hans kelzeni1

ra aris samarTlis wminda Teoria?

samarTlis wminda Teoria, rogorc amas saxelwodebac adasturebs, aris samarTlis Teoria. Teoriis SemuSavebis xerxi ganisazRvreba misive obieqtiT. imisaTvis,
rom CavwvdeT samarTlis Teoriis Taviseburebas, aucilebelia misi obieqtis bunebis
gaazreba; upirveles yovlisa, pasuxi unda gavceT kiTxvas, Tu ra aris samarTali.
miuxedavad imisa, rom samarTalis Teoria an, rogorc xSirad moixsenieben, iurisprudencia erT-erTi uZvelesi mecnierebaa, ar arsebobs sazogadod miRebuli samarTlis cneba. mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ori gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba arsebobs. pirvelis Tanaxmad, samarTali aris faqti, adamianis gansazRvruli qceva, romelsac adgili aqvs drosa da sivrceSi da SesaZlebelia aRqmul iqnes Cveni grZnobebis meSveobiT. faqtebi sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa fizika, qimia, biologia,
fsiqologia, sociologia sagania. amdenad, mocemuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, iurisprudencia arsebiTad arc gansxvavdeba aRniSnul sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTagan. iseve rogorc mocemuli mecnierebani, iurisprudenciac aRwers Tavis sagans im
mtkicebebis saxiT, rom raRaca arsebobs an ar arsebobs, anu: arsobis mtkicebaTa meSveobiT. meore Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, samarTali aris ara faqti, aramed norma. norma
aris wesi, romlis Tanaxmadac raRac unda iyos an Sesruldes, miuxedavad imisa, rom es
raRac jer ar arsebobs an ar Sesrulebula. normas aqvs brZanebis an miTiTebis xasiaTi, da Cveulebisamebr, lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, gamoixateba imperatiulad, magaliTad, RmerTis mier sinas mTaze dadgenili aTi mcneba: pativ-ec mamasa Sensa da dedasa Sensa, ara kac-hkla da ase Semdeg. normas SeiZleba hqondes ara marto brZanebis, aramed nebarTvis xasiaTic; normis meSveobiT, erTma pirma meores SeiZleba mianiWos Zalaufleba an brZanebebis gacemis uflebamosileba. RmerTma misca moses ebraeli xalxisaTvis brZanebaTa gacemis nebarTva; RmerTma mas kanonmdeblis uflebamosileba uboZa. saxelmwifos konstitucia uflebas aZlevs calkeul adamians an adamianTa jgufs, gamoscen kanonebi zogadi normebi da es kanonebi aZleven uflebamosilebas administraciul organoebs, gamoscen individualuri normebi sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebebi da administraciuli gankargulebani. dabolos, normas SeiZleba nebarTvis xasiaTic hqondes, anu nebarTvis safuZvelze pirs eZleva gansazRvruli qcevis ufleba, rac am nebarTvis gareSe akrZalulia. magaliTad, zogadi normis safuZvelze, mkvleloba akrZalulia; magram specialuri normis Tanaxmad, romelic zRudavs pirvel normas, igi nebadarTulia Tavdacvis SemTxvevaSi. swored zemoaRniSnuli
warmoadgens normis sam funqcias: brZaneba an miTiTeba; uflebamosilebis miniWeba; nebarTva. Tu Cven vityviT, rom norma aris wesi, romlis mniSvnelobacaa, rom raRaca un1

winamdebare naSromi Targmnilia Semdegi gamocemidan: Hans Kelsen: "What is the Pure Theory
of Law?", in: Tulane Law Review, 1960, Volume 34, 269-276.

