MECH-321 Mechanics of deformable solids

PROBLEM 2.101
Rod ABC consists of two cylindrical portions AB and BC; it is made of a mild steel that is assumed to be elastoplastic with E = 200 GPa and Y = 250 MPa. A force P is applied to the rod and then removed to give it a permanent set p = 2 mm. Determine the maximum value of the force P and the maximum amount m by which the rod should be stretched to give it the desired permanent set.

SOLUTION
AAB = ABC =

(30)2 = 706.86 mm 2 = 706.86 106 m 2 (40) 2 = 1.25664 103 mm 2 = 1.25664 103 m 2

4 Pmax = Amin Y = (706.86 106 )(250 106 ) = 176.715 103 N

Pmax = 176.7 kN

PLAB P LBC (176.715 103 )(0.8) (176.715 103 )(1.2) + = + EAAB EABC (200 109 )(706.86 106 ) (200 109 )(1.25664 103 )

= 1.84375 103 m = 1.84375 mm

p = m or m = p + = 2 + 1.84375

m = 3.84 mm

MECH-321 Mechanics of deformable solids

PROBLEM 2.102
Rod ABC consists of two cylindrical portions AB and BC; it is made of a mild steel that is assumed to be elastoplastic with E = 200 GPa and Y = 250 MPa. A force P is applied to the rod until its end A has moved down by an amount m = 5 mm. Determine the maximum value of the force P and the permanent set of the rod after the force has been removed.

SOLUTION
AAB = ABC = Pmax

(30)2 = 706.86 mm 2 = 706.86 106 m 2

(40) 2 = 1.25664 103 mm 2 = 1.25644 103 m 2 4 = Amin Y = (706.86 106 )(250 106 ) = 176.715 103 N
Pmax = 176.7 kN

PLAB P LBC (176.715 103 )(0.8) (176.715 103 )(1.2) + = + EAAB EABC (200 109 )(706.68 106 ) (200 109 )(1.25664 103 )

= 1.84375 103 m = 1.84375 mm

p = m = 5 1.84375 = 3.16 mm

p = 3.16 mm

MECH-321 Mechanics of deformable solids

PROBLEM 2.103
The 30-mm square bar AB has a length L = 2.2 m; it is made of a mild steel that is assumed to be elastoplastic with E = 200 GPa and Y = 345 MPa. A force P is applied to the bar until end A has moved down by an amount m . Determine the maximum value of the force P and the permanent set of the bar after the force has been removed, knowing that (a) m = 4.5 mm, (b) m = 8 mm.

SOLUTION
A = (30)(30) = 900 mm2 = 900 106 m 2

Y = L Y =

L Y (2.2)(345 106 ) = = 3.795 103 = 3.795 mm E 200 109

If m Y , Pm = A Y = (900 106 )(345 106 ) = 310.5 103 N Unloading: =

Pm L Y L = = Y = 3.795 mm AE E

P = m
(a)

m = 4.5 mm > Y Pm = 310.5 103 N perm = 4.5 mm 3.795 mm

m = 310.5 kN perm = 0.705 mm m = 310.5 kN perm = 4.205 mm

(b)

m = 8 mm > Y Pm = 310.5 103 N perm = 8.0 mm 3.795 mm

MECH-321 Mechanics of deformable solids

PROBLEM 2.104
The 30-mm square bar AB has a length L = 2.5 m; it is made of mild steel that is assumed to be elastoplastic with E = 200 GPa and Y = 345 MPa. A force P is applied to the bar and then removed to give it a permanent set p . Determine the maximum value of the force P and the maximum amount m by which the bar should be stretched if the desired value of p is (a) 3.5 mm, (b) 6.5 mm.

