Appendix 1.

Medicinal plants used by the Tibetans in Shangri-la Scientific Name (Voucher Specimen Number and Family Name) Abutilon paniculatum Hand.-Mazz. (1645, Malvaceae) Acanthocalyx alba (Hand.-Mazz.) M. Cannon (1528, Dipsacaceae) Acanthocalyx nepalensis (D.Don) M. Cannon (1440, Dipsacaceae) Agrimonia pilosa var. nepalensis (D. Don) Nakai (1584, Rosaceae) Ajuga forrestii Diels (1624, Labiatae) Anaphalis busua (Buch.-Ham. ex. D. Don) DC. (1603, Asteraceae) Anemone hupehensis Lem. (1642, Ranunculaceae) Anemone rivularis Buch.-Ham. ex DC. (1607, Ranunculaceae) Ethnomedicinal Preparations and Uses

Local Part(s)/Product Pronunciations Used zha ma Roots & leaves

Roots and leaves are consumed to moisten the intestine. Decoction is prepared to cure gynaecological diseases including emmeniopathy. Roots are stewed with meat and are eaten as tonic. Decoction is prepared to cure dysentery and enteritis. Decoction is consumed to cure dysentery. Powder of leaves is applied on the wound caused by cutting and shooting to heal it. The plant is also considered to have veterinary effects. Decoction is used as anthelmintic. Decoction is prepared to cure bronchitis. Powder is consumed with water to cure the same diseases. The plant is considered to have veterinary uses. Decoction has medicinal uses as detoxification, relieving fever, controlling internal hemorrhage and curing measles, dysentery and gastropathy.

\ \

Roots Roots

xian he cao

Roots

ku dan cao

Rhizome

hie gen wo l

Leaves

ye mian hua

Rhizome

hu zhang cao

Rhizome

Arctium lappa Linn. (1575, Asteraceae)

xue rong mu

Fruits, leaves & roots

Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott (1517, Araceae)

yi dua

Tuber

Arisaema saxatile Buchet (1587, Araceae) Asparagus myriacanthus Wang et S. C. Chen (1652, Liliaceae) Astilbe rivularis Bich.-Ham. ex D. Don (1562 & 1601, Saxifragaceae) Bidens pilosa L. (1619, Asteraceae) Boenninghausenia albiflora (Hook.) Reichenb. ex Meisn (1650, Rutaceae) Bupleurum petiolulatum Franchet (1516, Umbelliferae) Cannabis sativa L. (1627, Cannabiaceae) Clematis rehderiana Craib (1634, Ranunculaceae) Cornus capitata Wall. (1621, Cornaceae) Cuscuta japonica Choisy

dua

Tuber

Tuber tian men dong

Slices of tuber are dipped into brine for 2 days, then cleaned, dried and ground, then put the powder into a fresh clean gallbladder of cattle, expose the gallbladder to sunlight and do not change the gallbladder until the former one is dried. The powder can not be used until it has been put into 9 gallbladders and waited for at least one year later (the longer the better). It is to relieve a cough, cure hemoptysis and control pneumonia. Decoction is prepared to relieve a cough and control the chronic bronchitis. It is also considered to have veterinary uses by traditional healers. Tuber is considered to have tonic and hematinic uses. Crushed roots are mixed with wine and applied on body parts to set a broken bone. Leaves are steaming with egg and are eaten to cure hemorrhoids and anal hemorrhage. Whole plant is used to cure a cold.

l sheng ma

Roots

yi bao zhen

Leaves

Whole plant yang bu chi cao chai hu Whole plant

Decoction is prepared to cure a cold.

suo luo ba zhong

Stem & leaves Stem & leaves

yi mu yi che ke ta

Fruits, stem and leaves Vine

Decoction has medicinal uses as emmenagogue and invigorating the circulation of blood. Decoction is prepared to wash hair to cure calvities. Fruits, twig and leaves are used as veterinary medicine. Fruits are also eaten as food. Decoction is prepared to cure
II

