CH 4 - Intermolecular Forces

Chapter 4 - Intermolecular forces
and the liquide state
Chapter 16 Liquids and Solids
16.1 Intermolecular forces

16.2 The liquid state
Introduction
A phase is a physical state of matter described by a
characteristic relationship between atoms and molecules.
The 3 states of matter are:
Gases:
- particles far apart from each other;
- particles in random motion;
- particles exerting relatively small forces on each other;
- low densities, high compressibilities;
- completely fill a container
- kinetic molecular theory to account for ideal behavior that
real gases approach at high temperatures and low pressures.
Introduction
Solids:
- greater densities;
- compressible only to a very slight extent;
- rigid;
- maintain their shapes irrespective of the container
- solid components are close together and exert large attractive forces
on each other.
Liquids:
-properties in between those of gases and solids, but not midway.
H2O (s) H2O (l) ΔH°fus= 6.02 kJ/mol

H2O (l) H2O (g) ΔH°vap= 40.7 kJ/mol
These values show a much greater change in structure in going from

the liquid to the gas than in going from the solid to the liquid.
In liquids: extensive attractive forces among the molecules similar to
but not as strong as those in the solid state.
Introduction
Many similarities between solids and liquids and tredementous differences

from the gaseous state.
Intermolecular forces
Forces that cause the aggregation of the components

of a substance to form a liquid or a solid.
Example:
Water (s) (l) (g) the molecules remain intact

changes occur in the forces among the molecules
rather than within the molecules.
From the Strongest to the weakest
•Ionic Forces: Between Metal + Nonmetal, in ionic

compounds
•Hydrogen Bond : Molecules must have FH or OH or NH
•Dipole Dipole in polar molecules, different electronegativity
•London dispersion: In nonpolar molecules and noble gases.
Strongest means: highest Bp, mp, solubility in water, but

lowest vapor pressure
Dipole-dipole forces
• When electrons that make up a bond are not equally shared because of a
difference in electronegativity → molecules with polar bonds.
• Molecules with dipole moments find the best compromise between
attraction and repulsion.
Figure 16.2 - (a) The electrostatic interaction of two

polar molecules. (b) The interaction of many
dipoles in a condensed state.
• 1% as strong as covalent or ionic bonds;
• They become weaker as the distance between the dipoles

increases;
• At low pressures in the gas phase, these forces are

unimportant.
However
• They are strong in molecules in which hydrogen is bound

to a highly electronegative atom (F, O, N):
(1) Great polarity of the bond

(2) Close approach of the dipoles due to the small size of
the hydrogen atom
Unusual strong dipole-dipole attraction hydrogen

bonding usually presented using a dashed line.
Hydrogen bonding
Figure 16.3 - (a) The polar water molecule. (b) Hydro- gen
bonding among water molecules. Note that the small size
of the hydrogen atom allows for close interactions.
London dispersion forces
• Even molecules without dipole moments must exert forces on

each other (H2, CH4, CCl4, CO2);
• All substances, even the noble gases, exist in the liquid and solid
states under certain conditions;
• The weak forces that exist among noble gas atoms and nonpolar
molecules are called London Dispersion Forces;
• Temporary dipolar arrangement of charge can occur which can

in turn affect the electron distribution in a neighboring atom.
Example:
H2, CH4,
CCl4, CO2
Figure 16.5 - (a) An instantaneous polarization can occur on atom A, creating an

instanta-neous dipole. This dipole creates an induced dipole on neighboring atom B.
(b) Nonpolar molecules such as H2 can develop instantaneous and induced dipoles.
• This interatomic attraction is both weak and short-lived but that can be very
significant for large atoms.
• These interactions to become strong enough to produce a solid, the motion

of the atoms must be greatly reduced (low freezing points for the noble gas).
• The freezing point rises going down a group

since the mass increases, the number of
electrons increases → increased chance of the
occurrence of momentary dipoles.
• Large atoms with many electrons exhibit a

higher polarizability than small atoms.
• London dispersion forces greatly increases as