samarTlis Jurnali #2, 2011

da Sesruldes, cneba unda moicavs TiToeul sam funqcias; igi miuTiTebs swored
normatiul funqciaze.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, romelic axasiaTebs mtkicebas, romlis mixedviTac
raRac unda iyos an Sesruldes, SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros mxolod im gansxvavebiT,
romelic arsebobs mocemul mtkicebasa da im mtkicebas Soris, romlis mixedviTac raRac aris an Sesrulebulia. mocemuli gansxvaveba imTaviTve TvalSi sacemia. arsisa
da jerarsis logikuri dualizmi gulisxmobs, rom mtkicebidan, romlis Tanaxmadac
raRac unda iyos an Sesruldes, SeuZlebelia im daskvnis gamotana, rom raRac aris an
Sesrulebulia, da piriqiT.
Cven gvesmis jerarsi, rogorc arsisagan gansxvavebuli fenomeni Tu pirveli individis moqmedebis gamoxatuleba, romelic Segnebuladaa mimarTuli sxva individis
qcevisken. magaliTad, Tu A ubrZanebs B-s raRacis Sesrulebas, am moqmedebas aRvwerT
mtkicebiT, romlis mixedviTac A-s surs, rom B-m Seasrulos raRac. es mtkiceba ganekuTvneba arsobis kategorias. magram moqmedebis Sinaarsis aRwera SeiZleba mxolod im
mtkicebiT, rom B-m unda Seasrulos raRac, da ara arsobis mtkicebis gamoyenebiT, romlis mixedviTac B asrulebs an surs Seasrulos is, rasac A ubrZanebs. is, rom B-m raRac
unda Seasrulos, aris brZanebis aqtis subieqturi mniSvneloba; mniSvneloba, romelic
aqts aqvs misi gamomcemlis, brZanebis gamcemi individis TvalTaxedviT. magram es ar
aris ueWvelad brZanebis aqtis obieqturi mniSvnelobac, anu is mniSvneloba, romelic
aqts eniWeba misi adresatis an mesame damoukidebeli piris TvalTaxedviT. is, rom B-m
raRac unda Seasrulos, miiCneva aseve brZanebis aqtis obieqtur mniSvnelobad, Tu mocemuli aqti aris uflebamosili. am SemTxvevaSi misi gamoxatuleba iwodeba normad.
kiTxvas, romelic Seexeba gansazRvruli qcevis mavalebeli aqtis subieqtur da obieqtur mniSvnelobebs Soris gansxvavebas, mogvianebiT davubrundebiT.
samarTlis wminda Teoriis Tanaxmad, samarTali aris norma, an, ufro zustad,
normaTa erToblioba, normatiuli wesrigi. ramdenadac normatiuli wesrigi iurisprudenciis sagania, da normaTa mniSvneloba moiTxovs, rom raRac unda Sesruldes,
rom adamianebi unda moiqcnen gansazRvruli saxiT, iurisprudencias ar SeuZlia sakuTari sagnis aRwera ise, rogorc amas sabunebismetyvelo mecniereba axdens arsis
mtkicebebis gamoyenebiT. nacvlad amisa, iurisprudencia mxolod jerarsul mtkicebebs gamoiyenebs. kiTxvaze, Tu ra aris samarTali konkretul SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad,
qurdobasa Tu mkvlelobasTan mimarTebiT, pasuxi ar aris is, rom Tu adamiani Caidens
qurdobas an mkvlelobas, igi aris an iqneba dasjili, aramed is, rom igi unda daisajos
da imitom, rom arsebobs samarTali rac gulisxmobs samarTlis moqmedebas Tundac maSin, rodesac konkretul SemTxvevaSi qurdi Tu mkvleli ar daisjeba imitom,
rom moaxerxebs sasjelisagan Tavis daZvrenas. Tu kaliforniis sisxlis samarTlis saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli iqneboda mtkiceba, romlis mixedviTac adamiani, romelic
Caidens qurdobas an mkvlelobas, aris an iqneba dasjili, msgavsi mtkiceba iqneboda
mcdari, rameTu, samwuxarod, kaliforniis StatSi dafiqsirebulia calkeuli SemTxveva, romlebSiac gamonaklisis saxiT mkvleli darCa dausjeli. magram samarTali ambobs, rom mkvleli yvela SemTxvevaSi unda daisajos.

297

hans kelzeni, ra aris samarTlis wminda Teoria?