SOLUTION
A = (30)(30) = 900 mm 2 = 900 106 m 2

Y = L Y =

L Y (2.5)(345 106 ) = = 4.3125 103 m = 4.3125 mm 9 E 200 10

When m exceeds Y , thus producing a permanent stretch of p , the maximum force is

Pm = A Y = (900 106 )(345 106 ) = 310.5 103 N = 310.5 kN

p = m = m Y m = p + Y
(a) (b)

p = 3.5 mm m = 3.5 mm + 4.3125 mm p = 6.5 mm m = 6.5 mm + 4.3125 mm

= 7.81 mm = 10.81 mm

MECH-321 Mechanics of deformable solids

PROBLEM 2.105
Rod AB is made of a mild steel that is assumed to be elastoplastic with E = 29 106 psi and Y = 36 ksi. After the rod has been attached 3 to the rigid lever CD, it is found that end C is 8 in. too high. A vertical force Q is then applied at C until this point has moved to position C . Determine the required magnitude of Q and the deflection 1 if the lever is to snap back to a horizontal position after Q is removed.

SOLUTION
Since the rod AB is to be stretched permanently, the peak force in the rod is P = PY , where
PY = A Y =

(36) = 3.976 kips 4 8

Referring to the free body diagram of lever CD,

M D = 0: 33 Q 22 P = 0 22 (22)(3.976) = 2.65 kips Q= P= 33 33

Q = 2.65 kips

During unloading, the spring back at B is

B = LAB Y =
From the deformation diagram, Slope:

LAB Y (60)(36 103 ) = = 0.0745 in. E 29 106

B
22

C
33

C =

33 B = 0.1117 in. 22

C = 0.1117 in.

MECH-321 Mechanics of deformable solids

PROBLEM 2.106
Solve Prob. 2.105, assuming that the yield point of the mild steel is 50 ksi. PROBLEM 2.105 Rod AB is made of a mild steel that is assumed to be elastoplastic with E = 29 106 psi and Y = 36 ksi. After the rod 3 has been attached to the rigid lever CD, it is found that end C is 8 in. too high. A vertical force Q is then applied at C until this point has moved to position C. Determine the required magnitude of Q and the deflection 1 if the lever is to snap back to a horizontal position after Q is removed.

SOLUTION
Since the rod AB is to be stretched permanently, the peak force in the rod is P = PY , where
PY = A Y =

(50) = 5.522 kips 4 8

Referring to the free body diagram of lever CD,

M D = 0: 33Q 22 P = 0 Q= 22 (22)(5.522) P= = 3.68 kips 33 33 LAB Y (60)(50 103 ) = = 0.1034 in. E 29 106 Q = 3.68 kips

During unloading, the spring back at B is

B = LAB Y =
From the deformation diagram, Slope:

B
22

C
33

C =

33 B 22

C = 0.1552 in.

MECH-321 Mechanics of deformable solids

PROBLEM 2.107
Each cable has a cross-sectional area of 100 mm2 and is made of an elastoplastic material for which Y = 345 MPa and E = 200 GPa. A force Q is applied at C to the rigid bar ABC and is gradually increased from 0 to 50 kN and then reduced to zero. Knowing that the cables were initially taut, determine (a) the maximum stress that occurs in cable BD, (b) the maximum deflection of point C, (c) the final displacement of point C. (Hint: In Part c, cable CE is not taut.)

SOLUTION
Elongation constraints for taut cables. Let = rotation angle of rigid bar ABC.

BD
LAB

CE
LAC

BD =
Equilibrium of bar ABC.

LAB 1 CE = CE LAC 2

(1)

M A = 0 : LAB FBD + LAC FCE LAC Q = 0 Q = FCE + LAB 1 FBD = FCE + FBD 2 LAC

(2)

Assume cable CE is yielded. From (2),

FCE = A Y = (100 106 )(345 106 ) = 34.5 103 N FBD = 2(Q FCE ) = (2)(50 103 34.5 103 ) = 31.0 103 N

Since FBD < A Y = 34.5 103 N, cable BD is elastic when Q = 50 kN.

MECH-321 Mechanics of deformable solids

PROBLEM 2.107 (Continued)

(a)

Maximum stresses.

