 2 tbs. tarragon vinegar 3 tbs. sugar 1 tbs. cornstarch salt and freshly ground white pepper Skin the plums, if liked, then put them in a saucepan with wine and vinegar. Simmer gently until tender; then press through a strainer or liquidize to a puree. Add sugar and simmer without the lid until reduced by quarter.

Blend the cornstarch with a little water and stir in some of the hot liquid; then stir this mixture into the pan. Bring to a boil, stirring and add seasoning and cook for about 2 minutes until thickened. Serve either hot or cold. (this will freeze better before the cornstarch is added)

: 46 : Apple This sauce may be served with pork, duck or goose. yield: 1 cups 1 lb. cooking apples 2-3 tbs. water 1 tbs. butter salt and pepper 2 tsp. sugar(optional) Peel, core and slice the apples; then put them in a saucepan with the water. Cook gently to soften the apples for about 10 minutes. Stir in the remaining ingredients, adding enough sugar to take the sharpness away. Press through a strainer for a smoother sauce, if liked. (this freezes very well and is worth making in large quantities, then dividing between small freezing containers) Apple and Sloe An unusual tangy combination. yield: 1 cups cup ripe sloes 1 tbs. butter 1 small onion, chopped 5 tbs. water 8 oz cooking apples 3 juniper berries, crushed pinch of all spice(optional) and extra butter Wash the sloes and remove the stalks. Melt the butter in a pan and cook the onions until soft, about 5 minutes. Stir in the sloes and water and cook until softened, about 5 minutes. Peel, core and slice apples. Add them and the berries to the pan. Cook slowly until the fruit is tender, adding a little water if necessary to prevent the sauce sticking. Stir in the allspice, if using and extra butter. (suitable for freezing) Cherry Brandy this sauce improves if kept for a day or two for the flavour to mature. Serve with duck or venison. yield: 2 cups 1 tsp. oil 1 small onion, finely chopped 3 tbs. port 3 tbs. cherry brandy 2 cups chicken stock 2 tbs. cornstarch finely grated rind and juice of 1 orange 2 tbs. red wine vinegar 1 cups pitted and halved, fresh or frozen cherries Heat oil in a pan, add onions and cook until softened, about 3 minutes. Stir in the port and cherry brandy and cook for 1 minute. Stir in most of the chicken stock; then remove the pan from the heat.

Blend the cornstarch with the remaining stock; then stir into the pan with the orange rind and juice. Bring slowly to a boil, stirring, then reduce the heat and simmer until thickened and clear, 3-5 minutes. Stir in wine vinegar and cherries and heat gently to warm the cherries. (suitable for freezing)

: 47 : Starfruit and Pineapple A truly fruity sauce, goes well with duck. yield: 2 cups 1 small leek, trimmed and finely shredded 2 cups medium sweet white wine cup cider vinegar 1 small starfruit(carambola), thinly sliced cup canned small pineapple pieces 2 tsp. whole grain mustard 2 tbs. granulated sugar 2 tbs. cornstarch Put the leek, wine, vinegar and starfruit in a pan, cutting the pieces smaller if necessary. Cover and cook to soften the leek and cook the starfruit a little-this should not take more than 10 minutes, depending on the ripeness of the fruit. Remove the pan from the heat and stir in the pineapple. Blend the mustard, sugar and cornstarch in a little water. Stir in some of the liquid from the pan, then return this mixture to the pan. Bring to a boil, stirring and cook until thickened, about 3 minutes. Serve hot or cold. (not suitable for freezing) Pineapple and Green Bell Pepper A good sauce to serve with duck, pork or ham. yield: 2 cups 2 tbs. butter 1 small onion, chopped 75 gms/3 oz green bell pepper, deseeded and diced 14 oz can pineapple rings about 2/3 cupschicken stock 1 tbs. cornstarch 1 tbs. lemon juice salt and pepper Melt the butter in a pan and fry the onions for 3 minutes until softened. Stir in the green bell pepper and cook for 2 minutes or until softened. Remove the pan from the heat. Drain and reserve the pineapple rings and cut up the pineapple rings. Make up the juice to 1 cups with chicken stock and add to the onion and pepper. Blend the cornstarch with the lemon juice and some of the stock from the pan; then add this mixture to the pan. Bring to a boil, stirring and cook for 3 minutes. Add the pineapple pieces, heat through, season to taste and serve. (this sauce will freeze for a short time only)

