kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

tIcf km

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

^mw C^ta-j _yqtdm

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

kpc-n-X-]--dnIrjnv Hcp eLp-teJ

No^v FUn sI. inhm-\- {]nkn- C^ta-j Hm^o-k ^mw C^ta-j _yqtdm GtIm-]\w {io. F. hnP-b- AUo. Ub-d-IvS, Irjn-h-Ipv FUn- Fen-k_ - v tPmPv ]n-t-j Hm^o-k ^mw C^ta-j _yqtdm te Huv, Unssk\nMv Zo]Iv aum-n

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

BapJw

cmkIrjnbneqsS hnfbnp D] Htsd BtcmKy {]iv\pw ]cnnXn {]iv\pw ImcWambnocpIbmWv. a\pjys BtcmKyn\pw tcmK{]Xntcm[inpw Hcp Znhkw 300 {Kmw ]dnsbnepw `nncnWsamWv CUy saUn Iuknens \ntiw. Fm tIcf P\XbpsS ]dn D]tbmKw hfsc hfsc IpdhmWv. (icmicn 50100 {Kmw am{Xw). a\pjys BtcmKykwcWn\v t]mjI Iehdbmb ]dnbpsS D]tbmKw A\nhmcyambn Xoncnpp. Cp hn]Wnbn \npw e`np ]dnIfn BtcmKyn\pw Bbpkn\pw lm\nIcamb hnjhkvXp ASnbncnpp. kpcnXamb ]dn e`nWsan kzambn Irjn sNtnbncnpp. CXphgn IoS\min\nI {]tbmKnm t]mjIw \nd, ]pXpabp ]dnI hopapp\npw e`yamphm\pw IqSmsX BtcmKyhpw am\kntImmkhpw ]Wem`hpw kzamphm\pw km[npw.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

\w. DSw 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 9. t]Pv \w.

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

hophfnse ]dn Irjn ............................................... 6 apmhnse ssPhIrjn ........................................................ 7 hnhn[bn\w ]dnIfpsS IrjncoXnI .................. 9 ]dn hnfIfnse tcmK IoS_m[ .............................. 36 ssPhIoS\min\nI............................................................. 37 ]dnbnse IoS\nb{Wn\v D]tbmKnp sIWnI .................................................. 39 PohmWpsf D]tbmKnp IoS tcmK \nb{Ww .................................................................................. 40 ssPh IoS\nb{Wn\p]tbmKnp kqvamWp ........................................................................ 41 PohmWphf ....................................................................... 42 t_mtUm an{inXw (1%) ...................................................... 43 ssPh hf{]tbmKw ................................................................. 44 Itmv \nmWw .............................................................. 47 kqvamWp hf .............................................................. 49 Itmfn \npw hmp ]dnIsf hnjapamm ..................................................................... 50 KpW\nehmcn\v hnfshSpp apX D]t`mKw hsc ........................................................................... 54

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

hophfnse ]dnIrjn
Hc]w eapsn ASpf sXmSnIfn \apv Bhiyamb ]dnI IrjnsNbvXpmmw. ASpftmns henw \nbnpXv IpSpw_nse AwKfpsS Fhpw ens e`yXbpw A\pkcnmbncnWw. Hcp IpSpw_n\v Bhiyamb ]dnI btYjSw e`nWsan Hcmv Ac sk v F IWn Irjnew Bhiyambn hcpw. \ \ohmbpw hfqdpap amWv ]dnIrjnv DNnXw. aWens Awiw IqSpXemsWn [mcmfw ssPhhfw tNpsImSptXmWv. shhpw shfnhpw [mcmfw e`np eamWv ]dnIrjnv Ghpw A\ptbmPyw. hoSns sXp`mKv IqSpX shbn e`npXn\m AhnsS ]dn Irjn sNmw. InWdns ASpmsWn \\bvm\p kuIcyhpw e`npw. tkmv, av UnPpI Fnh Ie shw tXmnsemXncnm {]tXyIw {inWw. ZoLImew hnfhv Xcp C\pw hnfIpw ASpftmn {]tXyIw ew IsWw. Idnthv, apcn, \mcIw, ]mb, hmg Chsbmw Xs tXmn\cnInembn \Smw. XWen hfcm Ignbp Cn, a, tN\, tNv , Imn, a[pcngv Fnh aphnfIfpsS CSbn Irjn sNmw. ChbvnSbn homhiyn\p apfIv, Immcn Fnhbpw \Smw. _mnbp ev sNdnb tmpI Xncnv ]eXcw ]dnI hfmw. Htc tmn Xs Htc IpSpw_ns ]dnI XpSbmbn Irjn sNcpXv. AXmbXv Xmfn, apfIv, hgpX\ Fnh Irjn sNbvX ev ASp XhW Noc, ]b, shcn h FnhbntesXnepw \Smw. tcmKIoS_m[ Ipdbm\pw ans ]eXefn \npw hfw hensSpm\pw Cu hnf]cn{Iaw klmbnpp. ASpftmw BIjIamm ]dnsImp Xs Hcp thenbpw Dmmw. a[pcNoc AYhm sNpam\nkv hfsc t]mjIKpWap Hcp CednbmWv. CXns HcSn \ofnepXpw CScw aqsnbXpamb IpI 30 sk.ao. AIen \m Ah hfv \ thenbmbnocpw. Aac, NXpcb, tImh, \nXyhgpX\, ]on Fo ]SpIbdp hnfIfpw thenbn ]Smw. hohfnse ]dnIrjnv ssPhhf am{Xw D]tbmKnm aXn. NmWIw, tImgnhfw, BnImjvTw, ]nmv, ssPhkvfdn, Itmv Fnh e`yXb\pkcnv D]tbmKnmw. DWnsmSn NmWIw sksmn\v 200 Intem{Kmw F IWn apambn tNnfWw. hophfns HcXnnbn ioasm \m Bhiyn\v ]nehfw e`npw. ASpf amen\yfpw, ]nehffpw, NmWIhpw tNv Itmv DmpIbpw Bhmw.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

ans Pemwiw \jvSsSmXncnm sNSnInSbn DWnb ]ptm, sshtmtem, CeItfm, Cv ]pXbnSpXpw \XmWv. Bhiym\pkcWw hfw tNv, \\ \In, ssPhIoS\min\nIfpw tNm Hcp IpSpw_n\mhiyamb apgph ]dnIfpw ASpfsmSnbn \npw e`npw. Hcp amXrIm ASp-ftmw Nn{Xw 1 (2.5 sk v)
\nXy-h-gp-Xn\ _mk Noc

Itmv Ipgn Immcn Ccp-w-]pfn Idn-th-ne ]mb apcn \mcIw tN\

tmv 5 apfIv

tmv 3 ]mh

tmv 1 ]b

a[pc Noc

apmhnse ssPhIrjn
Irjn ew e`yam \Kc {]tZifnse IpSpw_v ]dn e`yamm Gsd A\ptbmPyamWv apmhnse Irjn. Ipd sNehn Ghpw \ ]dnI Bhiym\pkcWw e`npp FXmWv CXns saw. honse ssPhamen\y hfambpw IpSpw_mwKfpsS Hgnhpkabw IrjnWnIpw D]tbmKnm Ignbpw F khntijXbpapv . cmkhf HgnhmpXn\m apmhnse IrjnbneqsS e`np kpcnXamb ]dnI IpSpw_mwKfpsS BtcmKyw sasSppp. apmhnse Irjn Nmn sNSnntbm apmhnse Irjnv A\ptbmPyw mnIv NmmWv. Imenbmb kna v Nmv , hfmv , Acn]ehy\ Nmv Fnh D]tbmKnmw. Nmns aqeI Dntev Ibnshv ap an{inXw \ndp thWw ]dnIfpsS hntm ssXtbm \tSXv. `mcpdhv, hnepdhv, apan{inXn Cuw ]nSnp\nm\p Ignhv FnhbmWv mnIv NmpIfpsS saw. cp `mKw av , Hcp `mKw aW, Hcp `mKw

hn ]b 5 ao

Noc

Noc

Noc

Noc

I a Cn Imn hmg

tmv 6 hgp-Xn\

tmv 4 Xmfn

tmv 2 Iq

a[pc Noc

tImh

]on

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

NmWIsmSntbm Itmtm Fnh tNsSppXmWv apan{inXw. ssIhcntbmsS tNpw ASnbn Npa hcp `mKv apmhns apIfnembpw hcnbmbn NmpI shbvmw. aqv CjvSnII ASppt]mse Iqn AXn\p apIfn Nmp hbvpXmWv \Xv. Nmn \npw shw CphoWm t]mepw apmhn sNfn sImXncnm CXpaqew Ignbpw. agshns Hgpv apmhn XSksSmXncnm\pw Nmns ASnbn CjvSnII hbvpXv klmbnpw. XpSbmbn aqtm \mtem hnfIv Htc Nmv aXnbmIpw. Htcm hnf Ignbptmgpw anfn ssPhhfw tNnv ASp hnf \SpI. Hmtcm XhWbpw Htc Nmn hnfamn \Sm\pw {inWw. apmhnse ssPh Irjn cmkhffpw cmkIoS\min\nIfpw apmhnse Irjnbn HgnhmpI. honse ssPhamen\yfn \np Itmv, NmWIsmSn, tImgnmjvTw Fnh DssSbp ssPhhf am{Xw apmhnse Irjnv \IpI. cmkhf \Inbm Ah shsamgnptm Henndn apmhn\v _ebw DmIpw. ssPhhfwAtkmf Acon \npw ss\{SP hensSpp \nXylcnX]mbens\ Dsmp Atkmf F kkyw ]dnIrjnv \smcp ssPhhfamWv. apmhn Inbp t]mfno jopsImpmnb Bgw Ipd Smnse shn Atkmf karambn hfcpp. Smv \ndbptm Atkmf hmcn Nmnse ]dnIv ssPhhfambn \Imw. Smn Ah hopw s]cpIn hfpsImpw. CSbvnsS ]mWIw Ien Hgnp sImSppXv AtkmfbpsS hfbvv klmbIcamIpw. apmhnse IrjnpNppw apsNSnI CmXn\mepw Xd\ncn \npw hfsc DbcnembXn\mepw IoSmWpfpsS ieyw Ipdhmbncnpw. Znhkhpw cmhnse Hmtcm sNSnbpsSbpw CeIfpsSbpw Ccphifpw ]cntim[nv IoSfpsn Ahsb s]dpnsbSpv sImv IfbpI. ]bdnse apt]mse arZpicocap \ocqnpSnp {]mWnIsXnsc acpp Xfn Bhiysan am{Xw ]pIbnejmbw Dmn XfnpI. ssPh IoS\min\n ]pIbnejmbw ]pIbnejmbw XmdmpXn\v Ac Intem{Kmw ]pIbne sNdpXmbn Acnv \mec en shn IpXnv Hcp Znhkw hbvpI. AXn\p tijw ]pIbnejW ]ngnv Nn amn kv AcnsSppI. sNdnb NofpIfmbn NoInsbSp 120 {Kmw _mtkmv Acen shn ebnnp Inp tkmpemb\n AcnsSppI. tkmpemb\n ]pIbnejmbhpambn \mbn tNnfpI. Cu emb\n Bdncn shw tNv sNSnIfn Xfnmw.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

apmhnse Irjnv tdj PetkN\w cmhnsebpw sshIptchpw \nnX Afhn NmpIfn shsamgnWw. Nmnse apan{inXns Afhv , sNSnIfpsSbpw CeIfpsSbpw Fw, Imemh Fnhsb B{ibnv Hgnp shns Afhv hyXymksSpWw. shns Afhv Ipdm sNSnI hmSn \inpw. shns Afhv IqSnbm Nmn \npw CphoWv apmhv \\bpw. AXn\m Hgnp shns Afhv tdj t]mse ]cnanXsSppI. (apmhnse ]dnIrjn BZmbn\pw BtcmKyn\pw B\n\pw Daw.)

