malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh10-11 Liquids, Solids, Solutions lachman (123AP) 1

This print-out should have 45 questions.

Multiple-choice questions may continue on
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50 percent due Sun. 11/4. 100 percent due
Mon. 11/12 at 9 p.m. Pacic time. Be sure to
study the solutions at 9:01 p.m. that evening
for the ones you missed to help you prepare
for the test on Tue. 11/13.
001 10.0 points
Hint. Remember the two requirements for a
molecule to be polar. Then, draw the com-
plete structure to see which one(s) t those
requirements. Remember also that dipole-
dipole interactions are between molecules (not
within them).
Consider four molecules
I) CHCl
3
II) CH
4
III) CH
3
Cl
IV) CCl
4
Which of these exhibit permanent dipole-
dipole interactions?
1. I only
2. None of these
3. I and III only correct
4. III only
5. I, III, and IV only
Explanation:
Dipole-dipole interactions occur in polar
molecules. CHCl
3
and CH
3
Cl are polar be-
cause their dipole moments do not cancel.
CH
4
and CCl
4
are symmetric; their dipole
moments cancel and the overall molecule is
non-polar.
002 10.0 points
Hint. Be sure you know the dierence be-
tween intramolecular and intermolecular in-
teractions when solving this question.
What types of intermolecular interactions
does chloroform (CH
3
Cl) exhibit?
I) instantaneous dipole
II) dipole-dipole
III) hydrogen bonding
IV) covalent bonding
Recall that chloroform is tetrahedral
elctronic geometry with Cas the central atom.
1. II and III only
2. I, II, and III only
3. I and II only correct
4. II and IV only
5. II only
Explanation:
All molecules, because they have elec-
tron clouds, experience instantaneous dipoles.
CH
3
Cl is polar and thus experiences dipole-
dipole interactions. CH
3
Cl does not contain
any O H, N H, or F H bonds and
therefore does not experience any hydrogen
bonding interactions. Covalent bonding is an
intramolecular interaction.
003 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points
Which contains more molecules of water,
7.37 cm
3
of ice (0.917 g/cm
3
) at 0

C or
7.37 cm
3
of liquid water at 0

C?
1. the liquid correct
2. the ice
Explanation:
V
ice
= 7.37 cm
3
density
ice
= 0.917 g/cm
3
V
water
= 7.37 cm
3
density
water
= 1.0 g/cm
3
density =
m
V
m = density V
m
ice
= 0.917 g/cm
3
7.37 cm
3
= 6.75829 g ice
? molec ice = 6.75829 g
1 mol
18.02 g

6.022 10
23
molec
1 mol
malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh10-11 Liquids, Solids, Solutions lachman (123AP) 2
= 2.25851 10
23
molec ice
m
liquid
= 1.00 g/cm
3
7.37 cm
3
= 7.37 g water
? molec water = 7.37 g
1 mol
18.02 g

