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    The IC Engine: Why

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    Sushil Kumar
    The document discusses the history and operation of internal combustion engines, focusing on the Otto cycle engine. It provides background on key aspects of Otto cycle engines like the four strokes and thermodynamic cycle. The document also examines metrics for comparing engine performance such as indicated mean effective pressure, brake mean effective pressure, volumetric efficiency, and brake specific fuel consumption.

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    The IC Engine: Why

    Uploaded by

    Sushil Kumar
    52 views14 pages
    The document discusses the history and operation of internal combustion engines, focusing on the Otto cycle engine. It provides background on key aspects of Otto cycle engines like the four strokes and thermodynamic cycle. The document also examines metrics for comparing engine performance such as indicated mean effective pressure, brake mean effective pressure, volumetric efficiency, and brake specific fuel consumption.

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    6514031-The-IC-Engine

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    The document discusses the history and operation of internal combustion engines, focusing on the Otto cycle engine. It provides background on key aspects of Otto cycle engines like the four strokes and thermodynamic cycle. The document also examines metrics for comparing engine performance such as indicated mean effective pressure, brake mean effective pressure, volumetric efficiency, and brake specific fuel consumption.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    52 views14 pages

    The IC Engine: Why

    Uploaded by

    Sushil Kumar
    The document discusses the history and operation of internal combustion engines, focusing on the Otto cycle engine. It provides background on key aspects of Otto cycle engines like the four strokes and thermodynamic cycle. The document also examines metrics for comparing engine performance such as indicated mean effective pressure, brake mean effective pressure, volumetric efficiency, and brake specific fuel consumption.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    The IC Engine: Why…

    By: Matthew King


    Outline
     A Short History
     Background
     Why…
     How do we compare engines and their cycles?
    History
     The internal combustion
    engine was first conceived and
    developed in the late 1800’s
     The man who is considered the
    inventor of the modern IC
    engine and the founder of the
    industry is pictured to the
    right….Nikolaus Otto (1832-
    1891).
     Otto developed a four-stroke
    engine in 1876, most often
    referred to as a Spark Ignition,
    since a spark is needed to
    ignite the fuel air mixture.
    History
     The impact on society is quite obvious, all most
    all travel and transportation is powered by the IC
    engine: trains, automobiles, airplanes are just a
    few.
     The IC engine largely replaced the steam engine
    at the turn of the century (1900’s)
     Another important cycle is the Diesel cycle
    developed by Rudolph Diesel in 1897. This cycle
    is also known as a compression ignition engine.
    Background on IC Engines
     “An internal combustion is defined as an
    engine in which the chemical energy of the
    fuel is released inside the engine and used
    directly for mechanical work, as opposed to an
    external combustion engine in which a
    separate combustor is used to burn the fuel.” 1
     “IC engines can deliver power in the range
    from 0.01 kW to 20x10^3 kW, depending on
    their displacement.”2
    Background on the Otto Cycle
     The Otto Cycle has four basic steps
    or strokes:
     1. An intake stroke that draws a
    combustible mixture of fuel and air
    into the cylinder
     2. A compression stroke with the
    valves closed which raises the
    temperature of the mixture. A spark
    ignites the mixture towards the end
    of this stroke.
     3. An expansion or power stroke.
    Resulting from combustion.
     4. An Exhaust stroke the pushes the
    burned contents out of the cylinder.
     To the right is an idealized
    representation of the Otto cycle on
    a PV diagram.
     http://www.rawbw.com/~xmwang/j
    avappl/ottoCyc.html
    Why…
    The Otto cycle IC engine has remained fundamentally
    unchanged, besides slight improvements, for over 100
    years. Its’ popularity has continually increased
    because…
     Relatively low cost
     Favorable power to weight ratio
     High Efficiency
     Relative simple and robust operating characteristics
     Improvements are mainly lower emissions and higher
    fuel efficiency
    Comparing Engines….
     mep= work done per unit displacement volume
     Or average pressure that results in the same amount
    of indicated or brake work produced by the engine
     Scales out effect of engine size

     Two useful types: imep and bmep


     imep: indicated mean effective pressure
     -the net work per unit displacement volume done by the gas
    during compression and expansion
     bmep: brake mean effective pressure
     -the external shaft work per unit volume done by the engine
    4   
    bmep 
    Vd

    BMEP
     Based on torque:

    4   
    bmep  (4 stroke)
    Vd

    2   
    bmep  (2
    stroke)
    Vd
    Compare…
     Brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc)
     Measure of engine efficiency
     They are in fact inversely related, so a lower bsfc
    means a better engine
     Often used over thermal efficiency because an
    accepted universal definition of thermal efficiency
    does not exist
    m f m f
    bsfc  
    Wb 2     N

    m f m f
    bsfc  
    W b 2     N

    bsfc
     bsfc is the fuel flow rate divided by the brake
    power
    m f m f
    bsfc  
    W b 2     N
     We can also derive the brake thermal
    efficiency if we give an energy to the fuel
    called heat of combustion or,
     qc
    Wb 1
     
    m f  qc bsfc  qc
    Compare…
     Volumetric Efficiency, ev
     The mass of fuel and air inducted into the cylinder
    divided by the mass that would occupy the displaced
    volume at the density ρi in the intake manifold
     Note it’s a mass ratio and for a 4 stroke engine

    2(m a  m f )
    ev 
    iVdN
     For a direct injection engine m
    f 0
    Other comparisons…
     First law analysis- energy conservation
     For a system open to the transfer of enthalpy, mass,
    work, and heat, the net energy crossing the control
    surface is stored into or depleted from the control
    volume
     Second Law Analysis – entropy conservation
     This approach takes into account the irreversibility
    that occurs in each process
     Another outcome of this analysis is the development
    of the usefulness of each type of energy (exergy)
    References
    1. Internal Combustion Engines, Colin R.
    Ferguson, John Wiley & Sons, 2001
    2. Engines An Introduction, John L. Lumley,
    Cambridge University Press, 1999

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