rodesac kanonieri xelisufleba iyenebs mis mierve gamocemul normaSi cnebas
unda magaliTad, qurdi unda daisajos, samoqalaqo aRsrulebis RonisZieba unda
Catardes im debitoris qonebis mimarT, romelic ar anazRaurebs vals mocemul
termins aqvs preskrifciuli mniSvneloba. rogorc preskrifcia an brZaneba, norma
arc WeSmaritia da arc mcdari, aramed moqmedi an aramoqmedi. Tumca, igive termini
deskrifciul mniSvnelobas Rebulobs, rodesac gamoiyeneba samarTlis mecnierebis
mier mtkicebaSi, romelic asabuTebs samarTlis normis moqmedebas. amgvari mtkiceba
SeiZleba iyos WeSmariti an mcdari. mxolod kanonier xelisuflebas SeuZlia preskrifcia; samarTlis mecnierebas SeuZlia mxolod deskrifcia, aRwera imisa, rasac xelisufleba daadgens.
miuxedavad imisa, rom logikis principebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, winaaRmdegobis kanoni da daskvnis gamotanis wesebi, gamoiyeneba mxolod im mtkicebebis mimarT,
romlebic SeiZleba iyos WeSmariti an mcdari, SesaZlebelia maTi arapirdapiri gamoyeneba aseve samarTlis normebTan mimarTebiTac, ramdenadac mtkicebani normebis Sesaxeb, mtkicebani, romlebic adastureben samarTlis arsebobas, anu moqmedebas, eqvemdebarebian aRniSnul principebs. ori mtkiceba, romelTagan erTi adgens, rom, moqmedi samarTlis moTxovnidan gamomdinare, adamiani unda moiqces gansazRvruli saxiT,
xolo meore adgens, rom adamiani ar unda moiqces amgvarad imave moqmedi samarTlis
moTxovnidan gamomdinare, ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs, iseve rogorc is ori mtkiceba,
romelTagan erTi adasturebs, meore ki uaryofs raRacis arsebobas. Tu pirveli mtkiceba WeSmaritia, maSin meore mcdari unda iyos. ori winaaRmdegobrivi norma SeiZleba
miCneul iqnes moqmed normad mxolod im mtkicebebis saxiT, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs. am mniSvnelobiT, sapirispiro normebis Sesaxeb SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
isini ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs. Sesabamisad, ori urTierTgamomricxavi norma ar
SeiZleba miCneul iqnes erTdroulad moqmedad. amdenad, samarTlis mecniereba Tavis
sagans logikur erTeulad ganixilavs: arawinaaRmdegobrivi normebis sistema.
miuxedavad imisa, rom samarTali aris norma da ara faqti, mainc aucilebeli urTierToba arsebobs normasa da faqts Soris. norma aris rogorc ukve aRiniSna faqtis
mniSvneloba, faqtisa, romlis meSveobiTac miRebulia norma. faqti, romliTac miRebulia, an, metaforulad rom vTqvaT, Seqmnilia norma, warmoadgens individis moqmedebas
an aseT moqmedebaTa wyebas, romelic winaswarganzraxulad mimarTulia sxvisi qcevisaken. Tu igi ganekuTvneba sakanonmdeblo aqtis an Cveulebis kategorias, saqme gvaqvs zogad normasTan. xolo Tu ganvixilavT sasamarTlo an administraciul aqts, saxezea individualuri norma. normis Semqmneli aqti aris faqti, romelic arsebobs drosa da
sivrceSi da SesaZlebelia aRviqvaT grZnobis organoTa meSveobiT. faqtis aRwera SesaZlebelia arsobis kategoriiT. magram es faqti gansxvavebulia misi mniSvnelobisagan
anu normisagan rac iurisprudenciis sagania, da romelic ar SeiZleba gadmoices arsobis mtkicebaze dayrdnobiT, aramed mxolod jerarsuli mtkicebis gamoyenebiT gadmoicema. simarTlea isic, rom iurisprudencia aseve ganixilavs im proceduras, romlis
meSveobiTac xdeba samarTlis normebis miReba; magram mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac
swored samarTlis normebis meSveobiT xdeba mocemuli proceduris dadgena da damtkiceba. samarTali aregulirebs Tavissave warmoebas. mxolod is normebi ganekuTvneba