6.022 10
23
molec
1 mol
= 2.46294 10
23
molec water
Liquid water contains more molecules.
004 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points
How many more molecules?
Correct answer: 2.04424 10
22
molec.
Explanation:
How many more molecules in liquid water?
2.46294 10
23
molec liquid water
2.25851 10
23
molec ice
2.04424 10
22
molec
005 10.0 points
Hint. Think about the types of intermolecular
forces that each would have.
Arrange the molecules
H
2
O, NH
3
, Ar, NaCl
in order of expected increasing boiling points.
1. NH
3
, Ar, H
2
O, NaCl
2. NaCl, H
2
O, NH
3
, Ar
3. Ar, NH
3
, H
2
O, NaCl correct
4. None of these
Explanation:
London forces, dispersion forces, van der
Waals or induced dipoles all describe the same
intermolecular force. London forces are in-
duced, short-lived, and very weak. Molecules
and atoms can experience London forces be-
cause they have electron clouds. London
forces result from the distortion of the elec-
tron cloud of an atom or molecule by the
presence of nearby atoms or molecules.
Permanent dipole-dipole interactions are
stronger than London forces and occur be-
tween polar covalent molecules due to charge
separation.
H-bonds are a special case of very strong
dipole-dipole interactions. They only occur
when H is bonded to small, highly electroneg-
ative atoms F, O or N only.
Ion-ion interactions are the strongest due to
extreme charge separation and occur between
ionic molecules. They can be thought of as
both inter- and intramolecular bonding.
The stronger the intermolecular forces, the
more energy required to get the molecules to
break away from one another, and the higher
the boiling point.
Ar London Forces
NH
3
H-bonding
H
2
O H-bonding
NaCl Ion-Ion
006 10.0 points
Which of the following can be expected to
exhibit the strongest hydrogen bonding in the
liquid state?
1. CH
3
OH (methyl alcohol) correct
2. CH
3
OCH
3
(dimethyl ether)
3. CH
4
4. CH
3
CH
3
(ethane)
5. CH
3
COCH
3
(acetone)
Explanation:
H-bonds are a special case of very strong
dipole-dipole interactions. They only occur
when H is bonded to small, highly electroneg-
ative atoms F, O or N only.
The structure is
H C
H
H
O H
malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh10-11 Liquids, Solids, Solutions lachman (123AP) 3
Methyl alcohol is the only molecule given that
has H bonded to N, O, or F (O in this case).
007 10.0 points
Hint. Check your notes to see when hydrogen
bonding can occur.
Which of the following structures does
NOT represent a possible hydrogen bond?
1. N H N
2. O H O
3. C H N correct
4. O H N
Explanation:
H-bonds are a special case of very strong
dipole-dipole interactions. They only occur
when H is bonded to small, highly electroneg-
ative atoms F, O or N only.
008 10.0 points
Rank the molecules
CH
3
F, C
2
H
6
, H
2
O, N
2
, He
in terms of increasing viscosity.
1. C
2
H
6
, H
2
O, CH
3
F, He, N
2
2. H
2
O, CH
3
F, C
2
H
6
, N
2
, He
3. N
2
, He, CH
3
F, H
2
O, C
2
H
6
4. None of the answers is correct.
5. He, N
2
, C
2
H
6
, CH
3
F, H
2
O correct
Explanation:
The intermolecular attractions, ranked
from weakest to strongest, are London forces
(also called van der Waals forces or induced
dipoles), dipole-dipole interactions, hydro-
gen bonding interactions, and ion-ion interac-
tions. In general, the larger the molecule, the
greater the total intermolecular forces. Strong
intermolecular interactions cause molecules to
stick to one another, and are thus more
viscous than molecules that experience weak
intermolecular attractions.
H
2
O has two O H bonds which can
hydrogen bond with neighboring water
molecules.
CH
3
F is polar but contains no O H ,
N H , or F H bonds to participate in
hydrogen bonding. Therefore the strongest
intermolecular forces that CH
3
F experiences
are dipole-dipole interactions.
He, N
2
, and C
2
H
6
are nonpolar and thus
experience only the weakest intermolecular
forces, London forces.
009 10.0 points
A drop of liquid tends to have a spherical
shape due to the property of
1. viscosity.
2. vapor pressure.
3. close packing.
4. capillary action.
5. surface tension. correct
Explanation:
Molecules on the surface of a liquid are
inuenced by intermolecular attractions to-
wards the interior; these attractions pull the
surface layer toward the center. The most sta-
ble situation is one in which the surface area
is minimal. For a given volume, a sphere has
the least possible surface area.
010 10.0 points
Rank the compounds
NH
3
, N
2
, C
2
H
6
, NCl
3
, H
2
in terms of decreasing capillary action in a
glass tube.
1. NCl
3
, C
2
H
6
, N
2
, NH
3
, H
2
2. NH
3
, NCl
3
, C
2
H
6
, N
2
, H
2
correct
3. NH
3
, C
2
H
6
, N
2
, NCl
3
, H
2
4. NH
3
, N
2
, C
2
H
6
, NCl
3
, H
2
malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh10-11 Liquids, Solids, Solutions lachman (123AP) 4
5. H
2
, N
2
, C
2
H
6
, NCl
3
, NH
3
Explanation:
Capillary action is based on how attached
molecules are to the electron rich oxygens in
glass. Molecules with weak intermolecular
forces will show very little capillary action.
Molecules with strong intermolecular forces
will climb very high in a glass tube.
Hydrogen NH
3
Strongest Strongest
Bonding
Dipole - NCl
3
Dipole
Instantaneous C
2
H
6
largest
Dipole
N
2
to
H
2
smallest Weakest
011 10.0 points
For liquid mercury in a capillary tube,
1. None of these
2. the meniscus is convex and the adhesive
forces are stronger than the cohesive forces.
3. the meniscus is convex and the cohesive
forces are stronger than the adhesive forces.
correct
4. the meniscus is concave and the cohesive
forces are stronger than the adhesive forces.
5. the meniscus is concave and the adhesive
forces are stronger than the cohesive forces.
Explanation:
Forces between molecules within a liquid
are called cohesive forces. Forces of attrac-
tion between a liquid and a surface are called
adhesive forces. In liquid mercury in a test
tube cohesive forces are stronger than adhe-
sive forces; thus a convex meniscus forms.
012 10.0 points
A crystal of dry ice (solid CO
2
) consists of
molecules of CO
2
arranged at orderly po-
sitions in a crystal lattice. The molecules
are bonded intramolecularly by covalent
C O bonds, and are held together in the
crystal by weak intermolecular forces between
the CO
2
molecules. This is an example of
1. a covalent crystal.
2. a molecular crystal. correct
3. a metallic crystal.
4. an ionic crystal.
5. an amorphous substance.
Explanation:
Molecular crystals are molecules held to-
gether in a lattice by intermolecular forces: H
bonds, London forces and dipole-dipole inter-
actions.
013 10.0 points
A substance has a melting point of 1200 K. It
conducts electricity while melting but not in
the solid. This substance would be classied
as
1. a molecular solid.
2. a hydrogen bonded solid.
3. a metallic solid.
4. a covalent network solid.
5. an ionic solid. correct
Explanation:
Ionic solids are held together by electro-
static attractions between cations and anions.
In a melted phase, the ions can move and
therefore can carry current.
014 10.0 points
Valence band theory deals with the valence
band and conduction band of various chemical
species. Which substance would have the
largest gap between these two bands?
1. a conductor such as iron
malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh10-11 Liquids, Solids, Solutions lachman (123AP) 5
2. a semi-conductor such as silicon
3. a non-conductor such as glass (SiO
2
) cor-
rect
Explanation:
015 10.0 points
n-type silicon is made by adding small
amounts of to very pure silicon and p-
type silicon is made by adding small amounts
of .
1. electrons; protons
2. a group III element; a group V element
3. nitrogen; phosphorous
4. a group V element; a group III element
correct
5. electrons; positrons
Explanation:
016 10.0 points
A 5.7 L sample of a gas was collected over
water on a day when the temperature was
24