hnhn[bn\w ]dnIfpsS IrjncoXnI

I Ceh ]dnI
Noc tIcfnse Ghpw {]Nmctadnb CednhnfbmWv Noc. ssPhIrjnbn Ghpw {]m[m\yalnp IrjnapdbmWv Imemhbvpw an\pw tbmPn tcmK{]Xntcm[ inbp C\ Irjn sNpI FXv. A\ptbmPyamb Imew FmImepw Irjn sNmw C\- 1. Acp AXypXv]mZ\tijnbp Nph Nocbn\w. EXp_kz`mhw C. 2. tamln\n ]\ndap CeI 3. Irjn{io {_u Ie Nphv \ndap Cu C\n\p Cepn tcmKw XmcXtay\ IpdhmWv. 4. tcWp{io ] CeIfpw Nph Xpw Cu C\ns {]tXyIXbmWv. 5. kn.H. 1 ] \ndap C\amWv. 6. Imd \mS Nphp \ndap CeI. Cu C\w \hw_, Unkw_ amkfn ]qhnSpXn\m \So kabw AXn\\pkcnv {IaoIcnWw. hnns tXmXv : Hcp skn\v 8 {Kmw hnv thn hcpw. \So coXn : t\cnv hnXbpw ]dnp \Soepw. \gvkdn (XhmcW) hnv ]mIpXn\v ap]v \gv k dn XS kqcyXm]oIcWn\p hnt[bamnbm an \npw DmIp ]e tcmKfpw XSbmhpXmWv. hnp ]cnNcWn\mbn 1 {Kmw kyqtUmtamWmkv s]mSn hnpambn IepI. \gv k dn tcmKsf XSbpXn\mbn Hcp NXpc{iaodn\p ss{StmU kpjvS Imenhfw 10 In.{Kmw., ]n.Pn.]n.B. an{inXw2 100{Kmw F tXmXn \IpI.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 10 Hcp eLpteJ

Irjnew Hcpepw \Soepw Irjn ew Infp \ncmnb tijw 3035 sk.ao hoXnbn Bgw Ipd NmepI HcSn AIen (30 sk.ao) FSppI. skn\p 100 In.{Kmw ss{StmU kpjvS NmWIw NmepIfn ASnhfambn apambn Cfn tNpI. Cu NmepIfn 20 apX 30 Znhkw {]mbamb ssXI kyqtUmtamWmkv emb\nbn (20 {Kmw kyptUmtamWmkv 1 en shn IenbXv) thcpI 20 an\nv apnbXn\ptijw 20 sk.ao AIen \SpI. agmev NmepIv ]Icw XS FSpv \SpXmWpaw. Hcp skn 657 sNSnI \SmhpXmWv. ta hfambn 810 Znhks CSthfbn Xmsg ]dbp GsXnepw ssPhhfw tNtXmWv. NmWIm/_tbmKymkv dn (200 {Kmw) 4 en shhpambn tNXv/ tKmaq{Xw/shan hmjv (200 en) 8 Ccn shhpambn tNXv, 4 Intem shan Itmv/tImgnhfw, ISenmv (200 {Kmw) 4 en shn IpXnXv Ch-bn-te-sX-nepw Hmtcm hnfshSpv Ignbptmgpw t\n shanhmjv XfnpsImSptXmWv. ap]cn]me\ apdI an Cumwiw Csn Bhiyn\v \\p sImSpWw. ]pXbnpsImSppXv \XmWv. th\mev cp Znhkw CShnsnepw \\bvWw. agmev av IqnsmSpWw. kkykwcWw IoShnhn[bn\w ie`fpsS ]pgp Nocsb B{Ianpp. 1. IqSpsInpgp CeI Iqn tbmPnnv AXn\pnencpv Xnp \innpp. 2. CeXo\npgp CeI Xnp \innpp. \nb{Wam ]pgptfmSpIqSn CeI ]dnsSpv \innpI. B{IaWw IpXpSp Ahkcn Xs thn Ipcpkv 5% XfnWw. PohmWpIoS\min\nbmb ssU AYhm lmv (0.7 ann) Hcp en shn XfnpItbm s]cphens 4% Cem tkmpshhpambn tNv XfnpItbm sNpI. tcmK Cepn tcmKw NocbpsS CeIfn ASnhipw apIcnepw Hcp t]mse ]pnI ImWsSpp. Nph NocbnemWv tcmKw IqSpXembn ImWsSpXv.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

11

\nb{W am kwtbmPnX \nb{W amK Ahew_nv tcmKw \nb{ntXmWv. Cepn tcmKns\Xnsc {]Xntcm[inbp kn.H.1 Irjn sNpI. Nph Noc X\nhnfbmbn Irjn sNmsX kn.H.1 Fbn\w ]ocbpambn CSIen Irjn sNpI. hnnSpXn\v ap]v kyqtUmtamWmkv I D]tbmKnv hnp ]cnNcWw \SpI. ss{StmsUthn ]nmv kpjvS NmWIw an tNp sImSppI. 1 Intem ] NmWIw 10 en shn Ien Xmdmnb emb\nbpsS sXfn \nnX Imebfhn Xfnp sImSppI. Noc \\bvptm shw CebpsS apIfn IqSn HgnmsX Nphn HgnpI. 1 {Kmw Amcw 4 {Kmw asmSn Fnh Hcp en ]mmbemb\nbn (4 {Kmw/en) tNv CebpsS cp hipw XfnWw.

II sh
\Somew P\phcns^{_phcn, sabvPq, sk]vw_HIvtSm_ Fo kabfn sh Irjn sNmw. C\ 1. kpnc

samtkv tcmKns\Xnsc {]Xntcm[ tijnbpv. agmes Irjnv A\ptbmPyw. 2. kon Cfw ] \ndn \ofap ImbvI. 3. Inc 2030 sk.ao \ofap Cfw ] \ndnep ImbvI. agme Irjnv A\ptbmPyw. 4. AcpW, kn.H.1 \ Nphv \ndap ImbvI. 5. A A\manI, hj D]lm, A A`b, ARvPnX Fnh samtkv tcmKns\Xnsc {]Xntcm[ inbphbmWv. hnns tXmXv Hcp skn\v \So Imew hnp ]cnNcWw

: 30 {Kmw hnv thn hcpw. : 60 x 60 sk.ao (Hcp sk.aodn 222 sNSnI) : Hcp {Kmw kyqtUmtamWkv hnpambn Ien hnp ]cnNcWw \SWw. hnv hnXv Ignm an Bhiyn\v Cuw DmIWw.

\So coXn Irjn ew Infv IfI amn ]cphsSpnsbSpWw. hnv hnXbvpXn\v 15 Znhkw ap]v skn\v 2 Intem{Kmw Ipmbw an tNp sImSppXv anse AXzw Ipdbvpw. 100 Intem{Kmw NmWItam Itmp hftam 10 {Kmw ss{StmUabpambn tNv XWen 15 Znhkw kqnXn\p tijw ASnhfambn tNWw. ta hfambn cmgvNbn Hcn Xmsg ]dbp GsXnepw Hcp hfw tNtXmWv.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 12 Hcp eLpteJ

NmWIm Asn _tbmKymkv dn 200 {Kmw 4 en shhpambn tNXv. tKmaq{Xw Asn shanhmjv 2 en 8 Ccn shhpambn tNXv. 4 Intem{Kmw anchfw Asn tImgnhfw. ISenmv 200 {Kmw 4 en shn IpXnXv. ap ]cn]me\apdI an \\hv Csn Bhiyn\v \\p sImSpWw. ]pXbnp sImSppXv IfI \nb{nm\pw anse Cumwiw \ne\nm\pw klmbnpw. th\mev cp Znhknsemcn \\bvtXmWv. agmev If ]dnepw apIqnsmSpepw \SpI. kkykwcW am tcmK{]Xntcm[ inbp C\ Irjn sNpXp hgn tcmKIoS\nb{Ww Hcp ]cn[nhsc FfpamWv . tXmw ipNnbmbn kwcntXmWv.

tcmK
1. samtkv tcmKw shIrjnbn km[mcW DmIp Cu tcmKns eWw Ce RcppIfnse ]v \jvSsv a \ndamIpIbpw RcpI XSnpIbpw sNpXmWv. ImbvI sNdpXpw a Ie ] \ndtmSpIqSnbXpambncnpw. sho, Cep Fo IoSfmWv sshdkns tcmKhmlI. \nb{W am tcmKap sNSnI Im DS ]ngpXv \innpI. ths, shfppn a{inXw cp iXam\w hocyn \nw_knUn/ Ftm\nw/bq\nw Fo th[njvTnX IoS\min\nI cp annen F tXmXn Xfnp sImSpmhpXmWv. sshdkns hmlIcmb ap IfIsf \inntXmWv. tcmK {]Xntcm[ tijnbp C\ (A A\manI, A A`b) Irjn sNpIbmWv Daw. tcmKw _m[nm \ BtcmKyap sNSnIfn \np am{Xw hnv tiJcnpI. IoS XpXpc, Imbv Xpc, Ce Npcpnpgp, thcns\ B{Ianp \nam hncI, \ocqnpSnp IoS FnhbmWv {][m\s IoS. 1. Xv Xpc/ImbvXpc ]pgp shfp ap NndIpIfn ] ASbmfap ie`ns ]pgp, Cfw