: 48 : Spring Ginger A sweet, slightly sharp, spicy sauce ideal for serving with pork, chicken or smoked shoulder butt. yield: 1 cups 3 tbs. butter or margarine 1 onion, chopped tsp. coriander tsp. ground ginger or 1 tsp. grated fresh ginger root 2 tbs. cornstarch 1 cups chicken stock 1 tsp. lemon juice cup chopped candied ginger salt and pepper Melt butter or margarine in a pan, add the onion and cook without browning until softened. Remove the pan from the heat and stir in the coriander and ginger. Blend the cornstarch with a little of the stock, then stir in the remainder and pour it into the pan. Return the pan to the heat and stir until the sauce thickens. Bring to a boil and cook for 2 minutes. Stir in the remaining ingredients, adding salt and pepper to taste. (suitable for freezing) Aioli This garlic mayonnaise can be served with vegetables, as a salad dressing or dip. If you add parsley, it is good with scampi, fish or chicken goujons. yield: 1 cups 4 cloves garlic, crushed 2 egg yolks pinch of salt and pepper 1 cups olive oil lemon juice(optional) Crush the garlic until really smooth, then put in a bowl. Add the egg yolks and salt and beat well. Gradually beat in the oil, as for mayonnaise. If the mixture becomes too thick, add a little lemon juice or warm water. Taste and adjust the seasoning. (not suitable for freezing)

: 49 : Cold Curry This sauce is to mix with cold cooked chicken for either Coronation Chicken or Chicken Elizabeth. It can be served over hard cooked eggs as a starter. yield: 2 cups (enough for two cooked chicken) 1 tbs. oil 1 small onion, finely chopped 1 tsp. tomato paste cup water 1 tbs. mango chutney 2/3 cup plain yoghurt 1 cups mayonnaise 2 tbs. light cream(optional) Place the oil and onions in a saucepan and cook gently for about 5 minutes until onion is softened. Stir in curry powder and fry for about 1 minute. Add tomato paste, water and mango chutney and simmer for about 5 minutes. Press through a strainer and let cool. Place in a bowl and gradually beat in the yoghurt, making sure it is well blended between each addition. Fold in the mayonnaise and the cream, if using. (not suitable for freezing) Ravigote A mayonnaise based saucefor serving with cold chicken, beef or salmon. yield: 1 cups 1 cups mayonnaise 1 tsp. Dijon mustard 1 tbs. capers, finely chopped 2 tbs. chopped fresh herbs, such as tarragon, chives and parsley 2 scallions, trimmed and finely chopped 1 hard cooked egg, finely chopped dash or Worcestershire sauce Put the mayonnaise in a bowl and mix in the remaining ingredients. Let sit for a while to allow flavours to blend. Chill before serving. (not suitable for freezing) Remoulade A classic mayonnaise to serve with fish or to stir into a fish and pasta salad. yield: 1 cups 1 cups mayonnaise 1 tsp. Dijon mustard 1 tbs. capers, finely chopped I tbs. gherkins, finely chopped 1 tbs. chopped fresh herbs, tarragon 1 tsp. pounded anchovy fillets or anchovy paste 1 hard cooked egg, finely chopped salt and freshly ground pepper

Place the mayonnaise in a bowl, stir in the remaining ingredients and adjust the seasoning to taste. Serve chilled to let the flavours mingle. (not suitable for freezing)

: 50 : Quick Caper and Lemon Serve with fish or as a relish, or thin down a little and use as a dressing for pasta or salad. yield: 1 cups 1 cups sour cream or creme fraiche 2 tbs. capers, chopped grated rind of 1 lemon salt and freshly ground white pepper a little chopped parsley Place the sour cream or creme fraiche in a bowl and whisk with a fork. Add the remaining ingredients. Chill slightly before serving. (quick to make, no need to freeze) Tonnata (Tuna Fish Mayonnaise) A delicious and versatile Italian sauce. Serve over cold cooked chicken, hard boiled eggs or with veal, or try stirring it into a pasta salad. yield: 1 cup 3/4 cup mayonnaise 3 oz can tuna fish, well drained small can of anchovy fillets, well drained freshly ground pepper 2 tsp. lemon juice, or to taste Place the mayonnaise and tuna in a blender or food processor with 3 of the anchovy fillets. Blend until smooth, then add a little pepper and lemon juice to taste. Serve garnished with remaining anchovy fillets. (not suitable for freezing) Tartare Serve as an accompaniment to fish. Use half mayonnaise and half yoghurt for a lighter, healthier sauce. yield: 2/3 cups 2/3 cups mayonnaise 1 tsp. caper 1 mini gherkin tsp. each finely chopped fresh parsley, tarragon and chives salt and pepper Place the mayonnaise in a serving dish. Chop capers and gherkins fairly small and add to mayonnaise with the herbs and seasoning to taste. If the sauce is too thick, add a little vinegar from the capers. Serve fairly soon after being made. (not suitable for freezing)