C and the barometric pressure was 706

torr. The dry sample of gas had a mass of
5.60 grams. What is the mass of three moles
of the dry gas? At 24

C the vapor pressure of

water is 22 torr.
Correct answer: 79.8531 g.
Explanation:
V = 5.7 L
T = 24

C = 297 K
P
total
= 706 torr
P
H2O
= 706 torr
P
total
= P
H2O
+P
gas
P
gas
= P
total
P
H2O
= 706 torr 22 torr = 684 torr
= 684 torr
atm
760 atm
= 0.9 atm
P V = nRT
n =
P V
RT
=
(0.9 atm)(5.7 L)
(0.08206
Latm
molK
) (297 K)
= 0.210489 mol
5.6 g
0.210489 mol
(3 mol) = 79.8531 g
017 10.0 points
Hint. Check your notes on vapor pressure and
changes of state for the particular equation
you would use for this problem.
Benzene is a hydrocarbon that is commonly
used as a commercial solvent. However, it is
carcinogenic; i.e., accumulations in the body
can cause cancer. What is the vapor pressure
of benzene at 42

C? The normal boiling point

of benzene is 80.0

C and its molar heat of

vaporization is 30.8 kJ/mol.
Correct answer: 214.284 torr.
Explanation:
T
1
= 80

C + 273 = 353 K P
1
= 760 torr
T
2
= 42

C + 273 = 315 K
H
vap
= 30.8 kJ/mol
ln
_
P
2
P
1
_
=
H
vap
R

_
1
T
1

1
T
2
_
=
30.8 kJ/mol
8.314 J/mol K

_
1000 J
1 kJ
_

_
1
353 K

1
315 K
_
= 1.26602
Thus
P
2
P
1
= e
1.26602
P
2
= P
1
e
1.26602
= (760 torr) e
1.26602
= 214.284 torr
018 10.0 points
Consider the specic heats
malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh10-11 Liquids, Solids, Solutions lachman (123AP) 6
H
2
O(s) = 2.09 J/g

C,
H
2
O () = 4.18 J/g

C, and
H
2
O(g) = 2.03 J/g

C.
The heat of fusion for water is 334 J/g and
its heat of vaporization is 2260 J/g. Calculate
the amount of heat required to convert 71 g
of ice at 37

C completely to liquid water at

64

C.
Correct answer: 48.1983 kJ.
Explanation:
H
fus
= 334 J/g H
vap
= 2260 J/g
71 g
H
2
O(s)
37

C
step 1

71 g
H
2
O(s)
0

C
step 2

71 g
H
2
O()
0

C
step 3

71 g
H
2
O()
64

C
Step 1:
2.09 J
g

C
(71 g) [0

C (37

C)]
= 5490.43 J .
Step 2:
334 J
g
(71 g) = 23714 J .
Step 3:
4.184 J
g

C
(71 g) (64

C 0

C)
= 18993.9 J .
Total = 5490.43 J + 23714 J + 18993.9 J
= 48198.3 J = 48.1983 kJ .
019 10.0 points
Calculate the amount of heat required to con-
vert 75 g of ice at 27