atomic size increases.
The liquid state
Surface tension
• When a liquid is poured onto a solid surface, it tends to bead as droplets, a
phenomenon that depends on the intermolecular forces.
Figure 16.6 - A molecule in the interior of a liquid is attracted to the molecules surrounding it, whereas
a molecule at the surface of a liquid is attracted only by molecules below it and on each side of it.
• The effect of this uneven pull on the surface molecules tends to draw them
into the body of the liquid and causes a droplet of liquid to assume the shape
that has the minimum surface area –a sphere.
The liquid state
Surface tension
• To increase a liquid’s surface area, molecules must move from the interior of
the liquid to the surface. This requires energy, since some intermolecular
forces must be overcome.
• The resistance of a liquid to an increase in its surface area is called surface

tension of the liquid.
• Liquids with high intermolecular forces have relatively high surface tensions.
The liquid state
Viscosity
• Viscosity: a measure of a liquid’s resistance to flow.
• Liquids with large intermolecular forces tend to be highly viscous.
Glycerol has an unusual high

viscosity mainly because of its high
capacity to form hydrogen bonds.
• Molecular complexity also leads to higher viscosity because very large molecules can
become entangled with each other.
- nonviscous gasoline: molecules of the type CH3-(CH2)n-CH3 (n from 3 to 8)
- viscous grease: much larger molecules (n from 20 to 25)
HOMEWORK
Chap.16: 15, 20, 21, 27

15
Identify the most important types of interparticle forces present in the solids of
each of the following substances.
a. Ar h. NH4Cl
b. HCl i. Teflon, CF3(CF2CF2)nCF3
c. HF j. polyethylene, CH3(CH2CH2)nCH3
d. CaCl2 k. CHCl3
e. CH4 l. NH3
f. CO m. NO
g. NaNO3 n. BF3
20
Predict which substance in each of the following pairs would have the greater
intermolecular forces.
a. CO2 or OCS
b. SeO2 or SO2
c. CH3CH2CH2NH2 or H2NCH2CH2NH2
d. CH3CH3 or H2CO
e. CH3OH or H2CO
21
Rationalize the difference in boiling points for each of the following pairs of
substances:
a. n-pentane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 36.2°C

neopentane C(CH3)4 9.5°C
b. HF 20°C
HCl -85°C
c. HCl -85°C
LiCl 1360°C
d. n-pentane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 36.2°C
n-hexane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 69°C
27
Explain why water forms into beads on a waxed car finish.

CH 4 - Intermolecular Forces

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 4 - Intermolecular Forces

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 4 - Intermolecular Forces

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 4 - Intermolecular forces

and the liquide state

Chapter 16 Liquids and Solids

16.1 Intermolecular forces

The 3 states of matter are:

H2O (s) H2O (l) ΔH°fus= 6.02 kJ/mol

These values show a much greater change in structure in going from

Many similarities between solids and liquids and tredementous differences

Forces that cause the aggregation of the components

Water (s) (l) (g) the molecules remain intact

From the Strongest to the weakest

•Ionic Forces: Between Metal + Nonmetal, in ionic

Strongest means: highest Bp, mp, solubility in water, but

Figure 16.2 - (a) The electrostatic interaction of two

• 1% as strong as covalent or ionic bonds;

• They become weaker as the distance between the dipoles

• At low pressures in the gas phase, these forces are

• They are strong in molecules in which hydrogen is bound

(1) Great polarity of the bond

Unusual strong dipole-dipole attraction hydrogen

• Even molecules without dipole moments must exert forces on

• Temporary dipolar arrangement of charge can occur which can

Figure 16.5 - (a) An instantaneous polarization can occur on atom A, creating an

• These interactions to become strong enough to produce a solid, the motion

• The freezing point rises going down a group

• Large atoms with many electrons exhibit a

• London dispersion forces greatly increases as

• The resistance of a liquid to an increase in its surface area is called surface

• Liquids with large intermolecular forces tend to be highly viscous.

Glycerol has an unusual high

Chap.16: 15, 20, 21, 27

a. n-pentane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 36.2°C

Explain why water forms into beads on a waxed car finish.

You might also like