: 51 : Cranberry A traditional sauce for turkey, which goes well with pork, venison and lamb, too. The rind and juice of an orange could also be added. yield: 1 cups 2 cups fresh cranberries 2/3 cup water cup sugar, or to taste tsp. ground mace(optional) salt and pepper small knob of butter Place the cranberries in a saucepan with the water and cook gently for about 10 minutes until softened. Add sufficient sugar to sweeten, with the mace, if using, season and a small knob of butter. Serve either hot or cold. (ideal made in advance and frozen) Mint The only real sauce to serve with roast lamb. The quantities here have to be a bit vague, as it depends so much upon personal preference. I feel the mint should be solid so the vinegar just floats on the surface. yield: 2/3 cups handful of fresh mint 3-4 tsp. sugar, to taste 4 tbs. white wine vinegar Wash and dry the mint well; then chop it finely. Place it in a serving dish with some sugar, stir it around and leave for a while for the sugar to soften. Pour on sufficient vinegar ro float the mint. Alternatively, the sugar can be dissolved in the vinegar by warming it; let cool, then pour over mint. (freeze fresh mint leaves when seasonal) Tangy Redcurrant Relish This sauce is made very quickly using redcurrant jelly. If you find it too sweet, add a little extra vinegar. Serve with lamb, rolled ham roast or smoked picnic shoulder. yield: cup 6 tbs. redcurrant jelly 1 tbs. red wine vinegar Place the jelly in a small saucepan over a low heat and stir until it begins to melt. Add the vinegar and continue stirring until the lumps dissolve. Bring to a boil and simmer for 2 minutes to reduce the sauce a little. Serve hot or cold. (freezing not recommended)

: 52 : Avocado Dressing This quick sauce should be prepared at the last minute as avocado can discolour quickly. Serve with salads or jacket potatoes. yield: 2/3 cups 1 ripe avocado 1 tbs. lemon juice 4 tbs. french dressing 2 tbs. chopped fresh chives 1 tsp. Tabasco sauce Peel and pit the avocado, place it in a bowl and mash with a fork until smooth. Add the lemon juice; then add all remaining ingredients. (not suitable for freezing) French Dressing (Vinaigrette) This is a useful item to have in the refrigerator and it keeps well. Make it in a screw top jar with a plastic lid to prevent corrosion from the vinegar. Heavy vinegars are too harsh, so use cider, herb or wine vinegar instead. The flavour can be varied by using different oils, sweeteners and mustards. This is the basic recipe. yield: cup pinch each of salt, pepper, superfine sugar and fine mustard 8 tbs. oil 2 tbs. vinegar 1 clove garlic, crushed Place the seasonings in a screw top jat; blend in a little of the oil, then add the remainder with the vinegar. Shake well. Chopped fresh herbs can be added. (not suitable for freezing) Boiled Salad Dressing A sharp creamy dressing good with potatoes and eggs. Use whole grain mustard if liked. yield: 1 cups 1 tbs. light soft brown sugar 2 tbs. all purpose flour 1 tsp. salt 2 tsp. Dijon mustard 2/3 cup white malt vinegar 4 tbs. water 2 tbs. unsalted butter 2/3 cup creamy milk, or half milk and half light cream Mix the dry ingredients together, add the mustard, then blend in the vinegar and water. Place in a heavy saucepan and bring to a boil. Reduce to a simmer and cook stirring, for about 10 minutes, adding more water if necessary. Remove the pan from the fire and add the butter and milk. (not suitable for freezing)