C to steam at 119.3

C.
Correct answer: 233.101 kJ.
Explanation:
75 g
H
2
O(s)
27

C
step 1

75 g
H
2
O(s)
0

C
step 2

75 g
H
2
O()
0

C
step 3

75 g
H
2
O()
100

C
step 4

75 g
H
2
O(g)
100

C
step 5

75 g
H
2
O(g)
119.3

C
Step 1:
2.09 J
g

C
(75 g) [0

C (27

C)]
= 4232.25 J .
Step 2:
334 J
g
(75 g) = 25050 J .
Step 3:
4.184 J
g

C
(75 g) (100

C 0

C)
= 31380 J .
Step 4:
2260 J
g
(75 g) = 1.695 10
5
J .
Step 5:
2.03 J
g

C
(75 g) (119.3

C 100

C)
= 2938.42 J .
Total = 4232.25 J + 25050 J + 31380 J
+ 1.695 10
5
J + 2938.42 J
= 2.33101 10
5
J = 233.101 kJ
020 10.0 points
Hint. Calculate the the two heat transfers
that takes place for the ice and the water to
reach an equilibrium temperature (the tem-
perature when both are present), then if there
is energy left over, use that to calculate the
change in temperature of the water from that
equilibrium temperature to its nal tempera-
ture.
222 g of ice at 14.0

C is put in 438 g of
water at 92.0

C. All of the ice melts. What is

the nal temperature of the water?
Correct answer: 31.9

C.
Explanation:
m
ice
= 222 g T
ice
= 14.0

C
m
water
= 438 g T
water
= 92.0

C
Take the ice and the water to zero degrees.
Then see how much heat is left over (the
Joules of heat from the hot water heats and
melts all of the ice AND there will be heat left
over). All the ice melts with 80643.7 J. All
the hot water will cool to zero with 1.68598
10
5
J. The dierence is 87954.7 J. Now use
the excess joules to heat the 660 g of water
and get 31.9

C.
021 10.0 points
Using mole fractions may help you with this
problem.
Calculate the total vapor pressure of a so-
lution made up of 50.0 grams of benzene and
50.0 grams of toluene at 60.0

C. The vapor
pressures of pure benzene (C
6
H
6
) and pure
toluene (C
7
H
8
) at 60.0

C are 380 torr and

140 torr, respectively.
malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh10-11 Liquids, Solids, Solutions lachman (123AP) 7
Correct answer: 269.89 torr.
Explanation:
m
benzene
= 50 g m
toluene
= 50 g
P
0
benzene
= 380 torr P
0
toluene
= 140 torr
P
tot
= P
benzene
+P
toulene
= X
benzene
P
0
benzene
+X
toulene
P
0
toulene
X
benzene
=
n
C6H6
n
C6H6
+n
C7H8
=
50.0 g
78.1 g mol
1
50.0 g
92.2 g mol
1
+
50.0 g
78.1 g mol
1
= 0.541
X
toulene
=
n
C7H8
n
C7H8
+n
C6H6
=
50.0 g
92.2 g mol
1
50.0 g
92.2 g mol
1
+
50.0 g
78.1 g mol
1
= 0.459
P
tot
= (0.541)(380 torr) + (0.459)(140 torr)
= 269.99 torr
022 10.0 points
What is the vapor pressure at 100

C of a
solution containing 0.459 moles of a solute in
4.01 moles of water? The solute does not
ionize, it is not volatile, and you may consider
the solution to be ideal. The vapor pressure
of water at 100

C is 760 torr.
Correct answer: 681.942 torr.
Explanation:
n
solute
= 0.459 mol n
water
= 4.01 mol
P
0
water
= 760 torr
P
soln
= X
water
P
0
water
=
n
H2O
n
H2O
+n
solute
P
0
water
=
_
4.01 mol
4.01 mol + 0.459 mol
_
(760 torr)
= 681.942 torr
023 10.0 points
What is the boiling point elevation of a so-
lution of 23 g of urea (CO(NH
2
)
2
) in 60 g of
water? K
b
for water is 0.512

C/m.
Correct answer: 3.27111

C.
Explanation:
m
urea
= 23 g m
water
= 60 g
K
b
= 0.512

C/m
T
b
= K
b
m
= K
b
n
urea
kg water
= (0.512

C/m)
_
_
_
23
60
mol urea
0.06 kg water
_
_
_
= 3.27111

C
024 10.0 points
We dissolve 16 g of Ca(NO
3
)
2
in 563 g of
water. What is the boiling point elevation?
Note that K
b
for water is 0.512

C/m. Assume
complete dissociation of the salt and ideal
behavior of the solution.
Correct answer: 0.266008

C.
Explanation:
m
Ca(NO3)2
= 16 g m
water
= 563 g
K
b
water = 0.512

C/m
CaNO
3
Ca
2+
+ 2 NO

3
m = (30 g Ca(NO
3
)
2
)
_
1 mol Ca(NO
3
)
2
164.1 g Ca(NO
3
)
2
_
= 0.0975015 mol Ca(NO
3
)
2
T
b
= K
b
m i
=
_
0.512

C
m
__
0.0975015
0.563
_
(3)
= 0.266008

C
malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh10-11 Liquids, Solids, Solutions lachman (123AP) 8
025 10.0 points
What is the freezing point of a 0.42 molal
solution of sugar in water? K
f
of water =
1.86

C/m. Sugar does not dissociate.

