Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 9 views

    Laboratory Exercise 2

    Uploaded by

    reycabelleyuzon

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Laboratory Exercise 2

    Uploaded by

    reycabelleyuzon
    9 views6 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views6 pages

    Laboratory Exercise 2

    Uploaded by

    reycabelleyuzon

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    LABORATORY EXERCISE 2

    COMMON LABORATORY OPERATIONS

    INTRODUCTION
    Several tools are used inside the laboratory and each has its own purpose.
    Different laboratory operations are also practiced inside the laboratory such as lighting
    the Bunsen burner or alcohol lamp, bending and cutting of glass tubing, etc. Since
    these are frequently done inside the laboratory, proper execution of these operations
    and techniques is needed to ensure the safety of the student.
    The purpose of this exercise is to introduce several equipment used inside the
    laboratory and their proper usage. This exercise also aims to teach proper execution
    of common techniques done inside the laboratory.

    OBJECTIVES
    At the end of this exercise, the students will be able to:
    1. identify the techniques in performing common laboratory operations;
    2. execute the proper use of different laboratory apparatus which will be needed
    in future experiments; and
    3. value the acquired knowledge and practical skills to be used in the future as
    engineers.

    KEYWORDS

    copper sulfate pentahydrate filter paper volumetric flask


    corrosive hypodermic syringe
    density meniscus
    distilled water molarity
    ethanol pipette

    NAME:

    COURSE & SECTION: RATING:

    DATE:
    EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

    Equipment: Alcohol lamp, reagent bottle, beaker, stirring rod, graduated cylinder,
    funnel, mortar and pestle, spatula, test tube, wash bottle, digital
    balance

    Materials: Ethanol, 0.10 M CuSO4·5H2O solution, distilled water, filter paper,


    match, cardboard, density blocks

    EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

    A. Dispensing Liquid Reagents

    1. For reagent bottles with flat-top cover, remove the cap and place it on the table
    bottom up. Never lay the reagent’s bottle cap down on the lab table.
    2. For reagent bottles with glass stopper, which cannot stand by itself (winged-
    top cover), pull it out with the index and middle fingers, palm facing upward.
    With the stopper still between two fingers, pick up the bottle and pour the
    liquid from the side opposite the label. Use a glass rod to guide the flow of the
    liquid to avoid drips and spills.
    3. When you stop pouring, slide the rim of the bottle upward on the rod as it is
    removed in order to avoid drops dripping down the side of the bottle.
    4. Extra precaution is needed when handling a bottle of acid. Never add water to
    any concentrated acid, because of splashing and heat generation. Always add
    acid to water.

    B. Measuring Volume of Liquids

    1. For approximate measurements of liquids, a graduated cylinder is used. These


    cylinders are usually graduated in milliliters (mL).
    2. For more accurate measurements, burets, pipettes, volumetric flasks,
    graduated medicine droppers, and hypodermic syringes are used.
    3. Fill the cylinder with liquid, the height at which the liquid stand is accurately
    read and the curved surface created by the liquid is called a meniscus. For clear
    liquid, read the bottom of the meniscus and for colored liquid, read the upper
    meniscus. Your eye must be looking along the horizontal line of the surface as
    the line of sight.

    C. Filtering using a Funnel

    1. Select a filter paper with a diameter that when folded will extend a little below
    the rim of the funnel to be used.
    2. Fold the filter paper into quadrants, first in half, then in quarter section.
    3. Open the folded paper into a cone and fit snugly into the funnel holding it
    firmly in place then moisten the filter paper with a little water so that the fitted
    cone will remain in place.
    D. Use of Mortar and Pestle

    1. A mortar and pestle should be used only for grinding one substance. Never use
    it for mixing different substance.
    2. Place one substance to be broken up into the mortar, then round the substance
    with the pestle and grin to pulverize.
    3. Remove the powdered substance with a porcelain spoon (spatula).

    E. Handling Solids

    1. Solids are kept in wide-mouthed bottles, use a porcelain or plastic spoon


    (spatula) to dip out solid.
    2. To transfer a solid chemical substance to a test tube, first place the solid on a
    piece of glazed paper, then roll the paper into a cylinder and slide it into the
    test tube as it lies flat on the table.
    3. Do not touch chemicals with your hands, because some chemicals can cause
    serious health problems and some are extremely corrosive.
    4. Never pour unused chemicals back into the reagent bottles to avoid
    contamination.

    F. Operation of the Bunsen Burner

    1. Identify the parts of the burner.


    2. Connect the burner to a gas cock using rubber tubing then screw the barrel or
    rotate the collar to open the air hole of the burner. Light the burner while
    simultaneously opening the gas cock and note the appearance of the flame
    while the air hole is opened. Also, note the appearance of the flame when the
    air hole is closed.
    3. Burner with open air holes, wet a piece of cardboard and hold it vertically
    through the center of the burner flame with the lower end of the cardboard
    resting on top of the barrel. Remove the cardboard as soon as it starts to char.
    Note the scorched portions of the cardboard and observe the hot and cold
    portion of the flame.
    4. Turn off the gas slowly until the flame “strikes back”. This happen when there
    is too much air in the air-gas mixture being burned.

    G. Operation of the Digital Balance

    1. Place the digital balance on a flat, stable surface indoors. The precision of the
    balance relies on minute factors and wind, shaky surfaces, or similar forces that
    will cause the readings to be inaccurate.
    2. Press the "ON" button and wait for the balance to show zeroes on the digital
    screen.
    3. Use tongs or gloves to place the empty container you will use for the substance
    to be measured on the balance platform. Fingerprints and other greases from
    your hands add mass and must be avoided for accurate measurements.
    4. Press the "Tare" or "Zero" button to automatically deduct the weight of the
    container from future calculations. The digital display will show zero again,
    indicating that the container's mass is stored in the balance's memory.
    5. Carefully add the substance to the container. Ideally this is done with the
    container still on the platform, but it may be removed if necessary. Avoid
    placing the container on surfaces that may have substances which will add
    mass to the container such as powders or grease.
    6. Place the container with the substance back on the balance platform if
    necessary and record the mass as indicated by the digital display.

    APPLICATION
    Determination of Density

    Procedures
    1. Weigh a dry and empty beaker using the digital balance. Record the mass.
    2. Carefully add the density block inside the beaker. Record the final mass.
    3. In a graduated cylinder, precisely measure 30 mL of water.
    4. Carefully drop the density block into the water, making sure not to lose any
    water due to splashing. Also, make sure that the cube is completely submerged
    into the water. Precisely read the new volume of the water and the block inside
    the graduated cylinder.
    5. Use your data to calculate the density of the block.

    OBSERVATIONS AND DISCUSSION

    1. Label the parts of the Bunsen burner.

    2. What is the color of the flame with the air hole closed?

    3. What is the color of the flame with the air hole opened?

    4. What is the uneven scorching of the cardboard indicating?


    5. Sketch the flame and label the following parts: hottest part, coldest part,
    reducing region, oxidizing region, and unburned gas.

    6. Experimental Data

    Name of the density block

    Mass of beaker

    Mass of beaker with the block

    Mass of the block

    Initial volume of water

    Volume of water with the block

    Volume of the block

    Density of the block

    CONCLUSIONS

    1. What is the importance of following the correct techniques and procedures in


    operating laboratory equipment?
    2. Show the detailed process of your computation for the determination of
    density of the block.

    You might also like