298

samarTlis Jurnali #2, 2011

iurisprudenciis sagans, romlebic Tavad aweseben normis warmoebis aqtebs, an iZlevian
amis uflebamosilebas. iurisprudencia ganixilavs sakanonmdeblo process mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac es procesi dadgenilia konstituciaSi, xolo sasamarTlo administraciul process aseve mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac xdeba maTi dadgena kanonebsa Tu
CveulebiTi samarTlis normebSi. konstitucia, kanonebi, CveulebiTi samarTali ganekuTvneba normebs, da mxolod amdenad iurisprudenciis sagans.
is garemoeba, rom samarTlis normis arsebobisTvis rac normis moqmedebas gulisxmobs igi unda Seiqmnas im aqtis meSveobiT, romelic warmoadgens drosa da sivrceSi arsebul faqts, ar gulisxmobs normasa da faqts Soris erTaderT urTierTobas. norma SeiZleba iqnes an ar iqnes Sesrulebuli da gamoyenebuli konkretuli adamianuri qcevis Sedegad, romelsac faqtobrivad drosa da sivrceSi aqvs adgili. samarTlebrivi wesrigi mTlianobaSi da konkretuli samarTlebrivi normebi, romlebic
Seadgenen mocemul samarTlebriv wesrigs, miCneulia moqmedad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saerTod xdeba maTi Sesruleba da gamoyeneba, Tu isini arian efeqturni. Tumca
maTi moqmedeba ar unda agverios maTsave efeqturobaSi. efeqturoba mxolod pirobaa
moqmedebis, da ara misi identuri. samarTlis norma SeiZleba iyos moqmedi, sanam is
efeqturi gaxdeba. rodesac sasamarTlo iyenebs kanons sakanonmdeblo organos mier
misi miRebidan pirvelad, amdenad, manam, sanam kanoni efeqturi gaxdeba, sasamarTlo
iyenebs moqmed samarTals; mas SeuZlia mxolod moqmedi kanonis gamoyeneba. magram kanoni kargavs moqmedebis Zalas, Tu igi ver gaxdeba efeqturi, an Sewyvets efeqturobas. faqti, rom samarTlis norma iZens efeqturobas, unda daematos faqts, rom igi
Seqmnilia aqtis Sesabamisad; sxva SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia misi miCneva moqmedebis Zalis mqoned. magram, iseve rogorc aqti, romlis mixedviTac xdeba normis miReba, ar
aris identuri normisa rac aRniSnuli aqtis Sinaarss warmoadgens samarTlis normis efeqturoba ar aris misi moqmedebis identuri.
doqtrina, romelic ganmartavs samarTals, rogorc faqts, efuZneba normis
mcdar identifikacias im aqtTan, romlis mniSvnelobasac warmoadgens norma, da aseve
normis moqmedebis mcdar gaigivebas missave efeqturobasTan. aRniSnuli mcdari msjelobisaTvis gverdis avliT, samarTlis wminda Teoria ganasxvavebs iurisprudencias,
romelic normebs jerarsuli mtkicebebis saxiT ganixilavs, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebisagan, romelic faqtebs arsobis mtkicebebad ganixilavs. es aris pirveli mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ewodeba mas samarTlis wminda Teoria. meore mizezi isaa, rom
igi gamijnavs iurisprudencias eTikisagan. eTikis mecnierebac ganixilavs normebs,
iseve rogorc iurisprudencia, magram eTikis mier ganxiluli normebi ara samarTlis,
aramed moralis normebia. gansxvaveba samarTlisa da moralis normebs Soris isaa, rom
samarTlis normebi awesebs konkretul qcevas, romlis sawinaaRmdego qcevasac upirispirdeba iZulebis RonisZiebiTa Tu sanqciiT. sanqcia aris sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis, sakuTrebis Tu sxva faseulobis iZulebiTi warTmeva, rogorc reaqcia konkretul qcevaze, romelsac kanonieri xelisufleba miiCnevs sazogadoebisTvis zianis
momtanad. kanoniT ikrZaleba mkvleloba, qurdoba da sxva saxis qmedebebi im saxiT,
rom Tu vinme Caidens mkvlelobas an qurdobas, igi daisjeba sikvdiliT an patimrobiT.
samarTali yvelas avaldebulebs aRebuli sesxis dafarvas imisi dawesebiT, rom Tu
vinme ar gadaixdis vals, Catardeba samoqalaqo aRsrulebis RonisZiebani misi qonebis

299

hans kelzeni, ra aris samarTlis wminda Teoria?