Correct answer: 0.7812

C.
Explanation:
m = 0.42 m
T
f
= T
0
f
T
f
= T
f
K
f
m i
= 0.00

C K
f
m
= 0.00

C
1.86

C
m
(0.42 m)
= 0.7812

C
026 10.0 points
What is the expected freezing point of a
0.455 molal aqueous solution of KBr? The
freezing point depression constant of water is
1.86

C/m.
Correct answer: 1.69.
Explanation:
m = 0.455 m
KBr K
+
+ Br

T
f
= T
0
f
T
f
= T
0
f
k
f
m i
= 0.00

C
1.86

C
m
(0.455 m)(2)
= 1.69

C
027 10.0 points
Hint. Consider what would be the one con-
stant (the term that would not change) when
examining boiling point elevation and freezing
point depression. Use the information in the
problem to nd the value of that term. Then,
use that term plus the rest of the information
in the problem to answer the question.
Pure nitrobenzene boils at 210.88

C and
freezes at 5.70

C. It has a boiling point ele-

vation constant of 5.24 and a freezing point
depression constant of 7.00, both expressed in
units of

C and molality. A solution of an un-
known solute dissolved in nitrobenzene boils
at 211.76

C. At what temperature in

C,
would this solution freeze? Assume that the
solute is not volatile and does not ionize and
does not associate in the solution.
Correct answer: 4.52443

C.
Explanation:
T
b
= 211.76

C T
0
b
= 210.88

C
K
b
= 5.24

C/m K
f
= 7

C/m
T
b
= T
b
T
0
b
= 211.76

C 210.88

C
= 0.88

C
T
b
= K
b
m
m =
T
b
K
b
T
f
= K
f
m =
K
f
T
b
K
b
=
(7

C/m) (0.88

C)
5.24

C/m
= 1.17557

C
T
f
= T
0
f
T
f
= 5.70

C 1.17557

C
= 4.52443

C
028 10.0 points
A solution of 1.6 g of an unknown non-
electrolyte in 670 mL of water at 32.1

C has
an osmotic pressure of 28 torr. What is the
molecular weight of this solute? Neglect the
volume due to solute.
Correct answer: 1622.84 g/mol.
Explanation:
m
solute
= 1.6 g V
soln
= 670 mL = 0.67 L
T = 32.1

C + 273 = 305.1 K
= 28 torr
1 atm
760 torr
= 0.0368421 atm
The osmotic pressure
= M RT =
_
n
V
_
RT =
m
solute
MW
V
soln
RT
malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh10-11 Liquids, Solids, Solutions lachman (123AP) 9
MW =
mRT
V
=
(1.6 g)
_
0.08206
atmL
molK
_
(305.1 K)
(0.67 L)(0.0368421 atm)
= 1622.84 g/mol
Alternate Solution:
M =

RT
=
0.0368421 atm
_
0.08206
atmL
molK
_
(305.1 K)
= 0.00147154 mol/L
? mol = (conc)(vol)
= (0.00147154 mol/L)(0.67 L)
= 0.000985929 mol
MW =
g
mol
=
1.6 g
0.000985929 mol
= 1622.84 g/mol
029 10.0 points
Calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution
that contains 0.197 g of sucrose (MW = 342
g/mol) dissolved in 326 g of water at 23

C.
You may assume that the density of the solu-
tion is essentially that of pure water.
Correct answer: 32.6506 torr.
Explanation:
m
sucrose
= 0.197 g m
H2O
= 326 g
T = 23