(1633, Convolvulaceae) Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid. (1647, Asclepidaceae) Cynoglossum amabile Stapf et Drumm. (1611, Boraginaceae) ba be da Roots

hepatitis. Roots are stewed with meat and are eaten to cure rheumatism. Decoction is to cure dysentery. And the plant with white flowers is considered to have better medicinal uses. Rhizome is used as detoxification medicine, especially when having food poisoning. Crushed seeds are applied on the teeth to relieve toothache. Flower is steeping in wine with a proportion of 1/1000, and a small quantity of wine are drank to cure rheumatism. Bulbs are stewed with chicken and are eaten to cure women's eye itching and conjunctivitis. Nine fresh bulbs are swallowed to cure cardialgia. Powder is applied on body parts to set a broken bone and diminish inflammation; Decoction is prepared to stimulate the circulation of the blood and cause the muscles and joints to relax. Decoction of roots and other ingredients is prepared to cure sciatica and rheumatic neuralgia. Decoction is consumed to help digesting and cure dysentery and gastropathy. The plant is also considered as veterinary medicine. Decoction is prepared to cure dysentery. Powder is applied to heal cutting and shooting wounds. It is considered to have veterinary effects.

Whole plant ci jia mie diu

Cypripedium flavum P. F. Hunt et Summerh. (1401, Orchidaceae) Datura stramonium L. (1626, Solanaceae)

Rhizome zang a mie diu

\ seeds & flowers

Drosera peltata Smith (1529 & 1665, Droseraceae)

yong na zong nuo

Bulbs

Drynaria sinica Diels (1628 & 1719, Drynariaceae)

gu sui bu

Rhizome

Galium glandulosum Hand.-Mazz. (1639, Rubiaceae) Geranium sinensis R.Knuth (1612, Geraniaceae)

qiang zuo

Roots

Roots ge shan xiao

Gerbera nivea Sch.-Bip. (1622, Asteraceae) Gnaphalium hypoleucum DC. (1593, Asteraceae)

bai tou weng

Whole plant

xie xie hie gen wo l

Leaves

III

Grifola umbellata Pilat (1549, Polyporaceae)

pa jia tuo ti

underground sclerotium Tuber

Habenaria davidii Franch. (1615, Orchidaceae) Halenia elliptica D. Don (1613 & 1618, Gentianaceae) Hedera nepalensis var. sinensis (Tobl.) Rehd. (1643, Araliaceae) Hypericum bellum Li (1637, Hypericaceae) Leontopodium sinense Hemsl. (1592, Asteraceae) Leonurus japonicus Houttuyn (1648, Labiatae) Ligusticum brachylobum Franchet (1614, Umbelliferae) Maianthemum fusciduliflorum (Kawano) S. C. Chen & Kawano (1600, Liliaceae) Meeboldia yunnanensis (H. Wolff) Constance & F. T. Pu (1636, Umbelliferae) Morus alba L. (1646, Moraceae)

liang xiong di

Decoction is prepared to promote diuresis and to cure ascites and hydropsy. Decoction is prepared to cure sterility. Decoction of whole plant parts is consumed to cure hepatitis and dysentery. It is also considered as veterinary medicine. Decoction is prepared to set a broken bone and cure sciatica. Decoction helps preventing catching a cold, and decoction of leaves is prepared to cure roup. Powder is applied to heal cutting and shooting wounds. The plant is also considered to have veterinary effects. Whole plant is used to cure emmeniopathy.

qing ye dan

Whole plant

mer la guo l guo

Stem & leaves

tu lian qiao Fruits & leaves hie gen wo l Leaves

suo yesuo pu

Whole plant

be xie mu

Roots

Decoction is consumed to relieve a cough and cure a cold. Rhizome is used to promote diuresis.

wo bong

Rhizome

Whole plant

Decoction of the whole plant is used to relieve a cough and cure a cold. Decoction is prepared to relieve a cough and cure neuralgia. Whole plant is cut up and stir-fried, and then boiled. Decoction is to cure a cold and clean the bowel by purging when having food poisoning. Decoction is to cure rheumatism and gastropathy.