CE = Y = 345 MPa BD =
FBD 31.0 103 = = 310 106 Pa 6 A 100 10

BD = 310 MPa

(b)

Maximum of deflection of point C.

BD =
From (1),

FBD LBD (31.0 103 )(2) = = 3.1 103 m EA (200 109 )(100 106 ) 6.20 mm

C = CE = 2 BD = 6.2 103 m Y LCE

E

Permanent elongation of cable CE: ( CE ) p = ( CE )

( CE ) P = ( CE ) max

FCE LCE L = ( CE ) max Y CE EA E 6 (345 10 )(2) = 6.20 103 = 2.75 103 m 9 200 10

(c)

Unloading. Cable CE is slack ( FCE = 0) at Q = 0. From (2),

FBD = 2(Q FCE ) = 2(0 0) = 0 FBD LBD = 0. EA

Since cable BD remained elastic, BD =

MECH-321 Mechanics of deformable solids

PROBLEM 2.108
Solve Prob. 2.107, assuming that the cables are replaced by rods of the same cross-sectional area and material. Further assume that the rods are braced so that they can carry compressive forces. PROBLEM 2.107 Each cable has a cross-sectional area of 100 mm2 and is made of an elastoplastic material for which Y = 345 MPa and E = 200 GPa. A force Q is applied at C to the rigid bar ABC and is gradually increased from 0 to 50 kN and then reduced to zero. Knowing that the cables were initially taut, determine (a) the maximum stress that occurs in cable BD, (b) the maximum deflection of point C, (c) the final displacement of point C. (Hint: In Part c, cable CE is not taut.)

SOLUTION
Elongation constraints. Let = rotation angle of rigid bar ABC.

= BD =
Equilibrium of bar ABC.

BC
LAB

CE
LAC

LAB 1 CE = CE LAC 2

(1)

M A = 0: LAB FBD + LAC FCE LAC Q = 0 Q = FCE + LAB 1 FBD = FCE + FBD LAC 2

(2)

Assume cable CE is yielded. FCE = A Y = (100 106 )(345 106 ) = 34.5 103 N From (2),
FBD = 2(Q FCE ) = (2)(50 103 34.5 103 ) = 31.0 103 N

Since FBD < A Y = 34.5 103 N, cable BD is elastic when Q = 50 kN.

MECH-321 Mechanics of deformable solids

PROBLEM 2.108 (Continued)

(a)

Maximum stresses.

CE = Y = 345 MPa BD =
FBD 31.0 103 = = 310 106 Pa 6 A 100 10

BD = 310 MPa

(b)

Maximum of deflection of point C.

BD =
From (1),

FBD LBD (31.0 103 )(2) = = 3.1 103 m EA (200 109 )(100 106 ) 6.20 mm

C = CE = 2 BD = 6.2 103 m

Unloading. Q = 50 103 N, CE = C

From (1),
Elastic FBD = FCE =

BD = 1 C 2
9 6 EA BD (200 10 )(100 10 )( 1 C ) 2 = = 5 106 C LBD 2

EA CE (200 109 )(100 106 )( C ) = = 10 106 C LCE 2 Q = FCE + 1 FBD = 12.5 106 C 2 12.5 106 C = 50 103 C = 4 103 m

From (2),

Equating expressions for Q,

(c)

Final displacement.

C = ( C ) m C = 6.2 103 4 103 = 2.2 103 m

2.20 mm

MECH-321 Mechanics of deformable solids

PROBLEM 2.109
Rod AB consists of two cylindrical portions AC and BC, each with a cross-sectional area of 1750 mm2. Portion AC is made of a mild steel with E = 200 GPa and Y = 250 MPa, and portion CB is made of a high-strength steel with E = 200 GPa and Y = 345 MPa. A load P is applied at C as shown. Assuming both steels to be elastoplastic, determine (a) the maximum deflection of C if P is gradually increased from zero to 975 kN and then reduced back to zero, (b) the maximum stress in each portion of the rod, (c) the permanent deflection of C.