: 53 : Sour Cream and Chives This sauce could also be made from yoghurt or creme fraiche and other herbs could be substituted for the chives. yield: 2/3 cups 2/3 cup sour cream 1 tbs. lemon juice 2 tbs. finely chopped fresh chives Tabasco sauce salt and freshly ground pepper paprika pepper(optional) Combine the sour cream with the lemon juice and chives in a bowl. Add a few drops of Tabasco and salt and pepper to taste. Spoon into a serving dish and, if liked, sprinkle over a little paprika pepper. (freezing not recommended, sour cream does not freeze well) Waldorf This makes a good accompaniment to beets or tomato in jelly and may also be served with cold meats. yield: 1 cups 1 eating apple, cored and diced cup chopped walnuts 1 stalk celery, finely chopped 2 tsp. chopped fresh parsley or chives 1 cup sour cream cup mayonnaise salt and pepper Mix all ingredients together, adding salt and pepper to taste. (not suitable for freezing) Horseradish The correct way to make this sauce is to grate your own horseradish. Grated horseradish can be bought in jars but the flavour is not as good. Use a mixture of yoghurt and sour cream in this recipe to make it less rich, if preferred. yield: 3/4 cup 5 tbs. freshly grated horseradish 2/3 cup whipping cream or sour cream salt and pepper pinch of sugar a little made English mustard Mix all ingredients together. Serve with beef. (suitable for freezing)

: 54 : Sour Cream Dressing The herbs in this dressing should be varied; try using tarragon instead of marjoram, for example. A nice sauce to serve with jacket potatoes or tossed into pasta salads. yield: 2/3 cup 2/3 cup sour cream 1 tbs. lemon juice or french dressing 1 tbs. finely chopped fresh parsley, chives and marjoram 1 tsp. Tabasco sauce salt and freshly ground black pepper Place the sour cream in a bowl, then stir in all the remaining ingredients, adding seasoning to taste. Serve chilled. (not suitable for freezing) Blue Cheese Dressing This can be made with any blue cheese and any combination of yoghurt, mayonnaise, creme fraiche or sour cream. Care should be taken, however, if the blue cheese is on the acid side, as it may clash with sharp yoghurt. Ideal for salads and jacket potatoes. yield: 2 cups cup light cream cheese 4 oz Mycella, Danish or other blue cheese 6 tbs. mayonnaise 1-2 tbs. milk 1 tbs. chopped fresh parsley 1 tbs. chopped fresh chives freshly ground pepper Place the cheeses in a bowl and mash well; then gradually blend in the mayonnaise and milk. A food processor could be used for this. Add the remaining ingredients, with a little more milk if necessary to give the required consistency. (not suitable for freezing) Watercress and Walnut An unusual dressing to serve over green salads or rice. yield: 1 cups 1 scallion, finely chopped 1 tsp. creamed horseradish sauce scant 1 cup creme fraiche 5 tbs. milk salt and pepper cup chopped walnuts bunch watercress, stalks removed Mix together the scallion, horseradish sauce, creme fraiche and milk. Season to taste. Add remaining ingredients and chill for 30 minutes before serving. (not suitable for freezing)

: 55 : White Wine Marinade Use this uncooked marinade with chicken, fish or turkey and add some of it to the sauce for flavour. yield: 3 cups 6 peppercorns 1 carrot, finely chopped 1 small onion, finely chopped 1 small clove garlic, peeled(optional) 1 stalk celery, chopped sprig of parsley sprig of thyme 1 bayleaf 2 cups dry white wine 3/4 cup oil Mix all the ingredients together and add to the meat to be marinated; then cover and leave in refrigerator for upto 12 hours(about 3 hours for firm fish). Turn the meat occasionally. (not suitable for freezing) Tomato Dressing A good dressing to make when tomatoes are plentiful. Serve over cold fish or vegetables and substitute other herbs, if liked. yield: 1 cups 12 oz fresh ripe tomatoes 5 tbs. olive oil 2 tbs. white wine vinegar 1 tsp. tomato paste 1 clove garlic, crushed 1 tbs. lemon juice salt and freshly ground black pepper 1 tbs. chopped fresh basil Puree the tomatoes in a blender or food processor; then press through a strainer. Mix all the remaining ingredients. Chill before serving so the flavours develop. (not suitable for freezing) Thousand Island Dressing yield: 1 cups 2/3 cup mayonnaise 2/3 cup creme fraiche or thick plain yoghurt 1 tbs. cider vinegar pinch of paprika 2 tbs. tomato ketchup 6 pimento stuffed olives, chopped 2 tsp. chopped fresh chives 1 tsp. chopped fresh parsley 1 clove garlic, crushed salt and freshly ground pepper a little milk(optional)