Roots, bark and twig

Origanum vulgare L. (1574, Labiatae) Paeonia delavayi var. lutea (Delavay ex Franch.) Finet et Gagnep. (1556,

le ren ne ba

Whole plant

Bark a duo luo duo

IV

Paeoniaceae)

Panax japonicus (Nees )C. A. Meyer (1480 & 1522, Araliaceae) Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. (1590, Phytolaccaceae) Pimpinella candolleana Wight & Arn (1545, Umbelliferae) Pinus densata Mast. (1559, Pinaceae)

ge da qi

Rhizome

tuo qiong

Roots

Roots yang shan chou no peng Turpentine

Rhizome is stewed with meat and eaten as tonic; Powder of rhizome is applied to set a broken bone and stanch a cut. Roots are crushed and applied on the navel to promote diuresis. Roots are cut up and steamed with egg, and the mixture is eaten to cure gastropathy. Turpentine to cure arthritis and arthrosis gall. Decoction is used to clear away heat, cure dysentery, stimulate the circulation of the blood, cause the muscles and joints to relax and prevent catching a cold. Powder is applied to set a broken bone and diminish inflammation. Powder is consumed with water to cure gastropathy and dysentery. Powder is consumed with water to cure gastropathy and dysentery. Decoction is consumed to control leukorrhea flow. It is also considered to have veterinary uses. Relieving a cough and cure injuries from falls, fractures, contusions and strains. Roots getting rid of bark are dried and ground, and powder is taken with water to cure gastropathy or is applied to stanch a cut. Decoction is prepared to promote diuresis and cure cystitis. Decoction of roots is prepared to help digesting and purging and to cure gastric diseases and stomach swelling.
V

Pleurospermum rivulorum (Diels) K. T. Fu & Y. C. Ho (1602, Umbelliferae)

qiang huo

Roots

Polygonum macrophyllum D. Don (1609, Polygonaceae) Polygonum paleaceum var. pubifolium Sam. (1598, Polygonaceae) Potentilla anserina L. (1591, Rosaceae) Prunus mira Koehne (1635, Rosaceae) Psammosilene tunicoides W. C. Wu et C. Y. Wu (1608, Caryophyllaceae) Pteris cretica L. (1640, Pteridaceae) Rumex nepalensis Spreng. (1548, Polygonaceae)

lang qu rang qu

Rhizome Rhizome

fan bai ye

Roots

ka muo

Nutlets

du ding zi

Roots

Whole plant feng wei cao a gong bu li Roots

Salvia flava Forrest ex Diels (1519, Labiatae)

Roots da hong shen

Salvia trijuga Diels (1583, Labiatae) Satyrium yunnanense Rolfe (1361, Orchidaceae) Senecio laetus Edgew. (1625, Asteraceae) Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S Ying (1594, Berberidaceae) Sophora davidii (Fr.) Komarov ex Pavol (1632, Papilionaceae) Stellera chamaejasme f. chrysantha S. C. Huang (1525, Thymelaeaceae)

Roots xiao hong shen yong zhu mu Tuber liang xiong di tu san qi Whole plant

Decoction is prepared to cure emmeniopathy and stimulate the circulation of the blood. Decoction is prepared to cure diseases such as having much menstrual flow and sterility. The plant is also considered as veterinary medicine. Decoction is prepared to cure sterility. Decoction is prepared to cure rheumatism.

a ga mie le

Seeds

cha ke mu

Seeds

Decoction is to cure antenatal pain happened before or after childbirth and help expelling placenta. Crushed seeds are applied on teeth to control toothache. Powder of roots is consumed with water to cure stomach swelling and help purging to clean the bowel when having food poisoning. Roots are dried in sun without meeting rain, or they would turn green and became poisonous. Decoction of roots will be consumed to cure dysentery and enteritis, to prevent catching a cold, to allay a fever and help detoxification. The plant is also considered to have veterinary uses. Fresh leaves are roasted to yellow and crushed, applying leaves on body parts to heal a cut. Decoction of roots is consumed to control toothache and cure dysentery. Fruits are steeped into wine and used as tonic.