C + 273 = 296 K
= M RT
=
n
sucrose
RT
V
soln
=
0.197 g
sucrose
0.326 L
soln

1 mol
sucrose
342 g
sucrose

0.08206 atm L
mol K
296 K

760 torr
1 atm
= 32.6506 torr
030 10.0 points
What quantity of heat energy is released when
151 g of liquid water freezes?
Correct answer: 50.3529 kJ.
Explanation:
m
H2O
= 151 g
Molar mass of H
2
O = 18.02 g/mol
Molar heat of fusion = 6.009 kJ/mol
Energy released when water freezes = ?
151 g 1 mol
18.02 g
= 8.37958 mol
8.37958 mol 6.009 kJ
1 mol
= 50.3529 kJ
031 10.0 points
The molar heat of fusion of H
2
O at its
standard melting point of 273.15 K is 6.012
kJ/mole. How much heat is needed to melt
2.76 g of ice at this temperature?
Correct answer: 921.84 J.
Explanation:
T = 273.15 K H
vap
= 6.012 kJ/mol
m = 2.76 g
For a phase change, the following equation
is used:
q = H
vap or fus
(m)
In this example, weve been given the molar
heat of fusion and the mass of ice. Thus we
will have to convert the number of grams of
ice to moles of ice.
Using the values we have in this example,
q =
_
6.012 kJ
mol
__
1 mol
18.0 g
_
(2.76 g)
= 0.922 kJ
_
1000 J
1 kJ
_
= 922 J
032 10.0 points
If the boiling point elevation of an aqueous
solution containing a non-volatile nonelec-
trolyte is 1.13

C, what is the molality of the

solution?
malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh10-11 Liquids, Solids, Solutions lachman (123AP) 10
Correct answer: 2.21569 m.
Explanation:
BP
elevation
= 1.13

C
solvent is H
2
O m = ?
t
b
= K
b
m
m =
t
b
K
b
=
1.13

C
0.51

C/m
= 2.21569 m
033 10.0 points
What mass of CH
2
OHCHOHCH
2
OH (glyc-
erol) must be dissolved in 0.8 kg of water in
order to have a boiling point of 108

C at stan-
dard pressure?
Correct answer: 1155.51 g.
Explanation:
m
solvent
= 0.8 kg H
2
O m
solute
= ?
solute is CH
2
OHCHOHCH
2
OH (glycerol)
BP solution = 108

C
BP
solution
= BP
solvent
+ t
b
t
b
= BP
solution
BP
solvent
= 108

C 100

C = 8

C
t
b
= K
b
m
m = t
b
/K
b
= (8

C)/(0.51

C/m)
= 15.6863 m
m =
n
solvent
m
solvent(kg)
Hence
n
solute
= (m)(m
solvent
)
= (15.6863 m)(0.8 kg)
= 12.549 mol
m
glycerol
= (12.549 mol glycerol)

_
92.08 g glycerol
mol glycerol
_
= 1155.51 g glycerol
034 10.0 points
A 2.76 g sample of a molecular compound
is dissolved in 102 g of tetrachloromethane
(carbon tetrachloride). The normal boiling
point of the solution is 61.51

C, the normal
boiling point of CCl
4
is 61.2

C. The boiling
point constant for CCl
4
is 4.95 K kg/mol.
What is the molar mass of the compound?
Correct answer: 432.068 g/mol.
Explanation:
m
compound
= 2.76 g m
CCl4
= 102 g
T
b,solution
= 61.51

