Design Of Beams/Flexure Members

Case I- Laterally Supported Beams (L < LC )

• 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
• 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑏𝑓 170 𝑏𝑓
• < • 170 < < 250
2𝑡𝑓 √𝐹𝑦 2𝑡𝑓

𝑑 1680
𝑑 1680 • <
• < 𝑡𝑤 √𝐹𝑦
𝑡𝑤 √𝐹𝑦

bf
𝐹𝑏𝑥 = 0.66 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑏 = (0.79 − 0.000762 √Fy ) Fy
2tf
𝐹𝑏𝑦 = 0.75 𝐹𝑦

• 𝑵𝒐𝒏 − 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝐹𝑏 = 0.60 𝐹𝑦

Case II- Laterally Unsupported Beams (L > LC )

• 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑩𝒆𝒂𝒎 • 𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝑩𝒆𝒂𝒎 • 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝑩𝒆𝒂𝒎

𝐿 3516330(𝐶𝑏) 𝐿 703270(𝐶𝑏)
• √
703270(𝐶𝑏)
<
𝐿
<√
3516330(𝐶𝑏)
• <√ • <√
𝐹𝑦 𝑟𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝑟𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝑟𝑡 𝐹𝑦

1172100 𝐶𝑏 𝐹𝑏
𝐿 2 𝐹𝑏 =
2 𝐹𝑦 ( ) 82740 𝐶𝑏
𝐹𝑏 = [ − 𝑟𝑡 ] 𝐹𝑦 𝐿 2 =
(𝑟𝑡) 𝑑
3 10.55 × 106 𝐶𝑏 𝐿( )
𝐴𝑓
82740 𝐶𝑏 82740 𝐶𝑏
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑏 = 0.60 𝐹𝑦
𝑑 𝑑
𝐿( ) 𝐿( )
𝐴𝑓 𝐴𝑓

𝐹𝑏 = 0.60 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑏 = 0.60 𝐹𝑦
Problem No. 1

A beam is built-up from the following plates: 450 mm x 20 mm as flanges and 500 mm x
20 mm as web. All plates are A36 steel with Fy = 248 MPa and the flanges are continuously
connected to the web by means of fillet welds. The beam is simply supported at its ends and
laterally supported only at supports. Determine the value of allowable bending stress for a
length of (a) 6 m; (b) 4 m; (c) 10 m.

Solution:

200 bf 200(450)
𝐋 𝐂𝟏 = = = 5715.006
√Fy √248

13790 137900
𝐋 𝐂𝟐 = d = 540 = 9267.473
Fy( ) 248( )
Af 450×20

∴ 𝐋𝐂𝟏 = 𝐋𝐂 = 𝟓𝟕𝟏𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟔

A.) L = 6000 mm > 𝐿𝐶

∴ 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑

𝑰
Solve for 𝒓𝒕 = √𝑨

20(450)3 250(20)3
+
12 3(12)
𝑟𝑡 = √ = 119.346 𝑚𝑚
250
20(450) + 3 (20)

Cb = 1.0

L 6000
= = 50.274
rt 119.346
 703270(𝐶𝑏) 703270(1.0)
√ =√ = 53.252
𝐹𝑦 248

703270(𝐶𝑏) L
since √ = 53.252 > = 50.274
𝐹𝑦 rt

∴ 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚

Then use:

𝐹𝑏 = 0.6 𝐹𝑦 = 0.6(248) = 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎

82740 𝐶𝑏 82740 (1.0)

𝐹𝑏 = 𝑑 = 540 = 229.833 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐿( ) 6000( )
𝐴𝑓 450×20

Therefore: 𝑭𝒃 = 𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂

B.) L = 4000 mm < 𝐿𝐶

∴ 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑

bf 450
√Fy = √248 = 177.165 > 170
2tf 2(20)

d 540
√Fy = √248 = 425.196 < 1680
tw 20

∴ 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Then use:

bf
𝐹𝑏 = (0.79 − 0.000762 √Fy ) Fy
2tf

𝐹𝑏 = (0.79 − 0.000762(177.165))(248)

𝑭𝒃 = 𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂

C.) L = 10,000 mm > 𝐿𝐶

 ∴ 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑈𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑

𝐿 10,000
= = 83.790
𝑟𝑡 119.346

703270(𝐶𝑏) 703270(1.0)
√ =√ = 53.252
𝐹𝑦 248

3516330(𝐶𝑏) 3516330(1.0)
√ =√ = 119.075
𝐹𝑦 248

703270(𝐶𝑏) L 3516330(𝐶𝑏)
since √ < <√
𝐹𝑦 rt 𝐹𝑦

∴ 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚

Then use:

𝐹𝑏 = 0.6 𝐹𝑦 = 0.6(248) = 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐿 2
2 𝐹𝑦( ) 2 248(83.790)2
𝑟𝑡
𝐹𝑏 = [3 − ] 𝐹𝑦 = [3 − 10.55×106(1.0)] 248 = 124.404 𝑀𝑃𝑎
10.55×106 𝐶𝑏

82740 𝐶𝑏 82740 (1.0)

𝐹𝑏 = 𝑑 = 540 = 137.900 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐿( ) 10,000( )
𝐴𝑓 450×20

Therefore: 𝑭𝒃 = 𝟏𝟑𝟕. 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂

Problem No. 2

The beam shown in the figure has a length of 14 m and is not restrained against lateral
buckling. The beam is A36 steel with yield strength of Fy = 248 MPa. The beam is a W 21 x 248
steel shape whose properties are as follows:

w = 369.4 kg/m bf = 324.5 mm

A = 46.968 mm2 tf = 50.5 mm

d = 603 mm rt = 87.63 mm

tw = 27.9 mm Sx = 9,332.4 x103 mm3

a.) Determine the bending coefficient due to moment acting on the beam.
b.) Determine the allowable Flexural stress in the compression.
c.) Determine the permissible value of Moment.

Solution:

𝑀 𝑀 2
a.) 𝐶𝑏 = 1.75 + 1.05 (𝑀1 ) + 0.3 (𝑀1 )
2 2

𝑪𝒃 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓

𝐿 14,00
b.) = 87.63 = 159.763
𝑟𝑡

703270(𝐶𝑏) 703270(1.75)
√ =√ = 70.446
𝐹𝑦 248

3516330(𝐶𝑏) 3516330(1.75)
√ =√ = 157.521
𝐹𝑦 248

703270(𝐶𝑏) L 3516330(𝐶𝑏)
since √ < >√
𝐹𝑦 rt 𝐹𝑦

∴ 𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝑩𝒆𝒂𝒎
Then use:

𝐹𝑏 = 0.6 𝐹𝑦 = 0.6(248) = 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎

1172100 𝐶𝑏 1172100 (1.75)

𝐹𝑏 = 𝐿 2
= (159.763)2
= 80.362 𝑀𝑃𝑎
( )
𝑟𝑡

82740 𝐶𝑏 82740 (1.75)

𝐹𝑏 = 𝑑 = 603 = 281.070 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐿( ) 14,000( )
𝐴𝑓 324.5×50.5

Therefore: 𝑭𝒃 = 𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝑀
c.) 𝐹𝑏 = 𝑆𝑥

𝑀 = 148.8 (9332.4 𝑥103 )

𝑴 = 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟖. 𝟔𝟔𝟏 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

Problem No. 3

A W 530 X 92 is used as a beam having a simple span of 10m. which is laterally

supported throughout its span. It carries a superimposed load of 30kN/m distributed uniformly
throughout its span and two concentrated load P acting at 2.5m from both ends. Use A 572
grade B steel. Fy = 345.6MPa

a) Determine the value of P so that it will not exceed its allowable bending stress.
b) Determine the deflection of the beam due to its load.
Properties of W 530 x 92

W = 0.907kN/m d = 533mm
bf = 209mm tf = 15.6mm
tw= 10.2mm sx= 2070x103mm3
Es= 200 000MPa Ix= 552x106

Solution:
a) Value of P so that it will not exceeds its allowable bending stress.
𝑏𝑓 170
<
2𝑡𝑓 √𝐹𝑦

209 170
< = 9.14
2(15.6) √𝐹𝑦

6.70 < 9.14

It is a compact section

Use Fb = 0.66Fy
Fb = 0.66 (345.6)
Fb = 228.10MPa

M = FbSx
M = 228.10(2070)103
M = 472.2kN.m

M1 = 2.5P
w = 30+0.907 = 30.907kN/m
 𝑤𝐿2
𝑀2 =
8
30.907(10)2
𝑀2 = = 386.34kN/m
8

𝑀 = 𝑀1 + 𝑀2

𝑀 = 2.5𝑃 + 386.34

472.2 = 2.5𝑃 + 386.34

P = 34.34kN

b) Deflection of the beam

δ = δ1 + δ2

171700 2 85850 2
( ) (5)− (2.5)[2.5+ (2.5)]
2 3 2 3
δ1 = 𝐸𝐼

983698(1000)3
δ1 = 200 000 (552)106

δ1 = 8.91mm

5𝑤𝐿4 5(30907)(10)(10)3 (1000)3

δ2 = 384𝐸𝐼 = 384(200 000)(552𝑥106 )