mimarT. konkretul qmedebaze sanqciis mibmiT, samarTali axdens mocemuli qmedebis
kvalificirebas deliqtad da ukanonod, da mis sawinaaRmdego qmedebas acxadebs samarTlebrivi movaleobis Sinaarsad. am TvalsazrisiT, samarTali iZulebiTi wesrigia.
moralis normebi, aseve, krZalaven an aweseben konkretul qcevebs, zogierTi maTgani
samarTlis identur qcevebsac moiTxovs, magram sawinaaRmdego qcevisTvis sanqciis
saxiT iZulebiTi aqtis gansazRvris gareSe. moraluri wesrigi aris normatiuli, magram ara iZulebiTi wesrigi.
imdenad, ramdenadac moralis normebi yalibdeba adamianTa qcevebis meSveobiT,
aseve iqmneba religiis fuZemdebelTa mose, ieso, muhamedi mier, an viTardeba Cveulebis Sedegad, ganasxvaveben mraval moralur wesrigs, romelic moqmedebs sxvadasxva
sazogadoebaSi drois gansxvavebul etapze. amdenad, moralur faseulobas aqvs mxolod fardobiTi xasiaTi. gansazRvruli samarTlebrivi wesrigi SeiZleba Seesabamebodes an ar Seesabamebodes calkeul moralur wesrigs; magram samarTlebrivi wesrigis
moqmedeba ar aris damokidebuli moralur wesrigTan mis Sesabamisobaze. gansazRvruli
moraluri wesrigis TvalsazrisiT, igi SeiZleba miCneul iqnes dadebiTad an uaryofiTad. is, rom samarTlebrivi wesrigi moralurad dadebiTia, gulisxmobs mis samarTlianobas; moraluri TvalsazrisiT misi uaryofiTi Sefaseba ki mis usamarTlobaze metyvelebs. faqtobrivad, yoveli samarTlebrivi wesrigi met-naklebad Seesabameba calkeul
moralur wesrigs, romelic gabatonebulia mmarTvel jgufSi, romlis interesebic gansazRvravs samarTalwarmoebis process; da amdenad, aRniSnuli moraluri wesrigis
TvalsazrisiT, igi samarTlianad miiCneva. magram, imavdroulad igi SeiZleba met-naklebad ewinaaRmdegebodes moralur wesrigs, romelic gabatonebulia sxva jgufebSi,
Tundac imave sazogadoebisa, romelSiac moqmedebs samarTlebrivi wesrigi. amdenad,
aucilebelia samarTlis gansxvaveba samarTlianobisagan. mtkiceba samarTlis Sesaxeb
ar unda gulisxmobdes samarTlis moraluri Rirebulebis nebismier Sefasebas, mis samarTlianobas Tu usamarTlobas, rac, Tavis mxriv, ar gamoricxavs im postulats, rom
samarTali unda iyos samarTliani. Tumca, radganac erTi samarTlianobis nacvlad arsebobs samarTlianobis uricxvi da aseve winaaRmdegobrivi ideali, mocemuli postulatis wamoyeneba ar unda moxdes imis miTiTebis gareSe, Tu am simravlidan romeli saxis samarTlianobaa nagulisxmevi. zustad imdenad, ramdenadac samarTlis wminda Teoria ganasxvavebs samarTals bunebisagan da iurisprudencias sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebisagan, igi ganasxvavebs samarTals moralisagan da, amdenad, iurisprudencias
eTikisagan. aRniSnuli ori TvalsazrisiT is aris swored samarTlis wminda Teoria.
samarTlis wminda Teoria samarTlis pozitiuri Teoriaa. pozitiuri samarTali
iZulebiTi wesrigia, romlis normebic yalibdeba adamianTa moqmedebis safuZvelze
sakanonmdeblo, sasamarTlo da administraciuli organoebis mier, an adamianTa qcevebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli Cveulebebis Sedegad. sakanonmdeblo, sasamarTlo
da administraciuli organoebi ganixileba rogorc adamianebi maTTvis miniWebuli saxelmwifo organos uflebamosilebis farglebSi. ramdenadac samarTali iqmneba mocemuli organiebis mier, Cven vambobT, rom samarTals qmnis saxelmwifo. gansazRvrul
individTa mier miRebul samarTalwarmoebis aqts ganvmartavT rogorc saxelmwifos
aqts; calkeul pirTa mier faqtobrivad ganxorcielebul funqcias mivawerT saxel-