C T
b,CCl4
= 61.2

C
k
b
= 4.95 K kg/mol
T
b
= 61.51

C 61.2

C = 0.31

C = 0.31 K
T
b
= k
b
m
0.31

C = (4.95 K kg/mol)
_
2.76 g
MW
X
_
0.102 kg
MW
X
=
(2.76 g)(4.95 K kg/mol)
(0.102 kg)(0.31 K)
= 432.068 g/mol .
035 10.0 points
At a given temperature, pure A has a vapor
pressure of 140 torr and pure B has a vapor
pressure of 60 torr. At this temperature, we
make a solution in which the mole fractions
of A and B are equal. We then allow this
solution to reach equilibrium with its vapor.
Which of the following statements about the
composition of the VAPOR is TRUE?
1. The mole fraction of A in the vapor is 70
torr.
2. The mole fraction of A in the vapor is less
than 0.5.
3. The mole fraction of A in the vapor is the
same as the mole fraction of B in the vapor.
4. All of the other answers are false.
malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh10-11 Liquids, Solids, Solutions lachman (123AP) 11
5. The mole fraction of A in the vapor is
greater than the mole fraction of B in the
vapor. correct
6. Equal numbers of moles of A and B are
present in the vapor.
7. This question cannot be answered with-
out knowing the molecular weights of A and
B.
8. This question cannot be answered with-
out knowing the densities of pure A and pure
B.
9. This question cannot be answered with-
out calculation.
10. All of the other answers are true.
Explanation:
In the original solution A and B both have
mole fraction 0.5. However, the vapor above
the mixture will be richer in A, the more
volatile component (higher vapor pressure).
036 10.0 points
What is the % carbon, by weight, in a 0.172 g
sample of C
2
H
6
?
Correct answer: 79.8875%.
Explanation:
m
C2H6
= 0.172 g
Percent =
part
whole
100%
In this case, the part would be the mass of C
in a certain mass of C
2
H
6
(the whole). The
simplest amount of C
2
H
6
to use is the mass of
one mole of C
2
H
6
.
Each mole of C
2
H
6
contains 2 mol of C
and 6 mol of H. We know the atomic masses
of each of these elements from the periodic
table. Using these atomic masses we calculate
the grams of each of these elements in one
mole of C
2
H
6
:
? g from C = 2 mol C
12.0107 g C
1 mol C
= 24.0214 g C
? g from H = 6 mol H
1.00794 g H
1 mol H
= 6.04764 g H
To get the mass of one mole of C
2
H
6
we add
the masses of the component parts:
formula weight C
2
H
6
= 24.0214 g + 6.04764 g
=
30.069 g C
2
H
6
mol C
2
H
6
Now we can calculate the percentage of C in
C
2
H
6
:
? % C =
24.0214 g C
30.069 g C
2
H
6
100%
= 79.8875%
Percent composition is an intensive prop-
erty of a compound. That is, it does not
matter how much of the substance is present.
The percentage of C in C
2
H
6
is the same for
30.069 g C
2
H
6
as it is for 0.172 g C
2
H
6
.
037 10.0 points
A 2.20 g sample of a compound gave 5.63 g
CO
2
and 2.30 g H
2
O on combustion in air.
The compound is known to contain only C,
H, O. What is its simplest formula?
1. C
4
H
5
OH
2. CH
2
O
3
3. C
2
H
2
O
3
4. C
5
H
9
OH correct
5. C
3
H
8
O
2
Explanation:
038 10.0 points
Hint. You are given amounts for two reac-
tants. So, what kind of problem is this?
Calculate the moles of CO
2
formed when
3.3 mol of C
3
H
8
react with 21.1 mol O
2
. (Hint:
Write a balanced equation.)
Correct answer: 9.9 mol.
malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh10-11 Liquids, Solids, Solutions lachman (123AP) 12
Explanation:
n
C3H8
= 3.3 mol n
O2
= 21.1 mol
Our rst step in working this problem is
to write the chemical equation. We are told
that the reactants are C
3
H
8
and O
2
. This is a
combustion reaction so the products are CO
2
and H
2
O. The balanced equation is
C
3
H
8
+ 5 O
2
3 CO
2
+ 4 H
2
O
We recognize this as a limiting reactant
problem because the amounts of more than
one reactant are given. We must determine
which of these would be used up rst (the
limiting reactant). To do this we compare
the required ratio of reactants to the available
ratio of reactants.
The balanced chemical equation shows that
we need 1 mole C
3
H
3
for every 5 moles of
O
2
. We use these coecients to calculate the
required ratio of reactants:
1 mol C
3
H
8
5 mol O
2
=
0.2 mol C
3
H
8
1 mol O
2
From this ratio we see that each mole of
O
2
that reacts requires exactly 0.2 mole of
C
3
H
8
. Next we calculate the available ratio of
reactants from our data:
3.3 mol C
3
H
8
21.1 mol O
2
=
0.156398 mol C
3
H
8
1 mol O
2
We have only 0.156398 mol C
3
H
8
available
for each mole of O
2
, not enough C
3
H
8
to react
with all of the O
2
. We will run out of C
3
H
8
rst, so C
3
H
8
is the limiting reactant. We use
the amount of C
3
H
8
as the basis for further
calculations. We use the mole ratio from
the chemical equation to calculate moles CO
2
produced:
? mol CO
2
= 3.3 mol C
3
H
8

3 mol CO
2
1 mol C
3
H
8
= 9.9 mol CO
2
.
039 10.0 points
Toluene (C
6
H
5
CH
3
) is a liquid compound
similar to benzene (C
6
H
6
). Calculate the
mole fraction of toluene in the solution that
contains 91.3 g toluene and 95.0 g benzene.
Correct answer: 0.449.
Explanation:
m
toluene
= 91.3 g m
benzene
= 95.0 g
n
toulene
= (91.3 g toluene)
_
1 mol
92.14 g
_
= 0.991 mol
n
benzene
= (95.0 g benzene)
_
1 mol
78.11 g
_
= 1.22 mol
The total number of moles of all species
present is
0.991 mol + 1.22 mol = 2.21 mol
The mole fraction of toluene is then
X
toluene
=
n
toluene
n
total
=
0.991 mol
2.21 mol
= 0.449
040 10.0 points
Hint. Reactions happen in what units?
How many milliliters of a 0.75 M HCl solu-
tion are needed to react completely with 3.3 g
of zinc to form zinc(II) chloride?
Correct answer: 134.577 mL.
Explanation:
[HCl] = 0.75 M m
Zn
= 3.3 g
We know the reactants are HCl and Zn.
Zinc(II) chloride is ZnCl
2
. The other prod-
uct will be H
2
. The balanced equation is
Zn + 2 HClZnCl
2
+ H
2
Molarity (M) is the moles solute/L solu-
tion. We can write 0.75 M HCl as the ratio
0.75 mol HCl
1 L solution
.
If we can determine the moles of HCl
needed we can use the above ratio to con-
vert from moles HCl to volume of the HCl
solution.
From the balanced equation we know that
2 mol HCl are needed to react with 1 mol Zn.
We convert from grams Zn to moles Zn and
then use this mole ratio to convert from moles
Zn to moles of HCl:
? mol HCl = 3.3 g Zn
1 mol Zn
65.39 g Zn