Mix all ingredients together; then cover and chill to let the flavour develop. Add a little milk for a thinner sauce. (not suitable for freezing)

2 tbs. 3 tbs. 2 cups 2-3 knobs sugar to taste Mix the custard powder and cocoa in a basin with some of the cold milk. Heat the remaining milk until just boiling, then pour it over the blended mixture, stirring. Rinse out the saucepan and return the custard to the pan. Bring to a boil, stirring and cook for 3 minutes. Add butter and sugar to taste. Serve either hot or cold. (suitable for freezing) Confectioners' Custard Flour is used to thicken this custard, thus reducing the number of egg yolks required. Vanilla sugar could be used instead of vanilla extract. Use as a filling for cakes or fruit tarts. yield: 1 cups 1 cups milk few drops of vanilla extract 2 egg yolks cup superfine sugar cup all purpose flour Pour the milk into a saucepan, bring to a boil, then remove from the heat and add the vanila extract. Whisk egg yolks in a bowl with the sugar until thick and creamy, then fold in the flour. Gradually stir the milk into this mixture. Rinse out the saucepan and pour back the custard. Cook over a low heat, stirring, for1-2 minutes to cook the flour. The custard should be thick enough to coat the back of the spoon. A little cream may be added if the custard becomes too thick. (suitable for freezing, but beat well on thawing) Quick Custard Serve over puddings, fruit salads or stewed fruits. yield: 1 cups 2 tbs. custard powder 1 cups milk 1 tbs. sugar Blend the custard powder with a little cold milk to give a smooth paste. Bring the remaining milk almost to a boil, then pour it over the blended paste. Rinse out the saucepan, return the milk to the pan and bring to a boil, stirring all the time. Cook for 2 minutes until the custard has thickened. Add sugar to taste. Serve either hot or cold. (quick to make, so not worth freezing)

: 56 : Chocolate Custard This is a basic cornstarch and cocoa powder custard. yield: 2 cups custard powder cocoa powder milk butter

: 57 : Butterscotch This is ideal to serve over ice cream sundaes, pancakes and steamed chocolate pudding. Yield: 1 cups light corn syrup 2/3 cup light soft brown sugar 2 tbs. butter 2 tbs. boiling water -1 tsp. vanilla extract 4 tbs. light cream Place the syrup, sugar and butter in a heavy based saucepan. Heat gently until the sugar has dissolved, stirring occasionally; then bring to a boil and boil steadily for 3 minutes. Remove the pan from the heat and very slowly add the boiling water. Mix well, then let cool slightly. Stir in vanilla. then add cream a spoonful at a time, mixing in each addition. Serve either hot or cold, adding extra cream to thin the sauce if necessary. (will keep well in refrigerator) Caramel This sauce keeps well in a screw top jar for ages, so make double the recipe if you like. Great care should be taken when boiling the sugar. Yield: 1 cups 3/4 cup superfine sugar 2/3 cup child water cup warm water Place the sugar in a medium sized heavy based saucepan and add the cold water. Heat gently to dissolve the sugar, making sure there are no sugar crystals on the sides of the pan. When the sugar has completely dissolved, bring to a boil. Continue boiling until the sugar becomes a pale golden colour. Watch it constantly, as if it becomes too dark, the caramel will be bitter. Quickly cover your hand with a dish cloth, then pick up the pan and immediately dip the base of it in cold water to stop the cooking. Still keeping your hand covered, very slowly pour in the warm water; then return the pan to the stove top to dissolve any caramel on the base. Let cool before storing in a screw top glass jar. (will keep in a kitchen cabinet) Hot Fudge A simple sauce made with staple ingredients. Serve with ice cream and steamed puddings. yield: 3/4 cup 1 cup light soft brown sugar 4 tbs. light corn syrup cup unsalted butter 8 tbs. evaporated milk Place all the ingredients in a heavy saucepan and heat gently for 5 minutes until they are well blended. Do not let boil. (will keep in the refrigerator for a few days) VARIATIONS

Add 2 tbs. chopped dates. 1/3 cup chopped walnuts or Brazils or 2 squares grated dark chocolate.

