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    Hydrogen Bond

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    Widya Fatmawati
    Hydrogen bonds are formed between hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to electronegative atoms like nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine and the lone pairs of electrons on other electronegative atoms. They are stronger than van der Waals forces and cause molecules with hydrogen bonds, like water and ammonia, to have higher boiling points than molecules without hydrogen bonds. The strength of a hydrogen bond depends on factors like the bond angle and length, with linear bonds being strongest. Hydrogen bonds play important roles in determining molecular and crystal structures.

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    Hydrogen Bond

    Uploaded by

    Widya Fatmawati
    144 views21 pages
    Hydrogen bonds are formed between hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to electronegative atoms like nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine and the lone pairs of electrons on other electronegative atoms. They are stronger than van der Waals forces and cause molecules with hydrogen bonds, like water and ammonia, to have higher boiling points than molecules without hydrogen bonds. The strength of a hydrogen bond depends on factors like the bond angle and length, with linear bonds being strongest. Hydrogen bonds play important roles in determining molecular and crystal structures.

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    Hydrogen bonds are formed between hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to electronegative atoms like nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine and the lone pairs of electrons on other electronegative atoms. They are stronger than van der Waals forces and cause molecules with hydrogen bonds, like water and ammonia, to have higher boiling points than molecules without hydrogen bonds. The strength of a hydrogen bond depends on factors like the bond angle and length, with linear bonds being strongest. Hydrogen bonds play important roles in determining molecular and crystal structures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    144 views21 pages

    Hydrogen Bond

    Uploaded by

    Widya Fatmawati
    Hydrogen bonds are formed between hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to electronegative atoms like nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine and the lone pairs of electrons on other electronegative atoms. They are stronger than van der Waals forces and cause molecules with hydrogen bonds, like water and ammonia, to have higher boiling points than molecules without hydrogen bonds. The strength of a hydrogen bond depends on factors like the bond angle and length, with linear bonds being strongest. Hydrogen bonds play important roles in determining molecular and crystal structures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Hydrogen Bond

    BY:

    Kristina Damayanti (4301414011)


    Nia Arinal Haq (4301414028)
    Mia Hilda Amanda (4301414053)
    Intan Savira (4301414073)
    Navela Rahma Aji (4301414089)
    Hydrogen bonds
    Hydrogen bonds
    What are they?

    A special case of permanent dipole-


    dipole interactions

    They are stronger than van der Waals forces.


    Molecules with hydrogen bonds have higher boiling points than molecules
    that don’t.
    Hydrogen bonds
    What do you need?

    A hydrogen atom covalently bonded to


    an electronegative atom … N, O or F.
    A lone pair of electrons on the
    electronegative atom.

    If only one of these conditions is met, you


    don’t get hydrogen bonding.
    Hydrogen bonds
    Give me an example!

    methane, CH4 …

    This does not have any hydrogen bonds.


    Carbon is not very electronegative, and it has
    no lone pairs of electrons in methane.
    Hydrogen bonds
    Give me a real example!

    ammonia, NH3 …

    This does have hydrogen bonds.


    Nitrogen is very electronegative, and it has
    one lone pair of electrons in ammonia.
    Hydrogen bonds
    Give me another example!

    water, H2O …

    This has not one, but two hydrogen bonds.


    Oxygen is very electronegative, and it has two
    lone pairs of electrons in water.
    H-bonds direction, lengths, angles, and
    strength
    •H-bond possesses direction and is generally asymmetric
    •Bond strength depends on angle and length
    •Small changes from linearity (20º) have minor effect in strength
    •H-bond strength, on the other hand,decreases exponentially with distance
    •There is a tradeoff between H-bond and covalent bond strength
    • stronger the H····O bond, the weaker the O-H covalent bond,
    and shorter the O····O distance
    •Weakening of the covalent bond is a good indicator of strengthening of H-bond
    energy
    •Cooperativity and anti-cooperativity in H-bonding
    How would you calculate the strength
    of an H-bond?
     Between 3 and 9 kcal/mol
     Dissociation rate constants of 4 X 1010 to 2 X 106 s-1 from transition
    state theory

    R-O-H-----ORH ROH + ROH

    Keq = [ROH]2/ [R-O-H-----ORH]


    If Keq=1, G=0; if Keq= 10, G=1.3 kcal/mol, if Keq= 100, then G= 2.6 kcal/mol

    •But it is more complicated than


    this for biological systems in water
    Early evidence of hydrogen bonding

    11.2
    Types of Intermolecular Forces
    1. Hydrogen Bond (strongest)
    The hydrogen bond is a special dipole-dipole interaction
    between the hydrogen atom in a polar N-H, O-H, or F-H bond
    and an electronegative O, N, or F atom.
    A H…B or A H…A
    A & B are N, O, or F

    11.2
    Hydrogen Bond

    11.2
    The strongest H-bonds are linear

    Hydrogen bonds are directional, with the strongest bonds formed


    when the –D––H•••A– atoms are arranged linearly. The histogram
    below shows the distribution of hydrogen bond angles in crystal
    structures of small molecules.
    Hydrogen Bond in Spectroscopy
    Evidence of more significant hydrogen bonding is
    through X-Ray crystallographic studies, neutron
    diffraction, as well as infra-red spectrum and
    Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) for solids
    liquids, and in solution. In the infrared spectrum, to
    compound X-H containing hydrogen bonds, the
    stretching vibration energy X-H will be weakend
    untuil appears on the spectrum at lower frequencies
    and a wide-beveled.
    Example of Hydrogen Bond
    1. Water
    Do you kbow structure of water?
    2. Antibody
     in addition, the hydrogen bonds in a compound can also
    affect the structure of a molecule in the solid phase, both
    organic compounds and inorganic compounds, which in turn
    also affects the crystal system, the cell parameters, point
    group as well as the overall properties of the compound.   In
    the crystal lattice, the hydrogen bonds are often observed in
    the organic compound which has a functional group amide,
    alcohol, or carboxylate, for example trimesik acids which
    form two-dimensional hexagonal structure.
    Figure. Two-dimensional structure trimesik acid in the presence of
    hydrogen bonding
    WHAT IS IT?
    Hydogen bond holding the
    complementary DNA strands
    together. Pair nucleotide
    appropriately based on the
    position include hydrogen donor
    bond (provided, is slightly
    positive)and hydrogen acceptor
    bond (electronegative oxygen).
    Thymine nuclotides have a
    donor and an acceptor sites
    which pairs perfectly with the
    complementary acceptor and
    donor sites adenine nuclotide
    this. Cytosine pairs with guanine
    perfect through three hydrogen
    bonds.
    -THANK YOU-
    For your attention

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