2 mol HCl
1 mol Zn
= 0.100933 mol HCl
malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh10-11 Liquids, Solids, Solutions lachman (123AP) 13
Now we use the molarity of HCl to deter-
mine the volume of solution that contains this
number of moles of HCl:
? mL soln = 0.100933 mol HCl

1000 mL soln
0.75 mol HCl
= 134.577 mL soln
041 10.0 points
A molecule has six areas of high electron den-
sity around the central atom and has two lone
pairs on the central atom. What is the molec-
ular geometry of this molecule?
1. tetrahedral
2. seesaw
3. octahedral
4. square pyramidal
5. square planar correct
Explanation:
042 10.0 points
A gas occupies 1.78 L at 864 torr and 13

C.
What volume will it ll if the pressure is
changed to 748 torr and the temperature is
raised to 47

C (in L)?
Correct answer: 2.30047 L.
Explanation:
Make sure that all of your units agree:
V
1
= 1.78 L P
1
= 864 torr
T
1
= 13

C + 273 = 286 K P
2
= 748 torr
T
2
= 47

C + 273 = 320 K
Applying the ideal gas law,
P V = nRT.
The number of moles and R are constant, so
P
1
V
1
T
1
=
P
2
V
2
T
2
Solving for V
2
, we have
V
2
=
P
1
V
1
T
2
T
1
P
2
=
(864 torr) (1.78 L) (320 K)
(286 K) (748 torr)
= 2.30047 L
043 10.0 points
An oxygen sample has a volume of 3.5 L
at 27

C and 700 torr. How many oxygen

molecules does it contain?
Correct answer: 7.88186 10
22
.
Explanation:
T = 27

C + 273 = 300 K V = 3.5 L

P = 700 torr
P V = n R T
n =
P V
RT
=
(700 torr)(3.5 L)
_
0.0821
Latm
Kmol
_
(300 K)
_
1 atm
760 torr
_
= 0.130884 mol
Number of oxygen molecules
= (0.130884 mol)
_
6.022 10
23
molec
mol
_
= 7.88186 10
22
molec
044 10.0 points
What is the molal concentration m of NaCl,
a strong electrolyte in water, if the ob-
served boiling temperature of the solution is
100.361

C? (K
b
= 0.515

C/m for water.)

1. 0.372 m
2. 0.186 m
3. 0.175 m
4. 0.701 m
5. 0.350 m correct
Explanation:
T
f
= 100

C T
0
f
= 100.361

C
T = 100.361

C 100

C = 0.361

C
T = K
b
m
m
total
=
T
K
b
=
0.361

C
0.515

C/m
= 0.700971 m
malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh10-11 Liquids, Solids, Solutions lachman (123AP) 14
m
total
= m
Na
+m
Cl
, so
m
NaCl
=
1
2
m
total
= 0.350485 m
045 10.0 points
Consider the combustion of 6.9 mol of liquid
ethanol (C
2
H
5
OH) to gaseous water and car-
bon dioxide. Calculate the enthalpy change
for this reaction. The pertinent enthalpies of
formation (in kJ/mol) are
H
f H2O
= 241.8 H
f CO2
= 393.5
H
f C2H5OH
= 277.7
Correct answer: 8519.43 kJ.
Explanation:
n
C2H5OH
= 6.9 mol
The reaction is
C
2
H
5
OH + 3 O
2
3 H
2
O + 2 CO
2
Reactants:
H
f C2H5OH
= 277.7 kJ/mol
H
f O2
= 0 kJ/mol
Products:
H
f H2O
= 241.8 kJ/mol
H
f CO2
= 393.5 kJ/mol
H
0
rxn
=

nH
0
f prod

nH
0
f rct
=
_
3
_
241.8
kJ
mol rxn
_
+2
_
393.5
kJ
mol rxn
__

_
277.7
kJ
mol rxn
+ 3
_
0
kJ
mol rxn
__
= 1234.7
kJ
mol rxn

1 mol rxn
1 mol C
2
H
5
OH
6.9 mol C
2
H
5
OH
= 8519.43 kJ