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

13

XpIfnepw ImbvIfnepw Xpfp Ibdn D`mKw Xnv tISmpp. Xv hmSn {ItaW Icnbpp. ImbvIfn Zzmc ImWmw. \nb{W am hnv \v cmgvN Ignbptm thn ]nmv Cp sImSppI. IoSm{IaWcqX IpdbvpXn\v CXv klmbnpw. IoS_m[tb Xpw ImbvIfpw apdnpampI. B{IaWw IpXpSptm thnIpcp kv 5% XfnpI. hn]Wnbn e`yamIp th[njv T nX IoS\min\nIfpw D]tbmKnmhpXmWv. 2. \ocqpw IoS (]p, ap, sho) Ch CebpsS ASnhiv ]nnSnncpv \ocqnpSnpp. CeI afnv DWpp. IqSmsX sho sshdkv tcmKw ]cpIbpw sNpp. \nb{W am samsskv tcmK {]Xntcm[ tijnbp C\ Irjn sNpI. tXmn asWnI m]nv sho, ap Fnhsb IpSpn \innpI. thsshfppn an{inXw 2%, ths Faj 3% Chbn GsXnepw Hv XfnpI. 3. Ce Npcpnpgp Cfw a NndIn Xhnp \ndnep hcIfp ie`ns ]pgp Ce Npcpn \innpp. \nb{W am Ce NpcpfpI ]dnp \innpI. thnIpcp kv 5% XfnpI. hn]Wnbn e`yamIp GsXnepw th[njvTnX IoS\min\n D]tbmKnmhpXmWv. _nthdnb _mnbm\ D]tbmKnmw (_tbmKmUv 5 ann en) 4. thcp_I \namhnc sNSnbpsS thcpIsf B{IanpIbpw {ItaW sNSnI DWntmhpIbpw sNpp. \nb{W am 4 Intem thn ]nmtm, BhWn ]nmtm Hcp skn tNp sImSppIbpw, sNSnbpsS CSbv v sIWnhnfbmbn _nq \p hfpIbpw sNpI. thne/IyqWnv ]ne (sNSnv 250 {Kmw F tXmXn) \SpXn\v Hcmgv N apv XSfnenv Znhtk\ shsamgnpI. CXns ^ew

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 14 Hcp eLpteJ

th\mev hnX Ignv 75 Znhkw \op \npw. _mknekv amkndkv 3% D]tbmKnpI. hnp]cnNcWw \SpI. B{IaWw cqamb {]tZifn hnp]cnNcWn\p ]pdta CXns 3% emb\n hnXv 30 Znhkp tijw ansemgnp sImSptXmWv.

III shcn h hnfI

CXn ]mh, ]Shew, shcn, Incn, Xna, Npcbv, a, Ipfw FnhbpsSpp. Irjnmew \So coXn Fnh NphsS sImSppp.

hnf

C\w

\So Imew

hnns \SoImew tXmXv (skn\v) 24 {Kmw 2 ao x 2 ao (skn\v 10 Ipgn-I)

]mh

{]nb, {]oXn, {]nb

ag-m-e-hnf (sabvBKv) Pe-tk-NnXhnf (P\p-h-cnamv) (sk]vw-_ Unkw-_) Pe-tk-NnX hnf (P\p-hcnamv) & (sk]vw-_ Unkw-_)

]S-hew

Iuap-Zn, a\p{io t__n, n.-F19

16 {Kmw

2 ao x 2 ao (skn\v 10 Ipgn-I)

shcn

apSn-tm-Sv, Acp-Wna, ku`mKy sI.-F.-bp. tem, Cp

(P\p-h-cn--amv) 3 {Kmw & (sk]vw-_ Unkw-_) ag-me hnf (sabvBK-v) Pe-tk-NnXhnf (P\p-hcnamv) (sk]vw-_ Unkw-_) (P\p-hcnamv) (sk]vw-_ Unkw-_) 4 {Kmw

2 ao x 1.5 ao (skn\v 13 Ipgn-I) 4.5 ao x 2 ao (skn\v 13 Ipgn-I)

Ipfw

kemUv shcn ioX, kz ]q, ]pkmk, t\ymKv, F.-F.-bp.kn2

2 {Kmw

2 ao x 1.5 ao (skn\v 13 Ipgn-I)

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

15

hnf

C\w

\So Imew

hnns \SoImew tXmXv (skn\v) 5 {Kmw 4.5 ao x 2 ao (skn\v 13 Ipgn-I)

An-fn, kph, kckv

ag-me hnf-sabv- - -- BK-v, Pe-tk-NnXhnf (P\p-hcn-amv) & (sk]vw-_ Unkw-_) Unkw-_-G-{]n

Xn-a - jpK t__n

6 {Kmw

3 x 2 ao (skn\v 6 Ipgn-I) 4 ao x 3 ao (skn\v 3 Ipgn-I)

tImh

kpe`

sabv--Pq, sk]vw-_ - HIvtSm-_

3040 sk.ao \of-ap Xp-I 14 {Kmw

Npcbv

]qkm, k, ag-me hnf t]mfn-^nIv (sabvBK-v) temwKv, ]qk Pe-tk-NnXhnf k, (P\p-hcnamv) t{]mfn-^nIv duv (sk]vw-_ A _^m Unkw-_) lcn-Xw, Zo]vXn ]pk, \kvZm (Unkw-_-amv) (sabvB-Kv)

3 ao x 3 ao (skn\v 4 Ipgn-I)

]on

6.12 {Kmw

2 ao x 2 ao (skn\v 10 Ipgn-I)

\So coXnbpw, hf{]tbmKhpw cSn hephpw HcSn Bghpap IpgnsbSppI. 50 Intem{Kmw NmWIw/ Itmtm ta apambn tNv IpgnIfnenSpI. \mep apX Av hnv hoXw Hcp Ipgnbn ]mIpI. apfv cmgvN tijw Hcp XSn \ aqp ssXI hoXw \nnbm aXn. ta hfambn NmWItam Itmtm 30 In.{Kmw hoXw Asn anc Itmv 15 Intem cp {]mhiyambn hn hoiptmgpw ]qhnSptmgpw sImSppI. cmgvNbnsemcn NmWIw 1 Intem{Kmw Hcp en shn Ien ]pjv]nptm sImSppI. tImhen\v \Sp kabpw hn hoiptmgpw 12.5 Intem F tXmXn Imenhfw tNp sImSppI. ZoLImew tImh sNSn \ne\np efn amknsemcn ssPhhf {]tbmKw \SpI.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 16 Hcp eLpteJ

ap ]cnNcW amK ]mh, ]Shew, Npcbv, ]on Fnh hn hoiptm ]enp sImSppI. shcn, Xna, a, Ipfw Fnh Xdbn ]ScpXn\p kwhn[m\samcppI, hfanSpXns\mw If ]dnepw CSbnfepw \SpI. agmev av Iqn sImSppI, ]ne hnfbhinjvSw, hnLSnn NIncntm Itmv, sXmv, sshtm XpSnbh sImv hnfIv ]pXbnSpI. hfbpsS BZyLfn 23 Znhkw CShnpw ]qhpw Imbpw D kabv HnS hnp \\bvpI. aW Ie ]inacmin an th\mefn 2 Znhknsemcn \\bvpXnt\m 3 Znhknsemcn \\m aXnbmIpw.

kky kwcWw
IoS Imbo: s] Cu ImbpsS sXmenSnbn apbnSpp. apbpsS hncnndp ]pgp Imbvpnse amwkf `mK Xnpp. ImbvI AgpIn hogpp. \nb{WamK t] sImtm t]mfno sImtm ImbvI s]mXnbpI, IoS_m[tb ImbvI tiJcnv \innpI. \Sp kabpw Hcp amkn\p tijhpw Hcp Ipgnv 100 {Kmw F tXmXn thn ]nmv Cv sImSppI. ]gbo sIWnI, s^dtam sIWntbm (Iyqe sIWntbm) D]tbmKnv Imbosb \innmw. ap, ]p, aWvUcn Ch kky`mKfn Iqw IqSnbncpv \ocqn IpSnpp. sho samsskv tcmKhpw ]cpp. \nb{WamK asWn Hcp skn\v F tXmXn sIpI. apI IqSpXembn ImWp CeI ]dnv \innpI. 2% hocyap thsshfppn an{inXw XfnpI. Asn thsbpw (80 an.en) BhWsbpw (20 an.en) 60 {Kmw _mtkmpw ebnnv 150 an.en. shn tNpI. CXntev 150 {Kmw shfppn t]kvv tNpI. CXv 6 Bdncn shw tNv t\nv XfnpI. \ocqn IpSnp {]mWnIfpsS B{IaW ^eambn shcn ]neIdnIfn DmIp afnv AXnPohnpXn\v 10 {Kmw aojyw kt^v 1 en F tXmXn CeIfn XfnpI. CXv sNSnIv hn hoip kabpw hnI ]en ]Sp Ahkcnepw sNmhpXmWv. CeXo\npgp (]Shepgp/hcb ]pgp) ]pgp CeI Xnpw, ImbvI Xnpw \innpp.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

17

\nb{W amK ]pgpsf tiJcnv \innmw. thnIpcp kv 5% XfnpI. tKmaq{Xw 1 en Immcn (10 {Kmw) an{inXw Xmdmn 9 en shw tNv XfnpI. _nthdnb _mknbm\ F an{inX Ipan D]tbmKnpI. FnemIvk hv Xhnp \ndn Idp ]pnIfp A hrmIrXnbnse hpIfpw a \ndnep ]pgpfpw Cebnse lcnXIw Imp Xnv CeI DWncnbpp. \nb{W amK ssIhe D]tbmKnv hpIsf tiJcnv \innpI, CeIfn ImWp apqw, ]pgp, kam[n Zni Fnh tiJcnv kpjncfp t]mfno Ihdn kqnpI. an{X{]mWnI hncnp hcptm Ahsb Xpdv tXmn hnSpI. thnIpcp kv 5%, s]cphew kv 10%, thsshfppn an{inXw 2% Fnhbn GsXnepw Hv XfnpI.