SOLUTION Displacement at C to cause yielding of AC. L (0.190)(250 106 ) C ,Y = LAC Y , AC = AC Y , AC = = 0.2375 103 m 9 E 200 10
Corresponding force.
FCB = FAC = A Y , AC = (1750 106 )(250 106 ) = 437.5 103 N EA C (200 109 )(1750 106 )(0.2375 103 ) = = 437.5 103 N 0.190 LCB PY = FAC FCB = 875 103 N

For equilibrium of element at C,

FAC ( FCB + PY ) = 0

Since applied load P = 975 103 N > 875 103 N, portion AC yields.
FCB = FAC P = 437.5 103 975 103 N = 537.5 103 N

(a)

C =

FCB LCD (537.5 103 )(0.190) = = 0.29179 103 m EA (200 109 )(1750 106 ) 0.292 mm 250 MPa 307 MPa

(b)

Maximum stresses: AC = Y , AC = 250 MPa

FBC 537.5 103 = = 307.14 106 Pa = 307 MPa 6 A 1750 10 Deflection and forces for unloading. P L P L L = AC AC = CB CB PCB = PAC AC = PAC EA EA LAB

BC =

(c)

P = 975 103 = PAC PCB = 2 PAC PAC = 487.5 103 N

(487.5 103 )(0.190) = 0.26464 103 m 6 9 (200 10 )(1750 10 ) 0.0272 mm

p = m = 0.29179 103 0.26464 103

= 0.02715 103 m

MECH-321 Mechanics of deformable solids

PROBLEM 2.110
For the composite rod of Prob. 2.109, if P is gradually increased from zero until the deflection of point C reaches a maximum value of m = 0.3 mm and then decreased back to zero, determine (a) the maximum value of P, (b) the maximum stress in each portion of the rod, (c) the permanent deflection of C after the load is removed. PROBLEM 2.109 Rod AB consists of two cylindrical portions AC and BC, each with a cross-sectional area of 1750 mm2. Portion AC is made of a mild steel with E = 200 GPa and Y = 250 MPa, and portion CB is made of a high-strength steel with E = 200 GPa and Y = 345 MPa. A load P is applied at C as shown. Assuming both steels to be elastoplastic, determine (a) the maximum deflection of C if P is gradually increased from zero to 975 kN and then reduced back to zero, (b) the maximum stress in each portion of the rod, (c) the permanent deflection of C.

SOLUTION
Displacement at C is m = 0.30 mm. The corresponding strains are

AC =

m
LAC

0.30 mm = 1.5789 103 190 mm = 0.30 mm = 1.5789 103 190 mm

CB =
Strains at initial yielding:

m
LCB

Y, AC = Y, CB =
(a)

Y, AC
E

Y, BC
E

250 106 = 1.25 103 (yielding) 200 109 345 106 = = 1.725 103 (elastic) 200 109 =

Forces: FAC = A Y = (1750 106 )(250 106 ) = 437.5 103 N

FCB = EA CB = (200 109 )(1750 106 )(1.5789 103 ) = 552.6 103 N

For equilibrium of element at C, FAC FCB P = 0

P = FAC FCD = 437.5 103 + 552.6 103 = 990.1 103 N = 990 kN = 250 MPa 316 MPa

(b)

Stresses: AC : AC = Y, AC
CB : CB = FCB 552.6 103 = = 316 106 Pa 6 A 1750 10

MECH-321 Mechanics of deformable solids

PROBLEM 2.110 (Continued)

(c) Deflection and forces for unloading.

