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1. Lighting the Burner
a. Examine the parts of the Bunsen burner. 
 
of the burner, label and state
the function of its parts.
b. Attach the rubber tubing from the burner to the gas outlet on the lab bench. Bring the
lighted match or striker up 4-5 cm above the barrel while turning on the gas valve.
c. Adjust the gas supply so as to have a flame of not more than 8 cm high. Close the air
holes of the burner and observe the appearance of the flame.
______________________________________________________________________
Hold the porcelain dish on this flame for a moment. What is deposited on the porcelain
dish? _________________________________________________________________
d. Open the air holes until the flame is pale blue and has two or more distinct cones. A
slight buzzing or roaring sound is characteristic of the hottest flame from the burner. Too
much air may blow the flame out. Adjust the air intake until the roaring stops. What is the
effect on the flame upon opening of the air holes? _____________________ Does this
type of flame have the same effect on the porcelain dish? Why?
______________________________________________________________________
Spray powdered charcoal on the flame and note its effect. ______________________
______________________________________________________________________
What makes the flame luminous? __________________________________________
e. When the best adjustment is reached, three distinct cones are visible. Always use this
kind of flame unless directed otherwise.
f. Extinguish the flame when it is not being used, by turning off the gas valve at the outlet.
2. Determining the Flame Temperatures
a. Wet a piece of cardboard and hold it vertically through the center of the flame, with the
lower end of the cardboard resting against the top of the burner.
b. Remove the cardboard as soon as it shows a tendency to char. From the scorched
portions note the relative temperature of the different parts of the flame.
c. Draw a sketch of the flame to illustrate the different regions.
 

 
1. Cutting
a. Place the glass tubing flat on the table. At a desired point make a single scratch with a
sharp triangular file.
b. Grasp the glass tubing with both hands and place the thumbs one cm beside the
scratch. Position the thumbs such that they are opposite the scratch.
c. Break the glass tubing by applying a gentle pressure. If it does not yield to gentle
pressure, make a deeper scratch.
d. The edges of the cut glass tubing are sharp and should be polished by rotating it at the
non-luminous portion of the burner¶s flame. This is to prevent the sharp edges of the
glass from cutting the corks and rubber tubing as well as your fingers.
2. Bending
a. Take a piece of glass tubing about 30 cm long and hold it lengthwise over the flame.
b. To bend the glass tubing properly, it must be heated uniformly over a distance of 5 to 8
cm. This can be done using a flame spreader.
c. Roll the tube back and forth until it has become quite soft.
d. When it has become sufficiently soft, (i.e., the glass tubing begins to take a pink color
and sag gently) take it out of the flame.
e. Bend quickly to the desired shape and hold until it hardens. Try to get a good idea of the
angle before you begin to work so that you may work rapidly and secure the desired
bend at once.
f. Make one right angle and one 30O bent glass tubing.
NOTE: Reheating and rebending produce unsightly and often frail apparatus.
3. Drawing Out
a. Roll the tube over the flame until it softens. The tube must be constantly rotated, to
prevent the softened portion from sagging.
b. Quickly remove it from the flame, and while holding it in a vertical position, gently pull the
ends apart until the bore is of the desired size.
c. Cut to the desired nozzle size and fire polish the tip.
4. Boring corks and rubber stoppers
a. Select a cork such that its size will fit into the mouth of the flask or test tube.
b. Soften by rolling it between the tabletop and the palm of your hand. Select a sharp cork
borer one size smaller than the tube that will be inserted.
c. Place the cork on the desk and cut half through it with the borer under gentle pressure
then reverse the cork and bore through from the other end.
d. Smoothen the walls of the cork with a round file.
e. If the hole bored is too small, enlarge it by carefully filing with a round file. Only small
adjustment should be made in this way.
f. Rubber stoppers are bored in the same manner as mentioned. Select a very sharp borer
one size larger than the hole to be made, and wet it with glycerin. Proceed as in boring
the cork, but do not apply too much pressure.
5. Inserting a glass tubing through a cork/rubber stopper
NOTE: This operation is the most common cause of accidents in the laboratory.
a. Wet the cork and the glass tubing with water.
b. Place your hand on the tubing 2-3 cm away from the stopper. Protect your hand with a
towel.
c. Simultaneously twist and push the tubing slowly and carefully through the hole.
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a. Clean all glassware with a soap or detergent solution. Use brush if appropriate.
b. Once the glassware is thoroughly cleaned, rinse several times with tap water and then
once or twice with distilled water.
c. Roll each rinse around the entire inner surface of the glass wall for a complete rinse.
Discard each rinse through the delivery point of the vessel (e.g., beaker spout).
d. Invert the clean glassware on a clean paper towel or rubber mat to dry. Do i dry heavy
glassware (graduated cylinders, volumetric flasks, bottles), or for that matter any
glassware over direct flame.
e. The glassware is clean if, following the final rinse, no water droplets adhere to the clean
part of the glassware.
f. If you must use a piece of glassware while it is still wet, rinse it with the solution to be
used in the manner described in step 5c.
      
a. When the liquid or solution is to be transferred from a reagent bottle, remove the glass
stopper and hold it between the fingers of the hand used to grasp the reagent bottle.
Never lay the glass stopper on the laboratory bench; impurities may be picked up and
thus contaminate the liquid when the stopper is returned.
b. To transfer a liquid from one vessel to another, hold a stirring rod against the lip of the
vessel containing the liquid and pour the liquid down the stirring rod, which, in turn,
should touch the inner wall of the receiving vessel. Return the glass stopper to the
reagent bottle.
c. Do not transfer more liquid than is needed for the experiment; do not return any excess
liquid or unused liquid to the original reagent bottle.