shcn hK sNSnIfnse tcmK

1. samsskv tcmKw Cecn ]bpw abpw Ie \nd ImWsSpp. CeI apcSnpp. ]pXpXmbn hcp CeI sNdpXmIpIbpw apcSnpIbpw sNpp. imJIfpsS Fw \t IpdbpIbpw, Imbv ]nSpw Xosc IpdbpIbpw sNpp. \nb{W amK 1. tcmKw _m[n sNSnIsf \innp IfbpI. 2. tcmK hnapamb tXmn \np am{Xw hnv tiJcnpI. 3. XSfnse hnns tXmXv IqpI. sNSn hn shbvp Ahkcn BtcmKyap ctm aqtm sNSnI am{Xw \nn _mnbphsb \innpI. 4. tcmKhmlIcmb IoSsf \innm ths, BhWs, shfppn an{inXw As-n 2% hocyap th[njvTnX IoS\min\n Fnh D]tbmKnpI. Cepn tcmKw CebpsS ASn`mKv shw \\t]msebp ]mSpI DmhpIbpw XpSv CebpsS apI `mKv apnI {]XysSpIbpw sNpp. ]pnI hepXmbn Hnp tNv CeI IcnpWpp. \nb{WamK tcmKeWap CeI \innpI.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 18 Hcp eLpteJ

kyqtUmtamWmkv emb\n (2%) CebpsS Ccp hifnepw hoghn[w XfnpI. Imbo (Bactrocera cucurbitae)

Ce-Xo\n ]pgp- (Anadevidia peponis)

hc-b ]pgp (Diaphania indica)

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

19

IV hgpX\ hK hnfI
tIcfnse {][m\ hgpX\ hK hnfIfmWv apfIv, hgpX\, Xmfn Fnh
hnf C\ \So kabw hnns CSbIew tXmXv (skn\v) 4 {Kmw 45 sk.ao x 45 sk.ao skn\v 198 sNSn-I

apfIv

PzmemapJn, Pzmem kJn, Dze, A\p{Kl (shmbWn AXpey) (shmbWn karn) kqcy, tizX, \oena, lcnX (_mIvSocnb hmns\Xnsc {]Xntcm[tijn bp C\fmWnXv) ]qk ]n in, apn, A\L, shmbWn hnPbv

agsb B{ibnv (sabvPq) PetkNnX Irjn (sk]vw_ HIvtSm_)

hgpX\

sabvPq sk]vw_ HIvtSm_

2 {Kmw

75 sk.ao x 60 sk.ao (skn\v 89 sNSnI)

Xmfn

(HIvtSm_ \hw_)

2 {Kmw

60 sk.ao x 60 sk.ao. 111 sNSnI

\gvkdn ]dnp \Sp hnfIfmWv hgpX\ hK hnfI. hnpI XmhcWIfn ]mIn apfnv Hcp amkw {]mbamb ssXI ]dnp \Smw. \ Xpdkmb [mcmfw kqcy{]Imiw e`np efn hfqdp ta apw \ t]mse DWn s]mSn NmWIhpw tNmWv \gvkdn XmdmtXv. DWnsmSn NmWIn\p ]Icw ss{StmUa D]tbmKnv ]cnt]mjnn NmWIw D]tbmKnpXv \XmWv. hnv ]mInbXn\p tijw hmc ]ne sImv ]pXbnv Znhtk\ Imev \\bvpI. hnp apfp XpSnbm ]pX amWw. \nnX CSthfbn 2% kyqtUmtamWmkv ^vfqdk v emb\n Xfnp sImSptXmWv. ssXIfpsS ]pjvSn hnnpXn\p thn NmWImtem t\n tKmaq{Xtam (]ncn shw tNv t\nXv) XfntXmWv . ssXI \SpXn\p thn ]dnsSppXn\mbn XmhcWI \\Xn\p tijw ssXI ]dnsSppI. \ ssXIv XmmenIambn XW \IWw.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 20 Hcp eLpteJ

\Soepw hf{]tbmKhpw Irjn ew \t]mse Infv \ncmpI. ssXI ]dnp \SpXn\v cmgvN apt 2 Intem{Kmw Ipmbw tNp sImSppI. 100 Intem{Kmw ss{StmUbpw ]n.Pn.]n.B1 an{inXhpambn tNv Cfn ASnhfambn \SpI. ]dnp \Sp kabv ssXIfpsS thcpI 20 an\nv kyqtUmtamWmkv emb\n (20 {Kmw 1 en shn) emb\nbn apn shXn\ptijw \SpI. Imen hfn\p ]Icw tImgnhftam s]mSn Bn ImjvTtam D]tbmKnmhpXmWv. ta hfw \IpXn\mbn Fv ]v Znhkw CSthfbmbn Xmsg ]dbp GsXnepw ssPh hfw tNmhpXmWv. NmWIm Asn _tbmKymkv dn 200 {Kmw 4 en shn tNXv. tKmaq{Xw Asn shanhmjv (2 en) Fv Ccn shhpambn tNXv. 4 Intem{Kmw anc Itmv, tImgnhfw Asn Bn ImjvTw. ISenmv (200 {Kmw) 4 en shn IpXnXv. ap ]cn]me\ amK th\mev ctm aqtm Znhknsemcn PetkN\w \SpI. Bhiysan ssXIv Xmp sImSppI. ]dnp \v Hcp amkw Ignbptm IfsbSp, ssPh hfw \I, av Iqn sImSp XpSnb ]cn]me\ apdI A\phnmw. ]neI, hnfbhinjv S AgpInsmSn NIncntm, sXmv, sshtm XpSnbh D]tbmKnv ]pXbnp sImSpm anse Cuw \ne\nm\pw IfI \nb{nm\pw Ignbpw.

kkykwcWw
IoS 1. hgpX\bnse Xv/Imbv Xpc ]pgp shfp NndIn Xhnp \ndnse ]pntbmSp IqSnb ie`ns ]pgp Xpw, Imbpw B{Ianpp. Cfw Xnepw, Imbnepw, ]pgp Xpfp Ibdn D`mKw Xnp \innpp. B{IaW hnt[bamb XpI hmSn Icnbpp. ]pgp _m[tbv ImbvIfn Zzmc ImWmw. \nb{W amK 1. ssX ]dnp \Sptm thn ]nmv an CSpI. 2. tISph `mK apdnp amn \innpI. 3. IoSm{IaWw Ip XpSptm thnIpcp kv 5% XfnpI. FnemIvk hv Xhnp \ndn Idp ]pnbp hpI, a \ndnep

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

21

Xv/Imbv Xpc ]pgp (Leucinodes orbonalis) ]pgp apq, kam[n Zi Fnh CeIfn ImWpp. hpw, ]pgphpw CeIfnse lcnXIw Imp Xnpp. CeI DWn Icnbpp. B{IaWw cqamIptm sNSnbpsS hfsb _m[npp.

FnemIvk hv (Epilachna vigintioctopunctata) \nb{W amK 1. ssIhe D]tbmKnv hpIsf tiJcnv \innpI. 2. CeIfn ImWp apqw, ]pgp, kam[n Zi Fnhsb tiJcnv kpjncfp t]mfno Iqn kqnpI. an{X {]mWnI hncnp ]pdp hcptm Ahsb Xpdp tXmn hnSpI. 3. thnIpcp kv 5% s]cphew kv 10% XfnpI. \ocqw IoS aoenap, td{]{X IoSw, ap Fnh CeIfpsS ASnbn ]nnSnncpp \ocqnpSnv \innpp. aoenap ap kky`mKsfbpw B{Ianpp.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 22 Hcp eLpteJ

\nb{W amK 1. Bcw` Znibn Ch IqSpXembn ImWp CeI ]dnp \innpI. 2. ths + shfppn 2% (Asn ths 3%) Faj XfnpI.

hgpX\bnse tcmK
1. Ipne tcmKw tcmKeW sNSnbpsS CeI IpnIfmbn amdpp. sampI Xnep CSbIew IpdbpIbpw sNSnIfpsS hf apcSnp t]mhpIbpw sNpp. Imbv]nSpw \nebvpp. \nb{W amK 1. tcmKw h sNSn ]ngpXv \innpI. 2. tcmKhmlIcmb PmknUpIsf shfppn ths an{inXw (2%) Xfnv \nb{npI. apfInse IoS F^nUpI, PmknUpI, {Xn]vkv, aWvUcn, sho Fnh apfIns\ B{Ianp IoSfmWv. F^nUpIsf \nb{npXn\mbn ]pIbne Ijmbw, thsshfppn Faj (2%) \m]qsSn Faj (10%) Fnhbn FsX-nepw Hv XfnpI. PmknUpIsf \nb{npXn\mbn Incnbmv kv (10%) XfnpI. aWvUcnsb \nb{npXn\p thn shs shfppn Faj (2%) XfnpI. ]p Znhknsemcn t\n Inshw CebpsS ASnbn Xfnp sImSppXv \XmWv. sho shnkoenbw em\n 35 {Kmw Hcp en shn Ien XfnpI. BhWs ]pcnb asWnI m]npI. shfppn Faj 2% XfnpI.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

23

apfInse tcmK 1. ssX Nob anse tcmKmWpsf \nb-{n-p--Xn\v skn\v Hcp Intem F IWn thn]nmv tNpI. Db hmcfn th\mev hnpI ]mIWw. XmhcWIfn Ipmbw hnXdWw. ss{StmsUa, kyqtUmtamWkv, ]n.Pn.]n.B. anIkv II Fnh D]tbmKnWw. 2. Cepn tcmKw kyqtUmtamWkv ^vfpdskkv 2 iXam\tam Asn t_mtUm an{inXw 1 iXam\tam XfnpI. 3. _mIvSocnb hmw {]Xntcm[ tijnbp C\fmb Dze, A\p{Kl XpSnb C\ \p ]nSnnpI. kyqtUmtamWkv ^vfqdskkv, ]n,Pn.]n.B. anIvkv II (20 {Kmw 1 en shn) F tXmXn 15 Znhks CSthfIfn an Xfnp sImSppI. \SpXn\p apmbn ssXIfpsS thcpI kyqtUmtamWkv (2%) apn hbvpI. Cu emb\n CeIfnepw Xfnp sImSppI.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 24 Hcp eLpteJ

4. samsskv tcmKw sshdkv tcmK ]cpXv Cet\pIfmWv . Ch CebpsS ASnbnencpv \ocqn IpSnpXns ^eambn CeI Icnbpp. sNSnIfpsS hf apcSnv {ItaW \inpp. th[njvTnX IoS\min\n Xfnp sImSppI. {]Xntcm[inbp C\fmb Dze, ]m_v km, mk kXm_km Fnh Irjn sNpI.