300

samarTlis Jurnali #2, 2011

mwifos. magram ra aris saxelmwifo da ra saxis urTierTobaSia is samarTalTan? samarTlis wminda Teoria gviCvenebs, rom adamianis mier ganxorcielebuli moqmedeba ganimarteba rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi moqmedeba mxolod maSin, Tu am moqmedebas gansakuTrebuli saxiT samarTlebrivi wesrigi adgens; rom samarTalwarmoebis am aqtis
Sesrulebis saxelmwifosTvis mikuTvneba niSnavs aqtis SeTavsebas samarTlebrivi wesrigisadmi, romliTac aRniSnuli aqti ganisazRvreba; rom saxelmwifo, rogorc moqmedi piri, romelic qmnis samarTals, sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara samarTlebrivi wesrigis
personifikacia, romelic aregulirebs Tavissave warmoebas; da rom saxelmwifo, rogorc socialuri wesrigi Tu politikuri organizacia, aris is iZulebiTi wesrigi,
romelsac Cven samarTals vuwodebT; rom saxelmwifo, warmosaxuli, rogorc samarTlisagan gansxvavebuli realuri arseba, am SedarebiT centralizebuli samarTlebrivi wesrigis hipostatizeba an mis personifikaciaa. amdenad, samarTlis wminda Teoria abaTilebs saxelmwifosa da samarTlis mcdar dualizms, rac gabatonebulia tradiciul samarTlebriv Tu politikur azrovnebaSi.
samarTlis wminda Teoria mxedvelobaSi iRebs mxolod pozitiur samarTals, normebs, romlebic iqmneba adamianTa moqmedebis safuZvelze. igi ugulebelyofs normebs,
romlebic momdinareoben sxva, magaliTad, zehumanuri avtoritetebisagan. Sesabamisad,
iurisprudenciis sferodan igi gamoricxavs nebismier RvTiur samarTals, anu samarTals, romlis Semqmnelad RmerTi an misi msgavsi arseba ivaraudeba. Sedegad, igi gamoricxavs aseve egreT wodebul bunebiT samarTals, samarTals, romelic bunebiTi samarTlis doqtrinis mixedviT imanenturia bunebaSi. samarTali igulisxmeba adamianis qcevis maregulirebeli normebi SesaZloa imanenturi iyos bunebaSi mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu buneba iqneboda miCneuli kanonmdeblad. bunebis kanonmdeblad miCneva
gulisxmobs bunebisaTvis nebelobis miweras. es an animisturi crurwmena iqneboda an
bunebis Teologiuri interpretacia, dafuZnebuli rwmenaze, romlis mixedviTac buneba Seqmnilia RmerTis mier da, amdenad, RmerTis absoluturi keTili nebis manifestaciaa. aRniSnuli warmoadgens metafizikur mosazrebas, romelic SeuTavsebelia nebismier mecnierul SemecnebasTan da, amdenad, samarTlis mecnierebasTanac.
igive argumenti upirispirdeba bunebiTi samarTlis doqtrinis im versias, romelic adamianis qcevis samarTliani normebis mikvlevas cdilobs adamianis bunebaSi, kerZod ki mis gonSi. goni aris Semecnebis unari. Cveni goniT SegviZlia vicodeT, gavigoT
Tu gaviazroT raRac, rac Semecnebis obieqtis saxiTaa mocemuli aRniSnuli gonebrivi
operaciisagan damoukideblad. normis dadgena, raRacis daweseba aris nebis funqcia,
da adamianis neba fsiqikuri fenomenia, rac sruliad gansxvavdeba adamianis gonisagan.
adamianis gons SeuZlia Seimecnos normebi mas Semdeg, rac isini dgindeba adamianis nebis
aqtis safuZvelze, magram mas Tavad ar SeuZlia normebis Seqmna. mxolod RmerTis SemTxvevaSi emTxveva goni da neba erTmaneTs; mxolod RmerTTan mimarTebiT SeiZleba sjerodes xalxs, rom icode is, rac unda iyos, aris imis identuri, rac ginda, rom iyos.
amasve gulisxmobs codnis xis Zveli miTic: rodesac adamianebi gasinjaven am xis nayofs, isini gaxdebian RmerTis msgavsni, ecodinebaT sikeTec da borotebac. RmerTisaTvis ki sikeTisa da borotebis codna igivea, rac sikeTis nebarTva da borotebis akrZalva. mxolod maSin, rodesac goni adamianisa, romelic RmerTma Tavis saxebad Seqmna, CaiTvleboda RvTiuri gonis nawilad, SesaZlebeli iqneboda misi miCneva normaTmwarmoe-