PAC LAC P L L = CB CB PCB = PAC AC = PAC EA EA LAB (495.05 103 )(0.190) = 0.26874 103 m = 0.26874 mm (200 109 )(1750 106 )

P = PAC PCB = 2 PAC = 990.1 103 N PAC = 495.05 103 N

p = m = 0.30 mm 0.26874 mm

0.031mm

MECH-321 Mechanics of deformable solids

PROBLEM 2.111
3 Two tempered-steel bars, each 16 -in. thick, are bonded to a 1 -in. mild-steel 2 bar. This composite bar is subjected as shown to a centric axial load of magnitude P. Both steels are elastoplastic with E = 29 106 and with yield strengths equal to 100 ksi and 50 ksi, respectively, for the tempered and mild steel. The load P is gradually increased from zero until the deformation of the bar reaches a maximum value m = 0.04 in. and then decreased back to zero. Determine (a) the maximum value of P, (b) the maximum stress in the tempered-steel bars, (c) the permanent set after the load is removed.

SOLUTION
1 For the mild steel, A1 = (2) = 1.00 in 2 2 3 For the tempered steel, A2 = 2 (2) = 0.75 in 2 16

Y1 = Y 2 =

L Y 1 (14)(50 103 ) = = 0.024138 in. E 29 106 L Y 2 (14)(100 103 ) = = 0.048276 in. E 29 103

Total area: A = A1 + A2 = 1.75 in 2

Y 1 < m < Y 2 . The mild steel yields. Tempered steel is elastic.

(a) Forces: P = A1 Y 1 = (1.00)(50 103 ) = 50 103 lb 1
P2 = EA2 m (29 103 )(0.75)(0.04) = = 62.14 103 lb L 14 P = 112.1 kips

P = P + P2 = 112.14 103 lb = 112.1kips 1

(b)

Stresses: 1 =

P 1 = Y 1 = 50 103 psi = 50 ksi A1 P2 62.14 103 = = 82.86 103 psi = 82.86 ksi A2 0.75 82.86 ksi

2 =
Unloading: (c)

PL (112.14 103 )(14) = = 0.03094 in. EA (29 106 )(1.75) 0.00906in.

Permanent set: p = m = 0.04 0.03094 = 0.00906 in.

MECH-321 Mechanics of deformable solids

PROBLEM 2.112
For the composite bar of Prob. 2.111, if P is gradually increased from zero to 98 kips and then decreased back to zero, determine (a) the maximum deformation of the bar, (b) the maximum stress in the tempered-steel bars, (c) the permanent set after the load is removed.
3 PROBLEM 2.111 Two tempered-steel bars, each 16 -in. thick, are bonded to a 1 -in. mild-steel bar. This composite bar is subjected as shown to a centric 2 axial load of magnitude P. Both steels are elastoplastic with E = 29 106 psi and with yield strengths equal to 100 ksi and 50 ksi, respectively, for the tempered and mild steel.

SOLUTION
Areas: Mild steel: Tempered steel: Total: Total force to yield the mild steel:
1 A1= (2) = 1.00 in 2 2 3 A2 = 2 (2) = 0.75 in 2 16

A = A1+ A2 = 1.75 in 2

Y1 =

PY PY = A Y 1 = (1.75)(50 103 ) = 87.50 103 lb A

P > PY , therefore, mild steel yields.

Let P = force carried by mild steel. 1

P2 = force carried by tempered steel. P = A11 = (1.00)(50 103 ) = 50 103 lb 1 P + P2 = P, P2 = P P = 98 103 50 103 = 48 103 lb 1 1

(a) (b)

m = 2 =

P2 L (48 103 )(14) = EA2 (29 106 )(0.75) P2 48 103 = = 64 103 psi A2 0.75 PL (98 103 )(14) = = 0.02703 in. EA (29 106 )(1.75)

= 0.03090in. = 64 ksi

Unloading: = (c)

P = m = 0.03090 0.02703

= 0.00387 in.

MECH-321 Mechanics of deformable solids

PROBLEM 2.113
The rigid bar ABC is supported by two links, AD and BE, of uniform 37.5 6-mm rectangular cross section and made of a mild steel that is assumed to be elastoplastic with E = 200 GPa and Y = 250 MPa. The magnitude of the force Q applied at B is gradually increased from zero to 260 kN. Knowing that a = 0.640 m, determine (a) the value of the normal stress in each link, (b) the maximum deflection of point B.