XmfnbpsS IoS_m[
1. ImbvXpc thn Ipcp kv 5 iXam\w XfnpI. thn ]nmv skn\v 1 Intem F tXmXn \So kabpw 3045 Znhks CSthfbnepw \IpI.

2. sho shnkoenbw em\n 35 {Kmw Hcp en shn Ien XfnpI. BhWs ]pcnb asWnI m]npI. shfppn Faj 2% XfnpI.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

25

3. ssXNob thn ]nmv Hcp skn\v Hcp Intem F tXmXn tNpI. XmhcWIfn Ipmbw hnXdpI. ss{StmUa, kyqtUmtamWkv ^vfqdskkv, ]n.Pn.]n.B. anIvkv II Fnh D]tbmKnpI.

Nn{X-IoSw 4. _mIvSocnb hmw ssXIfpsS thcpI 2 iXam\w hocyap kyqtUmtamWkv emb\nbn apn shXn\p tijw \SpI. Cu emb\n sNSnIfnepw XfnpI. kyqtUmtamWkv, ]n.Pn.]n.B. anIvkv II (20 {Kmw Hcp en F tXmXn 15 Znhks CSthfIfn \IpI).

V ]bdp hK ]dnI
1. h]b ]dnbmbn D]tbmKnp h]bdn\ cp Xcapv. Ipnbdpw, hnbdpw. tIcfnse Imemhbn Fmbvtmgpw Irjn sNm ]nb hnfbmWv h]b, s\]mSfn Hmw hnfbv pw cmw hnfbv pw tijw dm_nmepw. th\mepw X\nhnfbmbn h]b Irjn sNmw. hop hfpIfn Fmmepw Irjn sNm ]nb hnfbmWv h]b. th\mev PeZue`yw aqew s\Irjnbndm km[nm efn h]b Irjn sNmhpXmWv. \So Imew h]b Fmmepw Irjn sNmw. agmehnfbvv Pq amkn hnp ]mIWw. Pq BZyhmcamWv hnv ]mIpXn\v Ghpw A\ptbmPyw. cmw hnfbvv hnXbvtXv sk]vw_HIvtSm_ amkfnemWv. th\mev h]b P\phcn s^{_phcn amkn hnXbvWw. C\ F. Ipnb `mKyevan, ]pk_kmn, ]pktIma _n. Ipdp ]Scp kz`mhaph ssIcfn, A\izc, hcp, A, Kcna.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 26 Hcp eLpteJ

kn. ]Scp C\ imcnI, amenI, teme, sshPbn, sI.Fw.hn1, shmbWntPymXnI Ipn]bdn\v hnns tXmXv skn\v 80 apX 100 {Kmw hsc. hnbdn\v hnns tXmXv skn\v 16 apX 20 {Kmw hsc. \SoImew h]b Fmmepw Irjn sNmw. agmehnfbvv Pq amkn hnp ]mIWw. Pq BZyhmcamWv hnv ]mIpXn\v Ghpw A\ptbmPyw. cmw hnfbvv hnXbvtXv sk]vw_HIvtSm_ amkfnemWv. th\mev h]b P\phcns^{_phcn amkn hnXbvWw. C\ F. Ipnb `mKyevan, I\IaWn, ]qk_kmn, ]qktIma. _. Ipdp ]Scp kz`mhaph ssIcfn, A\izc, hcp, A, Kcna. kn. ]Scp C\ imcnI, amenI, teme, sshPbn, sI.Fw.hn1, shmbWntPymXn, Ipnbdn\v hnns tXmXv skn\v 80 apX 100 {Kmw. hnbdn\v hnns tXmXv skn\v 16 apX 20 {Kmw. \SoeIew \Xp t]mse DgpXv II DSv ]cphsSpWw. Ipnbdn\ 30x15 sknao AIenepw sNdnb tXmXn ]Scph 45 x 30 sknao AIenepw (Hcp Ipgnbn 3 sNSnI hoXw) IpI IpnSph 1.5 sk.ao x 45 sk.ao AIenepamWv \tSXv. hnp ]cnNcWw h]b hnpI ssdtkm_nbw F PohmWp ]pcnb tijw \tSXmWv. ssdtkm_nbw ]pcpXn\p thn hnv A]w shtam Inshtam tNv ssdtkm_nbw Idpambn \t]mse Fm `mKpw FpXp t]mse Iqn tbmPnnpI. hnns BhcWn\v tISp]msX {inpI. Cu hnpI hrnbp ISemkntem Nmntem Cv XWepWn DSs\ hnXbvWw. cmkhfhpambn bmsXmcp ImcWhimepw ssdtkm_nbw Ienb hnpI Iqntm ]mSn. hf{]tbmKw (Hcp skn\v) AXzw IqSnb an\v Hcp Intem Ipmbw \SpXn\v 15 Znhkw apmbn an tNp sImSpWw. Irjnew Hcpnb tijw 80 Intem NmWIw tNWw. \nnX AIen IpgnsbSp tijw ssdtkm_nbw F PohmWp ]pcnb hnv \SpI. t^mkv^dkv embI kqvamWp hf Hcp {Kmw Hcp sNSns tXmXn tNp sImSppXv t^mkv^dkns e`yX IqpXn\v klmbnpw. IqSmsX Xmsg ]dbp GsXnepsamcp hf{]tbmKw

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

27

IqSn tNmhpXmWv. NmWIw, anc Itmv 8 Intem, 400 {Kmw tdmv t^mkvt^v Asn tImgnhfw 6 Intem, 200 {Kmw tdmv t^mkvt^v Fnh \ImhpXmWv. ssPh hf 10 apX 15 Znhkw CSthfIfn tNp sImSpmhpXmWv. tdmv t^mkvt^v ASnhfambns \tIXmWv. hfm DtPIfmb t\n ]Khyw, shanhmjv Fnh sNSnp \IpXv hf hnnpw. ap ]cn]me\ apdI tahfw CXn\p tijw anfn sImSppXn\v \ thtcmn\pw AXphgn \ kabv hnIfpsS Xe \pnfbpXv hnfhv hnnpXn\pw klmbIamIpw. ]S hcp C\v hn hoim XpSptm Xs ] sIn ]Scm\p kuIcyw DmIWw. shns e`yX DdphcppI. ]qhnSp kabp PetkN\w ]qfpw ImbvIfpw DmIpXns Afhv hnnpXn\v klmbnpw. kkykwcWw IoS 1. ]bdnse ap: ]bdns \ocqnpSnp {][m\ IoSamWv ap. Idp \ndnep apI kky`mKfn ]nnSnncpv \ocqnpSnpp. Xaqew DWpIbpw CeI afnpIbpw sNSnIfpsS hf apcSnpIbpw sNpp.

\nb{W amK th[njvTnX IoS\min\n 4 ann. Hcp en shn\v F tXmXn sImSppI. _nthdnb _mknbm\ F an{X Ipan D]tbmKnpI. ]pIbne Ijmbhpw ^e{]ZamWv. thnIpcpkv 5%hpw XfnmhpXmWv. 2. CesSnIfpw, hnsSnIfpw thnIpcp kv 5% Xfnv \nb{nmhpXmWv.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 28 Hcp eLpteJ

3. ]bNmgn ]bmgn ]bdpaWnbn \npw \ocqnpSnpp. Xaqew ]b Npn Npfnbpp. \nb{W amK he D]tbmKnv hns hnhn[ ZiIsf tiJcnv \innmw. th[njvTnX IoS\min\nI Xfnp sImSppI. thnIpcp kv 5% Xfnp sImSpmhpXmWv. _nthdnb _mknbm\ F an{Xpan D]tbmKnmhpXmWv.

4. ImbvXpc ]pgp, apIpfw, Imbv, ]qhv XpSnbh Xpcv `npp.

\nb{W amK tISmb ImbvI tiJcnv \innpI. \v 45 Znhkn\p tijw thnIcp kv 5% XfnpII. Bhiysan 15 Znhkn\p tijw XfnmhpXmWv . shfppn, Imbw, Immcn apfIv an{inXw, 10% XfnmhpXmWv. (tKmaq{Xw 100 ann en shw 900 ann en 5 {Kmw Imbw 10 {Kmw Immcn apfIv kv), thn]nmv 1 Intem {Kmw Hcp skn\v ]qhnSp kabv anep]tbmKnmw. 5. Nn{XIoSw ]pgp Ce Xpfv Dhiw Xnpp. Cepdv shfp NmepI ImWmw. thstkmv Faj 2 iXam\tam thnIpcp kv 5 iXam\tam XfnmhpXmWv.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

29

Nn{X-IoSw 6. ]b hv Hcp Intem ]b hnn Hcp ann en \neSesbtbm, shfnstbm ]pcn kqnpI. ]b hnv kqnp kabv 100 Intem hnn\v 1 Intem{Kmw F tXmXn hbns DWnsmSn Ingv tNpI. ]b-dns tcmK- 1. anqSn ]I-cp tcmK-fpw \nam hnc-Ifpw an kqcy-Xm-]o-I-cWw \S-p-Xp sImv anse \nam-hn-c-I-sf-bpw, If-hn-p-I-sfbpw anse Ipan, _mIvSo-cn-b-I-sfbpw \in-n-p-Ibpw sNpp. Hcp iX-am\w t_mtUm an{inXw 2% kyqtUm-tamWtkm an Hgnp sImSp-p-Xv hnf-Isf Ipan tcmK-n \np kwc-n-pw. 2. Icn-hn tcmKw sNSn-bpsS Xnepw Ce-bnepw ImbvI-fnepw Idp ]mSp-I ImWmw. ImbvI apc-Sn-p-p. hnn-Sp--Xn\p apv XSw 1% t_mtUm an{inXw Hgnv \\-bvp-I. hnf-sh-Spv Ign-m hn-I Inp \in-n-p-I. 2% kyqtUmtam-Wmkv sNSn-If - n Xfn-p-I. 3. hm-tcmKw an\p sXmp-ap-If - n-ep Xn \\ ]mSp-I ImW-s-Sp-p. {ItaW AXv Nob-embn amdn sNSn hmSp-p. tcmKw hfsc s]sp Xs ASp-p sNSn-I-fn-tev hym]n-p-p. hnf ]cn-{I-a-coXn kzoI-cn-p-I. \Sp--Xn\p apv Ipgn-If - n hnf-bh - i - n-jvS - InpI. tcmK_m[n-Xa - mbn sNSn-I thtcmsS ]ngpXv Inv \in-n-p-I. hnn-Sp-X - n\p apv XSw Hcp iX-am\w t_mtUman-{inXw As-n cp iX-am\w kyqtUm-tam-Wkv Hgnv \\bvpI. CtX emb\n Xs cmgvN {]mb-am-Ip-tm sNSn-bpsS Nph-n Hgnv \\-bvpIbpw Ce-I-fnepw Xp-I-fnepw ]Xn---hn-[-n Xfn-p-Ibpw sNp-I. \So ka-bv 50 {Kmw thn]n-mv Hcp Ipgnv tNp sImSp-p-Xv \-Xm-Wv. ]b-dn\p ]-en-Sm Hcn- D]-tbm-Kn Ib hopw D]-tbm-Knm-Xn-cn-m {in-p-I.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 30 Hcp eLpteJ