301

hans kelzeni, ra aris samarTlis wminda Teoria?

bel nebad, egreT wodebul praqtikul gonad. aRniSnuli winaaRmdegobrivi cneba, romelic goniTi samarTlis safuZvelia, Teologiuri warmoSobisaa.
Teologiuri Tu bunebiTi samarTlis doqtrinisagan gansxvavebiT, samarTlis
wminda Teoria, rogorc pozitiuri Teoria, ar eZebs pozitiuri samarTlis moqmedebis mizezs RvTaebriv Tu bunebis wesrigSi, romelic gansxvavdeba da aRemateba pozitiur samarTals. igi uaryofs Sexedulebas, romlis mixedviTac pozitiuri samarTali
moqmedebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi Sinaarsi Seesabameba saRvTo an bunebis wesrigs, anu pozitiuri samarTali moqmedia mxolod maSin, Tu igi samarTliania. igi yovel pozitiur samarTals nebismier iZulebiT wesrigs, romelic dadgenilia individTa moqmedebiT da mTlianobaSi aris efeqturi miiCnevs moqmedad, miuxedavad misi
samarTlianobisa Tu usamarTlobisa. kiTxva pozitiuri samarTlis moqmedebis mizezis Sesaxeb kiTxva, Tu ratom unda moxdes nebismieri iZulebiTi wesrigis normaTa
Sesruleba da gamoyeneba samarTlis wminda Teoriis Tanaxmad, unda iqnes gagebuli
Semdegi kiTxvis saxiT: romeli logikuri pirobis Sedegad unda moxdes samarTalwarmoebis aqtis subieqturi mniSvnelobis romlis Tanaxmadac adamianebi unda moiqcnen
gansazRvrulad ganmarteba maTi obieqturi mniSvnelobiT? mocemul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisas mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT is garemoeba, rom mtkicebidan, romlis Tanaxmadac raRac arsebobs an Sesrulda, logikurad SeuZlebelia im daskvnis gamotana,
rom raRac unda iyos an unda Sesruldes, iseve rogorc mtkicebidan, romlis Tanaxmadac raRac unda iyos an unda Sesruldes, logikurad SeuZlebelia im daskvnis gamotana, rom raRac arsebobs an Sesrulda. mocemuli logikuri principi gamoiyeneba aseve
nebis gamomxatveli moqmedebis faqtis mimarT, romlis subieqturi mniSvnelobac isaa,
rom raRac unda Sesruldes. individis brZanebis faqtidan, romlis Tanaxmadac sxva
individi unda moiqces gansazRvruli saxiT, ar gamomdinareobs is, rom sxva individi
ase unda moiqces. brZanebis aqtis subieqturi mniSvnelobidan ar gamomdinareobs is,
rom brZanebis Sinaarsi obieqturad moqmedi normaa, romlis Seusruleblobac raime
saxis zians gamoiwvevda. Tu gangsteri ubrZanebs vinmes misTvis garkveuli Tanxis gadaxdas, Cven ar vTvliT, rom es piri unda daemorCilos aRniSnul brZanebas, da, amdenad, Tu ar daemorCileba, amiT arasworad moiqceva. ar SeiZleba normis deducireba
faqtidan; SesaZlebelia misi mxolod normidanve deducireba. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebisa Tu administraciuli brZanebulebis moqmedebis mizezi ar
aris is faqti, rom mosamarTlem uSualod gamoitana gadawyvetileba, an administraciulma organom realurad gamosca brZanebuleba. kanonTa moqmedebis safuZvelia
konstitucia, romelic kanonis miRebis uflebamosilebas aniWebs pirs an pirTa
jgufs. Tu saqme istoriulad pirvel konstitucias exeba, da Tu mocemuli konstituciis moqmedebis safuZvlad SeuZlebelia samarTlis pozitiuri Teoriis mixedviT
miviCnioT saRvTo, zehumanuri nebis safuZvelze Seqmnili zemdgomi wesrigi, romelic
konstituciis Seqmnis uflebamosilebas mianiWebda pirs an pirTa jgufs, konstituciis da, amdenad, konstituciis Sesabamisad miRebuli kanonebis, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebisa da administraciul brZanebulebaTa moqmedebis safuZvlad SegviZlia
mxolod is norma miviCnioT, romelsac Cven moviazrebT warmosaxvaSi, Tu gvsurs konstituciis, kanonebis, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebisa da administraciuli brZanebulebebis mniSvnelobiT mocemuli subieqturi aqtebi ganvmartoT, rogorc obieqtu-