  
    
a. The eye should always be level with the meniscus when you are making a reading.
b. For measurements of clear or transparent liquids/solutions, the volume is read using the
lower meniscus. For colored liquids/solutions, the upper meniscus is used.
   
NOTE: Never fix the position of the flame at the base of the test tube and never point the test
tube to anyone. The contents may be ejected violently if the test tube is not heated properly.
O
The test tube should be less than one third full. Hold the test tube with a test tube holder
at an angle of about 45º with the cool flame. A cool flame is a nonluminous flame
supplied with a reduced amount of fuel.

Move the test tube circularly in and out of the flame, heating from top to bottom.

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a. Place 2 mL of sodium chloride solution in a test tube and slowly add 2 mL of silver
nitrate solution. Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
______________________________________________________________________
NOTE: Be careful in handling silver nitrate solution. This solution may leave dark stains on
the skin, clothes or bench top.
b. The solid formed is the precipitate and in this case, the slightly soluble silver chloride.
Allow the precipitate to settle.
c. Add a few drops of silver nitrate solution. Continue addition until no precipitation is
observed. Divide the mixture into two portions and keep these for procedure 8.
 

 
1. Filtration
1. Preparation of the filter paper to be used for gravity filtration:
i. Cut a circle out of a 5´ x 5´ piece of filter paper. Fold the trimmed filter paper in exact
halves and fold it again crosswise into two.
ii. Make a small tear in one corner. This tear seals the paper against the inflow of air
to the underside of the filter paper.
iii. Open the folded paper so as to form a cone with one paper thick on one side and
three paper thick (with the torn corner) on the other.
iv. Place it in a funnel. Moisten it with a little water and press it against the top wall of
the funnel to form a seal. The filter paper must always be smaller than the funnel.
v. Support the funnel with a clamp or a funnel rack.
b. Transfer the precipitate formed from the previous activity by carefully pouring the
mixture, with the aid of a glass rod, into the filter paper. The liquid that passes through
the liquid is called the filtrate.
c. The tip of the funnel should touch the wall of the receiving beaker to reduce any
splashing of the filtrate.
d. Fill the bowl of the funnel until it is less than two-thirds full.
e. Always keep the funnel stem full with the filtrate; the weight of the filtrate creates a slight
suction on the filter in the funnel, thus this hastens the filtration process.
f. Set aside both precipitate and filtrate for the next two activities.
2. Decantation
a. Shake out the precipitate retained in the filter paper into a beaker with 10 mL of water.
b. Allow the solid to settle at the bottom of the vessel for several minutes.
c. Transfer the liquid (called supernatant) into another container with the aid of a clean
stirring rod.
d. Do this slowly so as not to disturb the solid. Is this method applicable for the separation
of all solid-liquid mixtures? Why? ___________________________________________
e. Rinse the precipitate with water and decant again.
f. Which of the two separation methods (i.e., decantation or filtration) is better in isolating
precipitate? Why? _______________________________________________________
3. Evaporation
O
Pour the filtrate obtained from filtration into the evaporating dish. Place the evaporating
dish on the wire gauze supported on an iron ring clamped to an iron stand. Heat the dish
using a cool flame.

Continue heating until the crystals begin to appear. Cover the dish with a watch glass
and allow the contents to cool. The solid remaining after evaporation is called the
residue. What is the residue made of? _______________________________________

a. Weigh 0.5 g of sand. Weighing may be done on platform balance or on an analytical
balance. Rough weighing (to the nearest half gram), is to be made on the platform
balance. Analytical balance is used for more accurate mass measurements.
b. The character of the substance will often determine the nature of the container where it
is to be weighed. Use a weighing paper, a watch glass, a beaker, or some container to
measure the mass of the chemicals.
c. Do not place the chemicals directly on the balance pan. If in doubt as to the container,
ask your instructor.
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a. A reagent is a substance which has a definite composition and a set of specific
properties. The strong solutions are marked ³concentrated´ and the weak solutions,
³dilute´. Some examples of the reagents are:
Sulfuric acid H2SO4 Ammonia NH3
Hydrochloric Acid HCl Sodium hydroxide NaOH
Acetic acid CH3COOH Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
b. Before getting the desired amount, read the label twice to be sure it is the correct
chemical. Transfer the desired amount into the receiving container. Once removed,
these should never be returned.
c. Don¶t take out more than what is needed to minimize wastes. Do not return excess
chemicals to the reagent bottle. In pouring reagents from bottles, don¶t place the
stopper on the table but hold it between your fingers.
d. Never touch, taste or smell chemicals unless specifically directed to do so.