NphSv ho-hpw, IS-No-bepw ]bdp sNSn-bpsS IS-`mKw hn-p-Ibpw Xv DWn \in-p-Ibpw sNp-p. Ccw sNSn-bpsS NphSp `mKw hopw ImW-s-Spp. {ItaW sNSn \in-p-Ibpw sNp-p. hn-bp-W-hpw NphSp hohpw Hbvtm Iqmtbm sNSn-If - n Ip-hc - p-p. (Polyorycta dimidialis) \nb-{-Wa - mK- XpS-bmbn Htc ev Irjn sNmsX ap hnf Irjn sNp hnf-]cn-{Ia coXn Ds-Sp-p-I. hnn-Sp--Xn\p apv Nh Iqn In-p-I. hnnSp--Xn\v apv XSw 1 % t_mtUm an{inXhpw cp iX-am\w kyqtUm-tamWkpw D]-tbm-Knv \\bvpI. In-fn-p-gp- (Diacrisia obliqua, Pericallia ricini)

samsskv tcmKw Ce-bnse ]-\ndw an a- \n-d-am-Ip-p. Ce-I apc-Sn-p-p. Ce Rcp-I In-bm-Ip-p. ]pXnb Ce-I sNdp-Xm-Ip-p. ImbvI hfv apcSnp-p. \nb-{W amK- Btcm-Ky-ap sNSn-I-fn \np am{Xw hnp tiJ-cn-p-I. tcmK-ap sNSn-I Im DS ]ngpXp \in-n-p-I. tcmK-hm-l-I-cmb IoS--fpsS \nb{W-n-\mbn ths Faj (3%) Xfn-p-I. As-n GsX-nepw th[n-jvTnX IoS-\m-in\n Xfn-p-I. dv Ce-bpsS Ccp-h-i--fnepw Xpcpp ]nSn--Xp-t]msebp Nph sNdnb ]mSp-I-fp-m-Ip-p. tcmKm-cw-`-n Xs tISp h Ce-I ]dnp \Sp-I. kyqtUm-tam-Wkv emb\n 2% Xfn-p-I. thcp Nob tcmKw kyqtUm-tam-Wkv ^vfqd-skkv 1 {Kmw D]-tbm-Knv hnp ]cn-N-cWw

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

31

\SpI. thn ]nmv 100 {Kmw Hcp Ipgn-bn F tXmXn an tNp sImSp-p-I. 2% kyqtUm-tam-Wkv (20 {Kmw Hcp en) an Hgnp sImSp-p-Xv \-Xm-Wv.

Aa-c--b
hop hf-n Irjn sNm A\p-tbm-Py-amb hnf-bmWv Aa-c--b. Aacbdn ]S-cp-hbpw Ipn-bmbn hf-cp--hbpw e`y-am-Wv. \SoImew ]S-cp C\- \Sm Pqsse-H - m-Kv amk-f - mWv A\p-tbm-Pyw. Ipn-bn\- hj-n Fm-bvtmgpw \Smw. C\- 1. ]S-cp-h lna, t{KUv 2. Ipn-s-Sn-bmbn hf-cp--h Am sPbv, Am hnPbv hnX-bvp coXn ]S-cp C\- 1.25 x 1.75 ao CS-b-I-e-n ]mIWw. Ipn-bn-\- 0.6 x .5 ao CS-b-I-e-n hmc-fpw Nmep-I-fp-sa-Spv Ipn-bn-\--fpsS hnp-I hnX-bv-Ww. ]S-cp C\-v Xmp-Itfm In-Itfm \mn sImSpWw. hf-{]-tbmKw ASn-h-f-ambn 80 apX 100 Intem hsc Imen-hfw Hcp skn\v \I-Ww. CXp IqSmsX Xmsg--d-bp GsX-nepw ssPh hf Iqp-Ifpw tNp sImSpt-X - m-Wv. Imen-hf - t - am, Itm-tm, an-cI - t - m-tm Hcp skn\v 16 apX 20 Intem hsc sImSp--Ww. CtXm-sSmw 500 {Kmw Nmchpw Hcp Intem tdmv t^mkvt^pw \tI--Xm-Wv. tImgn-hfw e`y-am-Ip-sa-n skn\v 15 Intem tImgn-h-fhpw Hcp Intem Nmchpw Ac-ntem tdmv t^mkvt^pw \tI-Xm-Wv. ssPh hf- ]p apX ]Xn-\p Znhkw CS-th-f-I-fmbn \Imhp--Xm-Wv. tdmv t^mkvt^v ASn-h-f-ambn \tI--Xm-Wv. hnp \Sp-Xn\p PohnI-fS - - nb PohmWp hfw Hcp sNSnv Hcp {Kmw F tXmXn tNp sImSp-p-Xv t^mkv^-d-kns e`yX Iqp--Xn\v klm-bn-pw. Pe-tk-N\w nc-amb Pe e`yX Dd-p-h-cp-p-I. ]qhn-Sp ka-b-p Pe-tk-N\w Imbv^ew hn-n-pw. kky-kw-c - Ww h ]b-dn\v ip]mi sNbvXn-p ^e-{]-Z-amb amK- CXn\pw {]tbmP\-{]-Za - m-Wv.

]-dn Irjnv Hcp klmbn (sk v Hn-\v) Ghpw \ \So kabw P\p-hcn 30 x 20 sk.ao 54 140 Znhkw \gvkdn AIew Imem-h

{Ia hnf \w. 1. Noc

Imew

hjw apgp-h\pw (ag-mew Hgn-hm-p-I)

2. 16 20 {Kmw

sh

sabv Pq

hnns Afhv 4 {Kmw ]dnp \Sp-tm. 10 {Kmw t\cnp hnX-b v p-tm 30 {Kmw \gvk-dn-bn apf-n ssXI 20 Znhkw Ignv \Smw 60 x 45 sk.ao 2x1 sk.ao 100 110 Znhkw 120 130 Znhkw

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 32 Hcp eLpteJ

3.

]b hn-b - 80 100 {Kmw 2 {Kmw

sabv Pq HIvtSm-_ \hw-_ hjw apgp-h\pw

Ipn-b -

''

''

110 120 Znhkw 140 150 Znhkw

4.

hgp-X\

sabv Pq sk]vw-_HIvtSm-_

BKv sk]vw-_ Pq-P - qsse P\p-hc - n-a - mv BKvsk]vw-_ sabv Pq

30 x 20 sk.ao 60 x 60 sk.ao

5.

Xmfn

sk]vw-_ HIvtSm-_

sk]vw-_ HIvtSm-_

2 {Kmw

60 x 60 sk.ao

120 130 Znhkw

6.

apfIv

sabv Pq BK- v- s - k-]vw-_ Unkw-_-P - \ - p-hcn sabv -P - q sk]vw-_ Unkw-_

sabv Pq

4 {Kmw

45 x 45 sk.ao

180 Znhkw

7.

]mh

P\p-hc - n-a - mv sabv -P - q sk]vw-_Unkw-_

10 {Kmw

\gvk-dn-bn apf-n ssXI 3040 Znhkw Ignv ]dnp\Smw. \gvkdn-bn apf-n ssXI 2030 Znhkw Ignv ]dnp \Smw. \gvk-dn-bn apf-n ssXI 2030 Ignv ]dnp \Smw.

2 x 2 ao

120 130 Znhkw

8.

]S-hew

10 {Kmw

2 x 2. ao 140 150 Znhkw

9.

Ipfw

4 {Kmw

4.5 x 2 ao

140 150 Znhkw

10.

shcn

P\p-hc - n-a - mv sabv -P - q sk]vw-_Unkw-_ P\p-hc - n-a - mv Pq-B - K - v sk]vw-_Unkw-_ P\p-hc - n-a - mv Pq-B - K - v 5 {Kmw 1.5 x 2 ao 90 100 Znhkw 6 {Kmw 4.5 x 2 ao 90 120 Znhkw

11.

P\p-hc - n-a - mv G{]n-P - q BK- v sk]vw-_ sk]vw-_ HIvtSm-_ 2 {Kmw

sabv -P - q sk]vw-_ Unkw-_ Pq-B - K - v sk]vw-_ Unkw-_ Pq-B - K - v s^{_p-hc - n Unkw-_ G{]nPq BK- v sk]vw-_

12.

Imt_Pv

45 x 45 sk.ao

70 Znhkw

13. 2530 {Kmw 3540 {Kmw 3540 {Kmw 8 {Kmw 8 {Kmw 6 {Kmw

2 {Kmw

\gvk-dn-bn apf-n ssXI 25 Znh-k- Ignp ]dn-p-\-Smw. '

80 Znhkw 90 Znhkw 60 Znhkw 90 Znhkw 120 150 Znhkw 120 150 Znhkw 90 Znhkw

14.

tImfn^vfh - Imcv

15.

dmUnjv

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

16.

_ovdqv

17. 18. 19.