302

samarTlis Jurnali #2, 2011

rad moqmedi normebi. xdeba normis moazreba, romlis mixedviTac adamianebi unda moiqcnen konstituciis Sesabamisad, da amdenad, konstituciis safuZvelze kanonmdeblis an Cveulebis mier Seqmnili zogadi normebis Sesabamisad, da bolos individualur normaTa Sesabamisad, romlebic miiReba kanonisa Tu CveulebiTi samarTlis safuZvelze, sasamarTlo da administraciuli aqtebis meSveobiT; anu samarTlebrivi
wesrigisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ierarqiuli struqturis Sesabamisad. aRniSnuli norma, romelic ar aris pozitiuri norma ar aris adamianis an zeadamianuri nebis Sedegad miRebuli aqtis safuZvelze Seqmnili norma, aramed mxolod moiazreba iuridiul
azrovnebaSi pozitiuri samarTlebrivi wesrigis moqmedebis safuZvelia. mas ewodeba ZiriTadi norma. misi moazreba aris piroba imisa, rom adamianTa moqmedebis safuZvelze Seqmnili da mTlianobaSi efeqturi nebismieri iZulebiTi wesrigi iwodebodes
obieqturad moqmed normaTa sistemad.
aRniSnulis moazreba SesaZlebelia, magram igi ar aris aucilebeli. Tu ZiriTadi
norma ar moazreba, adamianTa moqmedebiT miRebuli da erTobliobaSi efeqturi iZulebiTi wesrigi, nacvlad moqmed normaTa sistemisa, SeiZleba ganimartos mxolod rogorc brZanebaTa erToblioba; da amgvari wesrigis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli urTierToba ar SeiZleba ganimartos rogorc samarTlebrivi urTierToba, anu movaleobebis, uflebebis, kompetenciebis sfero, aramed rogorc ZalauflebiTi urTierToba.
amdenad, samarTlis wminda Teoria, miiCnevs ra ZiriTad normas logikur pirobad,
romlis mixedviTac iZulebiTi wesrigi SeiZleba ganimartos moqmed pozitiur samarTlad, adgens pozitiuri samarTlis moqmedebis mxolod pirobiT, da ara kategoriul
safuZvels. ramdenadac ZiriTadi norma gulisxmobs gansazRvrul iZulebiT wesrigs,
dadgenils adamianTa gansazRvruli moqmedebebis Sedegad, romelic xasiaTdeba zogadad efeqturobiT gansazRvrul drosa da gansazRvrul sivrceSi, ar arsebobs arCevani gansxvavebul ZiriTad normebs Soris. mxolod im ZiriTadi normis moazreba SeiZleba, romelic gulisxmobs msgavs iZulebiT wesrigs.
samarTlis wminda Teoriis Tanaxmad, ZiriTadi normis moazreba SeiZleba nebismier iZulebiT wesrigTan mimarTebiT, romelic yalibdeba adamianTa moqmedebis safuZvelze da xasiaTdeba zogadi efeqturobiT, miuxedavad misi Sinaarsisa, anu miuxedavad samarTliani Tu usamarTlo xasiaTisa. mocemuli Teoria ar isaxavs miznad pozitiuri samarTlis moralur Tu politikur dafuZnebas. rogorc pozitiuri samarTlis mecniereba, igi uaryofs sakuTari sagnis samarTlianad Tu usamarTlod Sefasebis princips; mas ar SeuZlia Sefasebis absoluturi, myari standartis danergva. maT
ki, vinc iurisprudenciisgan msgavs standarts moelis, SeuZliaT, zogadad samarTlis
pozitiuri Teoria da kerZod ki samarTlis wminda Teoria miiCnion aradamakmayofileblad. magram maTi molodinis dakmayofileba mxolod Teologiuri spekulaciiT
iqneba SesaZlebeli: metafizikis, da ara samarTlis mecnierebis, meSveobiT.
Targmna
laSa bregvaZem

Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, asistent-profesori.

303