SOLUTION
Statics: Deformation: Elastic analysis:
A = (37.5)(6) = 225 mm 2 = 225 106 m 2 PAD = EA (200 109 )(225 106 ) A = A = 26.47 106 A LAD 1.7 M C = 0 : 0.640(Q PBE ) 2.64 PAD = 0

A = 2.64 , B = a = 0.640

AD
PBE

= (26.47 106 )(2.64 ) = 69.88 106 P = AD = 310.6 109 A (200 109 )(225 106 ) EA = B = B = 45 106 B 1.0 LBE = (45 106 )(0.640 ) = 28.80 106 P = BE = 128 109 A 2.64 PAD = PBE + 4.125PAD 0.640

BE

From Statics, Q = PBE +

= [28.80 106 + (4.125)(69.88 106 ] = 317.06 106

Y at yielding of link AD:

AD = Y = 250 106 = 310.6 109 Y = 804.89 106

QY = (317.06 106 )(804.89 106 ) = 255.2 103 N

MECH-321 Mechanics of deformable solids

PROBLEM 2.113 (Continued)

(a)

Since Q = 260 103 > QY , link AD yields.

PAD = A Y = (225 106 )(250 106 ) = 56.25 103 N

AD = 250 MPa

From Statics, PBE = Q 4.125PAD = 260 103 (4.125)(56.25 103 )

PBE = 27.97 103 N PBE 27.97 103 = = 124.3 106 Pa 6 A 225 10

BE =
(b)

BE = 124.3 MPa B = 0.622 mm

B =

PBE LBE (27.97 103 )(1.0) = = 621.53 106 m EA (200 109 )(225 106 )

MECH-321 Mechanics of deformable solids

PROBLEM 2.114
Solve Prob. 2.113, knowing that a = 1.76 m and that the magnitude of the force Q applied at B is gradually increased from zero to 135 kN. PROBLEM 2.113 The rigid bar ABC is supported by two links, AD and BE, of uniform 37.5 6-mm rectangular cross section and made of a mild steel that is assumed to be elastoplastic with E = 200 GPa and Y = 250 MPa. The magnitude of the force Q applied at B is gradually increased from zero to 260 kN. Knowing that a = 0.640 m, determine (a) the value of the normal stress in each link, (b) the maximum deflection of point B.

SOLUTION
Statics: Deformation: Elastic Analysis:
A = (37.5)(6) = 225 mm 2 = 225 106 m 2 PAD = EA (200 109 )(225 106 ) A = A = 26.47 106 A LAD 1.7 M C = 0 : 1.76(Q PBE ) 2.64 PAD = 0

A = 2.64 , B = 1.76

AD
PBE

= (26.47 106 )(2.64 ) = 69.88 106 P = AD = 310.6 109 A (200 109 )(225 106 ) EA = B = B = 45 106 B 1.0 LBE = (45 106 )(1.76 ) = 79.2 106 P = BE = 352 109 A 2.64 PAD = PBE + 1.500 PAD 1.76

BE

From Statics, Q = PBE +

= [73.8 106 + (1.500)(69.88 106 ] = 178.62 106

Y at yielding of link BE:

BE = Y = 250 106 = 352 109 Y Y = 710.23 106

QY = (178.62 106 )(710.23 106 ) = 126.86 103 N

Since Q = 135 103 N > QY , link BE yields.

PBE = A Y = (225 106 )(250 106 ) = 56.25 103 N

BE = Y = 250 MPa

MECH-321 Mechanics of deformable solids

PROBLEM 2.114 (Continued)

From Statics, PAD = (a)

1 (Q PBE ) = 52.5 103 N 1.500

AD =
From elastic analysis of AD,

PAD 52.5 103 = = 233.3 106 6 A 225 10 PAD = 751.29 103 rad 69.88 106

AD = 233 MPa

(b)

B = 1.76 = 1.322 103 m

B = 1.322 mm