δ2 = 36.45mm

δ = δ1 + δ2

δ = 8.91 + 36.45

δ = 45.36mm
Problem No. 4

A simply supported beam with span of 8m is subjected to a counterclockwise moment at the left
support and counter clockwise moment at the right support equal to 150% at the left support, acting in
the plane of the minor both axis of the beam. The beam us not restrained against lateral buckling. The
beam is A36 Steel with Fy = 248 MPa and is made of W21x62 whose properties are:

Properties:

rt = 0.053 tf = 0.016
d = 0.533 S = 0.002077
bf = 0.21

a) Determine the moment gradient of the beam

b) Solve for the allowable flexural stress in the compression flange
c) Determine the maximum value of the moment at the left support

Solution :

𝑀1 𝑀
a) Cb = 1.75 + 1.05 ( ) + 0.3 ( 1 )2
𝑀2 𝑀2
𝑀 𝑀
= 1.75 + 1.05 ( ) + 0.3( )2
1.5𝑀 1.5𝑀

Cb = 2.58 > 2.3

Cb = 2.3

𝐿 8
b) = 0.053 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎. 𝟗𝟒
𝑟𝑡

703270(𝐶𝑏) 703270 (2.3)

√ =√ = 𝟖𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟏
𝐹𝑦 248

3516330(𝐶𝑏) 3516330(2.3)
√ =√ = 𝟏𝟖𝟓. 𝟖𝟔
𝐹𝑦 248

703270(𝐶𝑏) L 3516330(𝐶𝑏)
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐞 √ < rt < √ Therefore : Intermediate beam
𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
Then

𝐿 2
2 𝐹𝑦 (𝑟𝑡) 2 (248)(150.943)2
𝐹𝑏 = [ − ] 𝐹𝑦 = [ − ] 248 = 𝟏𝟎𝟕. 𝟓𝟖𝟒 𝑴𝑷𝒂
3 10.55 × 106 𝐶𝑏 3 10.55𝑥106 (2.3)

82740 𝐶𝑏 82740(2.3)
𝐹𝑏 = = = 𝟏𝟒𝟗. 𝟗𝟓𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑑 533
𝐿( ) 8000(10𝑥210)
𝐴𝑓

𝐹𝑏 = 0.6 𝐹𝑦 = 0.6(248) = 𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂

Since:

149.957 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆: 𝑭𝒃 = 𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂

C)

𝑀
𝐹𝑏 =
𝑆𝑥
Mmax = 𝐹𝑏 (𝑆𝑥)
= 148.8(0.002077) 𝑥103
𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟑𝟎𝟗. 𝟎𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.5𝑀𝐿

309.058
𝑀𝐿 =
1.5

𝑴𝑳 = 206.039 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎
Problem No. 5

A W310x97 of Length 6m. is used as a beam with adequate lateral support for the compression
flange. Steel use is A 242 steel Fy = 345.6 MPa.

Properties W 310 x 97
w = 0.95 kN/m Ix = 222 x106 mm4
A = 12300 mm2 Sy = 1440 x 103 mm3
d = 308 mm bf = 305 mm
tf = 15.4 mm tw = 9.9 mm

a) Determine the allowable bending stress of the beam.

b) Determine the safe concentrated load that it could support at its mid span so that it will
not exceed its allowable bending stress.
Solution:

a) Allowable Bending Stress

bf 170
= for non compact
2tf √Fy

bf 170 250
> < (partially compact)
2tf √Fy √Fy

170 bf 250
√Fy 2tf √Fy

170 305 250

√345.6 2(15.4) √345.6

9.14 < 9.9 < 13.45 Partially Compact

Then use:

bf
𝐹𝑏 = (0.79 − 0.000762 √Fy ) Fy
2tf

= (0.79 − 0.000762(9.9)√345.6)(345.6)

𝐹𝑏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟒. 𝟓𝟔𝑴𝑷𝒂

b) Concentrated Load
 𝑀
𝐹𝑏 = 𝑆𝑥

M = 𝐹𝑏 (𝑆𝑥)

= 224.56(1440)(1000)

M = 𝟑𝟐𝟑. 𝟑𝟕 𝐤𝐍. 𝐦

W = 96.8(9.81) = 950 N/m

PL WL2
M= +
4 8

P6 0.95(62 )
323.37 = +
4 8

P = 212.73 𝒌𝑵
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cabanatuan City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Comprehensive Exam 3

SUBMITTED BY:
JUDY ANNE MANILA
RON-JIGGY MAGNO
LOIZA JOI MULANO
JILLIANNE RELADOR
BSCE-5A

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. ERMINO G. ENRIQUEZ
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cabanatuan City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Comprehensive Exam 3

SUBMITTED BY:
JUDY ANNE MANILA
RON-JIGGY MAGNO
LOIZA JOI MULANO
JILLIANNE RELADOR
BSCE-5A

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. ERMINO G. ENRIQUEZ