Aa-c--b NXp-c - b - Xn-a -

33

sk]vw-_ HIvtSm-_ Unkw-_ P\p-hcn sk]vw-_HIvtSm-_ Unkw-_-P - \ - p-hcn sk]vw-_-H -I - t v Sm-_ Unkw-_-P - \ - p-hcn sk]vw-_-H -I - t v Sm-_ Unkw-_-P - \ - p-hcn sk]vw-_-H -I - t v Sm-_ Unkw-_-P - \ - p-hcn Pqsse-B - K - v Pqsse-B - K - v P\p-hc - n-s - ^-{_p-hcn \hw-_-U - n-kw-_ sk]vw-_ HIvtSm-_ sk]vw-_ HIvtSm-_ sk]vw-_ HIvtSm-_ sk]vw-_ HIvtSm-_ Pqsse-B - K - kvv Pqsse-B - K - v \hw-_ Unkw-_

60 x 45 sk.ao 45 x 10 sk.ao 45 x 10 sk.ao 45 x 20 sk.-ao. 1.25 x 0.75 ao 3 x 3 ao 3 x 2 ao

]-dn sk v Hn\v Nn{Xw 2 Nmv

IoS-fpw tcmK-fpw
0.1 hocy-ap thn Ipcp kv, 2510% hocy-ap ths Faj, ]pI-bne Ijmbw, 1% hocy-ap _yqth-dnb _mkn-bm\ Fn-h-bn GsX-nepw Hv kvt{] sNp-I.

eWw

\nb-{W am-

\ocq-n-p-Sn-p IoS- ap, hp-I, sho aoen-ap-, ]-Xp-, Ce-t

CeI hmSp-p. Cu IoS- sNSn-I-fpsS Ce, Xv, ]qhv, Imbv XpS-n-bh - b - n \npw \ocqn IpSn-p--Xn-\m BtcmKyw Ipdv hf apc-Sn-p-p.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 34 Hcp eLpteJ

aWvUcn

Cfw Ce-I-fpsS D]-cn-X-e-n \npw \ocq-n-Ip-Sn-p--Xn-\m Ce-I hnfdn \npw.

1.1 hocyp thn Ipcp kv, 2510% hocy-ap ths Faj, ]pI-bne Ijmbw, 1% hocy-ap _yqth-dnb _mkn-bm\ Fn-h-bn GsX-nepw Hv kvt{] sNp-I. ths an{inXw (2510%) hocy-n Xfn-p-I.

Nn{X-IoSw

Ce-If - psS lcn-XIw Ign-p--Xn-\m B `mKv k-ntXv t]mse tXmp shfp ]mSp-I ImWpw.

Ce-Np-cpn ]pgp- Imbv -X - v Xpc- ]pgp-

]pgp--fpw, emh-Ifpw Ce-I Xnp-Ibpw, Imbv, Xv Fnh Xpc-pXmbpw ImWp-p.

Imbo

Imbo-I - Imbvp-n ap-bn-Sp-p. ]pgp-, ImbvI Xnp \in-n-p-p.

]pgp--sfbpw emh-I-sfbpw FSpv \in-n-p-I. 5% hocy-ap thnIpcp kv, tKmaq{Xw Immcn apf-Iv emb-\n, 1% hocy-ap _yqth-dn-b _mkn-bm\ Ch-bn GsX-nepw Xfn-p-I. tISp-h ImbvI ]dn-s-Spp \in-n-pI BWo--Isf \in-n-m-\mbn ]g-sWn/ In-sh sIWn/aosIWn/Xpfkn sIWn/ i-c-sWn Ch-bn GsX-nepw Hv D]-tbm-Kn-p-I.

Nob tcmKw

sNSn-I-fn thcn\p sXmp apI-fn-embn ImWp `mKw Nop adn-p-ho-gpp asmSn an{inXw Xfn-p-I. 2% hocy-n kyqtUm-tam-Wmkv emb\n Xfnp sImSp-p-I. ]mSp-hoW Ce-I-fpsS `mK- \in-n-p-I. 2% hocy-n kyqtUm-tam-Wmkv emb\n Xfnp sImSp-p-I.

hnn-Sp--Xn\v ap]v ss{Stm-sUa ssPh hf an{inXw an tNv sImSp-p-I. 2% hocy-n kyqtUmtamWmkv emb\n Nph-n HgnpsImSp-p-I.

Noc-bnse Ce-pn tcmKw

Ce-I-fn shfp s]mp-I ImW-s-Spp

Ce-pn tcmKw arZp-tcm-a] - q- tcmKw

{_u\n-d-n-tem, a \nd-n-tem, ]mSp-I Ce-If - p-sSbpw ImbvIfp sSbpw ]pdv ImWp-p.

Nq ]qv tcmKw

sh-\n-d-n-ep ]q Ce-IfpsS {]X-e-n ImWp-p.

]mSp-hoW Ce-I \in-npI, 2% hocy-n kyqtUm-tam-Wmkv emb\n Xfnp sImSp-p-I.

hmw

sNSn-I sam-ambpw a \ndw _m[nv DWn \in-p-p.

{]Xn-tcm-[t - i-jn-bp C\- D]-tbm-Kn-p-I. hmw _m[n sNSn-I \in-n-p-I, 2% hocy-n kyqtUm-tam-Wmkv emb\n Nph-n Hgn-p-sIm-Sp-p-I. NmW-I-]m emb\n Xfnp sImSp-p-I.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

samsskIv

a-\n-d-n-ep ]mSp-I sNSn-I-fn ImWp-I-bpw, hf apc-Sn-p-Ibpw sNp-p.

35

{]Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn-bp C D]-tbm-Kn-p-I, apc-Sn sNSn-I Xopw \in-n-p-I. tcmKw ]c-p {]mWn-Isf \in-n-m 1% hocy-ap thn Ipcp-k-v, 2510% hocy-ap ths Faj ]pI-bne Ijm-bw, 1% hocy-ap _yth-dnb _mkn-bm\ Fn-h-bn GsX-nepw Hv kvt{] sNp-I.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 36 Hcp eLpteJ

]--dn hnf-I-fnse tcmK-Io-S-_m[

]-dn Irjn-bnse shp-hn-fn-Ifn {][m-\-amWv tcmK-Io-S-_m-[. Imem-hm-am-w, IoS-p {]Xn-tcm-[t - i-jn, hf-{]-tbm-Kc - o-Xn-I, sNSn-bpsS Npp]m-Sp-I Fn-hs - bmw IoS-tcm-K_ - m-[sb kzm[o-\n-p-p. ap Ime-t - f-m IoS-tcm-K-_m[ Gdn-h-cp-p Fv an Ij-Icpw kmy-s-Sp-p-p. IoS-\nb-{-W-n\v cmk-Io-S-\m-in-\n-I IqSntb Xocq F [mcW sXm-Wv. {]IrXnp tZmjw hcp-m, an{X-Io-S - sf \in-n-m ssPh-Io-St - cm-K\ - n-b{ - W amK- kzoI-cn-p--Xp-hgn cmk-hn-j- IqSmsX Xs Chsb \nb-{nmw. kky--fn ssPh-tcm-K-\n-b-{Ww {]mhn-I-am-p-tm BZy-ambn an \np XsbmWv XpS-t-X - v. av ip-am-sW-n hnfbpw ip-am-bncn-pw. ans\ A-Wp-hn-ap--am-m Ghpw {]tbm-P-\-{]-Zhpw em`-I-c-hp-amb Hcp amK-amWv av Xm]o-I-c-Ww. \Sp-hm Dt-in-p ew \-Xp-t]mse Infnv I-I DSv s]mSn cq]n-em-p-I. Fnv XSw t]mse Bn shw Xfnv av Cuw DXmpI. AXns\ 150200 tKPv In-bp t]mfn-ojov sImv aqSn-bn-Sp-I. t]mfn-o jov Xm]o-I-cW aqew 5665.. hsc Xm]-\ne Db-cp--Xp-Im-cWw an A[n-h-kn-p tcmK-Im-cn-I-fmb AWp-fpw If-hn-p-Ifpw \in-pp. GI-tZiw Hcp amk-tmfw Cu Ih C-s\-Xs an \ne-\nt-Xp-v. AXn-\p-tijw hnp-Itfm ssXItfm \Sp-tm Ah hfsc BtcmKytmSpw Icp-tmSpw IqSn hf-cp-Ibpw \ Imbv^ew \Ip-Ibpw sNp-p. t]mnwKv an{in-Xhpw kqcy-Xm-]o-I-cWw \S-n-btijw ssXI DXv]mZn-n-m D]tbmKnm-hp-X - m-Wv. tcmK-Io-S\ - n-b{ - Ww 1. hnf-I \Sp-tm Imem-h-bvv A\p-tbm-Py-amb C\- am{Xw D]tbm-Kn-p-tm tcmK-f - p-sSbpw IoS-f - p-sSbpw B{I-aWw Ipd-bp-p. 2. Irjn sNp-Xn\p apv B e-p ]mgv hkvXp- Iqn-bnv Xo In-p-I. 3. IrjnsNp--Xn\v 15 Znhkw apv Ipmbw an tNp-I-bm-sW- n _mIvSo-cnb aqe-ap-m-Ip hmw sNdp-m-hp-X - m-Wv. 4. Bhnv Irjn sNp-tm Htc C\w D]-tbm-Kn--cp-Xv. DZm: ]mh Irjn sNbvX ev ASp Irjn ]mh-tem, ]S-h-e-tam sNmsX ]bhK- sNp-I. 5. an{i-hnf Irjn-coXn Ah-ew-_n-p-Xv \-Xm-Wv. 6. {]mWn-I-fpsS ap, kam-[n-Zi, ]pgp XpS-n-bh ImWp-I-bm-sW-n AXns\ FSpv \in-n-p-I.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

37

7. tcmKw _m[n sNSn-I Ds-n Ah ]dn-s-Spv \in-n-p-I. 8. samsskv tcmKtam hm-tcm-Ktam ImWp-Ib - m-sW-n B sNSn-Isf thtcmsS ]ngpXv \in-n-p-I. 9. ssPh-Io-S\ - m-in-\n-Ifpw Pohm-Wp-fpw bYmka-bw, IrXy-amb Af-hn icn-bmb tNcp-h-I tNp-mn Xfnpw tcmK-IoS \nb-{Ww km[y-am-mw.