Roots shu she mie diu

Thalictrum javanicum Bl. (1539, Ranunculaceae)

Roots jin si huang lian

Verbascum thapsus L. (1571, Scrophulariaceae) Verbena officinalis L. (1623 & 1672, Verbenaceae) Viburnum kansuense Batal. (1446, Caprifoiaceae)

hie shong

Leaves

Roots

Fruits

VI

Viola tienschiensis W.Becker (1630, Violaceae) Wikstroemia ligustrina Rehd. (1586, Thymelaeaceae)

pen ba chong chong lue ran me

whole plant

Bark

Decoction is applied on body parts to cure chilblain and heal cut. Decoction is prepared to set a broken bone and to cure sciatica and injuries from falls, fractures, contusions and strains.

Appendix 2. Plant-based traditional prescriptions used by the Tibetans in Shangri-la Scientific Name Acanthocalyx alba (Hand.-Mazz.) M. Cannon Prescriptions Roots are boiled with "tu yang shen" (Triplostegia glandulifera Wall.), "bai ling shen" (plants belong to Araliaceae), "yi mu cao" (Leonurus heterophyllus Sweet), "xiao hong shen" (Salvia trijuga Diels) and "da hong shen" (Salvia flava Forrest ex Diels). Roots are boiled with "rang qu" (Polygonum paleaceum var. pubifolium Sam.), "ge shan xiao" (Geranium sinensis R. Knuth) and "chuan xin lian" [Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees]. Rhizome is boiled with "bai tou weng" (Gerbera nivea Sch.-Bip.) in water. Rhizome is boiled with the bark of "Punica granatum L.", the seeds of "Melia azedarach L.", the tube of "Stemona japonia (BL) Miq." and the seeds of "Cucurbita moschata Duch". Rhizome is boiled with "ban xia" [Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit.] and another unknown ingredient. Fruit, leaves and roots are boiled with "rang qu" (Polygonum paleaceum var. pubifolium Sam.) and "ge shan xiao" (Geranium sinensis R. Knuth) in water. Tubers are boiled with ren shen (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.) and gan cao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) in water. Stem and leaves are boiled with "xiao hong shen" (Salvia trijuga Diels) and "da hong shen" (Salvia flava Forrest ex Diels). Bine and leaves are boiled with "qing ye dan" (Halenia elliptica D. Don) and "ku dan cao" (Ajuga forrestii Diels) in water. Crushed seed are mixed with liquid wax. Roots are boiled with "rang qu" (Polygonum paleaceum var. pubifolium Sam.) and "ge shan xiao" (Geranium sinensis R. Knuth) in water. Whole plant parts are boiled with "qing ye dan" (Halenia elliptica D. Don). Sclerotium is boiled with "xiao mu tong" (Clematis armandii
VII

Agrimonia pilosa var. nepalensis (D.Don) Nakai

Ajuga forrestii Diels Anemone hupehensis Lem.

Anemone rivularis Buch.-Ham. ex DC.

Arctium lappa Linn. Arisaema saxatile Buchet Cannabis sativa L. Cuscuta japonica Choisy Datura stramonium L. Geranium sinensis R. Knuth

Gerbera nivea Sch.-Bip. Grifola umbellata (Pers.:Fr.) Pilat

Habenaria davidii Franch.

Ligusticum brachylobum Franchet Paeonia delavayi var. lutea (Delavay ex Franch.) Finet et Gagnep. Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. Pinus densata Mast. Pleurospermum rivulorum (Diels) K. T. Fu & Y. C. Ho

Polygonum macrophyllum D.Don Polygonum paleaceum var. pubifolium Sam. Potentilla anserina L. Prunus mira Koehne Pteris cretica L.