4 squares 1 tbs. 2/3 cup knob of butter few drops of vanilla extract(optional) Break the chocolate into pieces and place in a saucepan with the sugar and hot water. Heat gently to melt the chocolate and dissolve the sugar, stirring occasionally. Raise the heat to let the sauce bubble gently and reduce a little, until it becomes syrupy. Stir in the butter and the vanilla, if using. A little brandy or rum could also be added, but not too much in case it masks the flavour of the chocolate. (keeps for 2-3 weeks without freezing) Quick Toffee yield: 3/4 cup 225 gms/8oz toffees or caramels 6 tbs. water Place the ingredients in a small saucepan. Stir over a low heat until melted. VARIATION Add 4 tbs. chopped mixed nuts. (will keep for 1-2 weeks in refrigerator) Hot Ginger Serve with ice cream, pears or melon or with a green fruit salad. yield: 1 cups 4 tsp. cornstarch 1 cups water 2 tbs. clear honey tsp. ground ginger 1-2 tbs. chopped candied ginger 2 tbs. syrup from the ginger jar Blend the cornstarch with a little of the water. Heat the remaining water. Add the honey and ground ginger. Blend a little of this liquid into the cornstarch and mix into the saucepan. Cook for 3 minutes. Add the chopped ginger and syrup to the sauce. (suitable for freezing) Raspberry Coulis A fruit coulis is a fruit puree which is strained to remove the skin and pips. The firmer soft fruits such as blackcurrants and cherries need cooking first. Fruit purees may also be thickened with arrowroot. yield: 2 cups 1 lb. fresh or frozen strawberries confectioners' sugar or sweeten lemon juice

: 58 : Chocolate A rich chocolate sauce that can be made ahead. yield: 2/3 cups dark chocolate sugar hot water

Pick the fruit over; then, using a plastic strainer or a food processor, puree the raspberries. Strain out the pips if necessary. Sweeten with confectioners' sugar and add a little lemon juice to bring out the flavour. (when there is a glut of raspberries make a large quantity of coulis for the freezer. Put in suitable plastic containers and freeze) Note:- This is a good way of freezing strawberries, or they can just be mashed, to save space, then pureed when required.

: 59 : Orange Liqueur A quick last minute sauce to serve with pancakes, steamed puddings and ice cream or over meringues. yield: 3/4 cup 2/3 cup orange marmalade 1 tbs. superfine sugar juice of 1 orange 2 tbs. Cointreau or Grand Marnier 3 tsp. arrow root knob of butter Chop the marmalade if the pieces are large. Place in a saucepan with the sugar, orange juice and liqueur. Heat gently until the sugar has dissolved. Blend the arrowroot with a little water and add to the pan. Bring to a boil, stirring and cook until the sauce thickens. Stir in the butter. (not suitable for freezing) Orange Peel Serve with ice cream and steamed puddings. yield: 1 cups 1 cups orange juice 1 tbs. arrowroot 2 tbs. chopped candied orange peel 1 tbs. orange liqueur(optional) Blend a little of the orange juice with the arrowroot in the saucepan; then add the remaining juice. Bring to a boil, stirring and simmer until thickened and clear. Stir in the candied peel and the liqueur, if using. (suitable for freezing) Orange and Rum Butter A basic orange butter. Orange liqueur or brandy could be substituted for rum, if preferred. Serve with Christmas pudding, pancakes or steamed puddings. yield: 1 cup cup unsalted butter 2/3 cup light soft brown sugar 1 finely grated rind of orange juice of orange 2 tbs. rum 1 tbs. boiling water Cream the butter and sugar together until light and fluffy. Add all the remaining ingredients and beat until well blended. (suitable for freezing)

: 60 : Cherry Liqueur If a less sweet sauce is required, leave out the sugar, or use store-bought cherry compote. Serve over pancakes, ice cream or fruit fritters. yield: 2/3 cup 2/3 cup black cherry jam 1 tbs. brown sugar 1 miniature cherry brandy 1 tbs. lemon juice 1 tbs. cornstarch 3 tbs. water Place the jam, sugar, cherry brandy and lemon juice in a saucepan and heat gently to dissolve the sugar. Blend the cornstarch with the water and stir into the pan. Continue stirring until the mixture comes to a boil, then reduce the heat and cook for about 3-4 minutes. Cool slightly before serving. (not suitable for freezing)