Salvia flava Forrest ex Diels

Salvia trijuga Diels

Satyrium yunnanense Rolfe

Stellera chamaejasme f. chrysantha S. C. Huang

Franch.), "fu ling" [Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf], "shi wei" [Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farwell], "wu gong cao" (Pteris vittata L.), "ma bian cao" (Verbena officinalis L.), "bian xu" (Polygonum aviculare L.) and "che qian cao" (Plantago asiatica L.). Tubers are boiled with "tu yang shen" (Triplostegia glandulifera Wall.), "bai ling shen" (plants belong to Araliaceae), "xiao hong shen" (Salvia trijuga Diels) and "Acanthocalyx nepalensis (D.Don) M. Cannon" in water. Roots are boiled with "Aster tataricus L. f." in water. Dried bark is boiled with "Euonymus vagans Wall." and "Magnolia officinalis var. biloba Rehd. et Wils.". Roots are crushed with muskiness. Turpentine is applied with tallow. Roots are boiled with the bark of plants of "Berberis", the leaves of plants of "Eucalyptus" species, "wu gong cao" (Pteris vittata L.), "fang feng" [Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk.] and "huang qin" (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) in water. Rhizome is boiled with "ge shan xiao" (Geranium sinensis R. Knuth) or fried rhizome is ground with "ge shan xiao" . Rhizome is boiled with "ge shan xiao" (Geranium sinensis R. Knuth) or fried rhizome is ground with "ge shan xiao". Roots are boiled with "xiao hong shen" (Salvia trijuga Diels) and "da hong shen" (Salvia flava Forrest ex Diels). Nutlets and almond are used together. The whole plant is boiled with "xiao mu tong" (Clematis armandii Franch.), "che qian cao" (Plantago asiatica L.) and "fu ling" [Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf]. Roots are boiled with "xiao hong shen" (Salvia trijuga Diels), "da hong shen" (Salvia flava Forrest ex Diels) and "fan bai ye" (Potentilla anserine L.) in water. : Roots are boiled with "da hong shen" (Salvia flava Forrest ex Diels) and "fan bai ye" (Potentilla anserina L.) . :Roots are boiled with "liang xiong di" (Habenaria davidii Franch./ Satyrium yunnanense Rolfe), "tu yang shen" (Triplostegia glandulifera Wall.), "bai ling shen" (plants belong to Araliaceae) and "Acanthocalyx nepalensis (D.Don) M. Cannon". Tubers are boiled with "tu yang shen" (Triplostegia glandulifera Wall.), "bai ling shen" (plants belong to Araliaceae), "xiao hong shen" (Salvia trijuga Diels) and "Acanthocalyx nepalensis (D.Don) M. Cannon". Roots are ground with "tu da huang" (Rumex nepalensis Spreng.), "chen xiang" [Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg] and "ba dou" (Croton tiglium L.).

VIII

Thalictrum javanicum Bl.

Viola tienschiensis W. Becker Wikstroemia ligustrina Rehd.

: Boiling the dried roots with "rang qu" (Polygonum paleaceum var.pubifolium Sam.), "xian he cao" [Agrimonia pilosa var. nepalensis (D.Don) Nakai], "bai tou weng" (Gerbera nivea Sch.-Bip.), "ci jia mie diu" (Cynoglossum amabile Stapf et Drumm.) and "Berberis" species. : Dried roots are boiled with "wu gong cao" (Pteris vittata L.), dried tangerine peel, "jin yin hua" (Lonicera japonica Thunb.), the bark of "Phellodendron amurense Rupr." and plant of "Berberis" species. Whole plant is boiled with "tu da huang" (Rumex nepalensis Spreng.). Bark is boiled with "Acer buergerianum Miq.", the roots of "qiang zuo" (Galium glandulosum Hand.-Mazz.) and the twig of "Morus alba L.".

IX