ssPhIoS-\m-in-\n-I
kky-P\y IoS-\m-in-\n-I IoS-\n-b{ - -W - n\v D]-tbm-Kn-p kky-P\y IoS-\m-in-\n-Isf Xm-dm-p hn[w 1. ]pI-bn-e--jmbw ]pI-bne 100 {Kmw sNdp-Xmn \pdpn Hcp en sh-n Hcp Znhkw IpXnp-I. AXn-\p-tijw IpXn ]pI-bne ]ngnv Nn-am-p-I. _mtkmv 20 {Kmw NoIn 100 ann sh-n ebn-nv ]pI-bne kp-ambn tNv \mbn Cf-p-I. Cu an{inXw Acn-s-Spv 5 en shw tNv D]-tbm-Knp-I. 2. th-[n-jvSnX IoS-\m-in-\n-I F) ths shfp-pn an{inXw 2% shfp-pn 20 {Kmw \mbn Acv 50 ann shhpw tNv ks-Spp-I. _mtkmv 5 {Kmw 50 an.en. sh-n ebn-n-p-I. shfp-pn

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 38 Hcp eLpteJ

kpw, 900 an.-en. shhpw IqSn tkmv emb-\n-bn tNv shfp-pn + tkmv emb\n Xm-dm-p-I. Cu emb-\n-bn 20 an.-en. ths tNv \mbn Cfn Xfn-p-I. _n) ths Faj 3% _mtkmv 10 {Kmw NoIn 100 an.-en. NqSp-sh--n ebn-n-p-I. CXn 900 an.en. shw tNv Hcp en tkmv emb\n Xm-dm-p-I. ths 30 an.-en. tkmp emb-\n-bntev tNv \mbn Cf-n-b-tijw Xfn-p-I. (th[njvTnX IoS-\m-in-\n-I sNSn-I-fn Xfn-p-tm KmVX IqSn-bm sNSnI Icn-p-t]m-Ip-hm-\p km[yX Dv. kn. thnIpcp kv 5% thnIpcp 50 {Kmw \mbn s]mSnv Ingn-sIn Hcp en sh-n 24 aWn-q apn-h-bvp-I. AXn-\p-tijw Ingn-]n-gnv emb\n Ien Xfn-mw. Un) hymh-km-bnI th-[n-jvTnX DXv]-- hn]-Wn-bn At\Iw th-[n-jvTnX DXv]-- e`y-am-Wv. \oa, km. n.kv. 1% GtIm-\oa kv, \nn-kn-Un, \ow tKmUv Fnh 2 an.-en. Hcp en sh-n F tXmXn ]-dn IoS-\n-b-{-W-n-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-m-hp-Xm-W.v shbnse IoS-

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

39

3. Incn-bmv Faj 10% Incn-bmv sNSn-bpsS Cebpw Xpw \mbn NXv 100 an.-en. \osc-SppI. _mtkmv 5 {Kmw NoIn 900 an.-en. sh-n ebn-n-p-I. Incn-bmv kpw, 20 {Kmw \mbn Ac shfp-pnbpw CXn-tev tNv \mbn Cf-p-I. Cu an{inXw Acn-s-Spv IoS-\n-b-{-W-n-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-p-I. 4. s]cp-he kv 5% s]cp-h-e -sNSn-bpsS ]qfpw Ce-Ifpw tNv Ac an{inXw, 100 {Kmw Hcp en sh-n F Af-hn Ien Acn-s-Spv Xfn-p-I. 5. tKmaq{Xw Immcn an{inXw Immcn apfIv 10 {Kmw \mbn Acv Hcp en tKmaq-{X-n tNp-I. an{inXw 9 en sh-n t\nv Xfnv IoS-\n-b-{Ww Dd-p-h-cp-p-I.

]--dn-bnse IoS \nb-{-W-n\v D]-tbm-Kn-p sIWn-I

sh-cn-hK ]--dn-I-fnse {][m\ i{Xp-hmb Imbo--Isf IpSp-p-Xn\v ]gw i-c-sWn, s^d-tam sIWn Fnh D]-tbm-Kn-mw. sho-, ap Fo IoS-sf a-sWn \mn \nb-{n-mw. 1) ]gw i-c-sWn ]gw 20 {Kmw As-n ]mb 10 {Kmw, ic 10 {Kmw ame--tbm Ac ann Fnh 100 an.en sh-n Ien Zzmc-ap mnIv Ipn-I-fn-emn ]-en\p Xmsg Xqn-bn-Sp-I. cm-gvN-bn-sem-cn- sIWn ]pXp-t--Xm-Wv. 2) s^d-tam sIWn Iyqen-b F s^d-tam sIWn-I Hcp slIvS-dn\v 10 Fw F tXmXn ]-en Xqn-bnv B Imbo-I - sf tiJ-cnv \in-n-mw. Btlm, Iyqen-b, ame-tbm Fnh 6:4:1 F A\p-]m-X - n Ienb an{in-X-n apnb 5 x 5 x 12 sk.-ao. hen--ap XSn--j-W- Zzmc-ap Ipn-If - n Xqn-bnmWv s^d-tam sIWn Xm-dm-p-X - v. Cu sIWn B Cu-Isf am{Xw BIjn-p-n-Xn-\m ]gw i-cs - Wn D]-tbm-Knv s] Cu-Is - f-qSn \in-n-W - w. 3) a-sWn Hgn Snp-If - psS ]pdv a s]bn-Snv DW-n-bt - ijw Bh-Ws - ]pc-p-I. tXm-n Ip-I \mn AXnta Xm-dm-nb Snp-I Iagvn hbvp-I. In-bp ImUvt_mUn a s]bn-Snv AXn Bh-Ws - tXv Ip-I-fn Xdv a-sWn Dm-m-hp--Xm-Wv. sNSn-bpsS \nc-n \npw A]w Xmgvn thWw a-sWn shbvm. ]--dn-In-S-bn

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 40 Hcp eLpteJ

\mn-bm sNdp {]mWn-I AXn ]n-n-Sn-pw. CS-bvnsS t_mUv hrnbmn Bh-W-s tXp-I.

Pohm-Wp-sf D]-tbm-Kn-p IoS-tcm-K\ - n-b{ - Ww

1. ss{Stm-sUa anqSn ]S-cp Ipan tcmK-sf hfsc ^e-{]-Z-ambn \nb-{n-phm Ign-hp an{X-Ip-an-fmWv ss{Stm-sUa. Cu I NmW-Is - mSn thn ]nmv an{in-X - n hfn F-n s]cp-In-nv ]-d - n-Iv {]tbmKn-mw. ss{Stm-sUa hfp coXn \mbn DW-n-sm-Snv NmW-Is - mSn thn ]nmv (9:1) F A\p-]mX-n Ien 2% 3% ss{Stm-sUa tNv Cfn kwtbm-Pn-nv, Cuw Xfnv XW-ev Iq\-Iqn \\ NWw Nmv D]-tbm-Knv aqSn-bn-Sp-I. Hcm-gvNbvv tijw Ch ]--dn-Iv \Im-hp--Xm-Wv. Ftmgpw NmW-IsmSn \Ip-Xn\p-]-Icw ss{Stm-sUa hfnb NmW-I-smSn Bbm Ipan tcmK- ^e-{]-Z-ambn XS-bm km[n-pw. 2. kyqtUm-tam-Wmkv ]-d - n-hn-fI - sf _m[n-p {][m\ Ipan-_ - m-IvSo-cb - tcmK-sf ^e{]-Za - mbn \nb-{n-m kyqtUm-tam-Wmkv F an{X _mIvSo-cn-bv km[n-pw. Ch hnn ]pc-n-bpw, ssXI-fpsS thcp km{X IqSnb emb-\n-bn apn \pw, sNSn-I-fn Xfnpw ]--dn-I-fn {]tbm-Kn-m-hp--Xm-Wv. D]-tbmKcoXn 1. hnn ]pc-p coXn: shw As-n In-shw D]-tbm-Knv sNdp-Xmbn Cuw hcp-nb hnn-tev s]mSn-cq-] - n-ep kyqtUm-tam-Wmkv tNv kwtbm-Pn-nv XWev 1015 an\nv \nc-n-b-tijw Atm Xs \Sp-I. 250500 {Kmw I D]-tbm-Knv 510 In.{Kmw hnv C{]-Imcw ]pc-n-sb-Sp-m-hp--Xm-Wv. 2. Xhm-cW - b - n: ]dnp amn \Sp ssXI-fpsS (ap-f-Iv, In-cn, hgp-X-\, Xm-fn) thcv kyqtUm-tam-Wm-kns km{X IqSnb emb-\n-bn (5% 5 {Kmw Hcp en shn) 1015 an\nv apn h tijw \Sp-I. 3. sNSn-I-fn Xfn-p coXn: ]dnp \v 20 Znhkw Ignv 2% hocy-n (20 {Kmw Hcp en sh-

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

41

n) sNSn-I-fn Xfn-p-Ibpw Nph-n Hgn-p-Ibpw sN-Ww. t\cnv \Sp ]--dn-Iv aqne ]cp-h-n 2% hocy-n sNSn-I-fn Xfn-p-Ibpw Nph-n Hgn-p-Ibpw sNp-I. XpS-bmb tcmK km[y-X-bp e--fn {]tXy-Inv _mIvSo-cn-bb - n hmw ImWp e-f - n cm-gN v b - n-Sh - nv emb\n Nph-n Hgn-p-Ibpw sNSn-I-fn Xfn-p-Ibpw sN-Ww. 3. ]n.-Pn.-B. anIvkv 1 hnf-I-fpsS tcmK-\n-b-{-W-n-\p kqvam-Wp--fpsS Iqm-bva-bmWv ]n.Pn.-]n.-B- anIvkv 1. apI-fn ]d coXn-bn kyqtUm-tam-tWmkv {]tbm-Knp AtX hn[-n hnn ]pc-nbpw ssXI-fpsS thcv 5% emb-\n-bn apnbpw, sNSn-I-fn Xfnpw Ch D]-tbm-Kn-mw.

ssPh-IoS \nb-{-W - n-\p-]t - bm-Kn-p kqvam-Wp- hnhn-[b - n\w IoS-f - n tcmKw ]c-p an{X Ipan-fp-Is - fbpw an{X _mIvSocn-b-I-sfbpw D]-tbm-Knv ]--dn-I-fn IoS-\n-b-{Ww km[y-am-Ip-p. hn]Wn-bn e`y-am-Ip Ch-bpsS DXv]-- ip]mi sNbvXn-p Af-hnepw coXn-bnepw D]-tbm-Kn-t-X - m-W.v Xmsg ]d-bp-h - b - mWv hmWn-Pym-Sn-m-\ - n D]-tbm-Kn-s - -Sp kqvamWp IoS-\m-in-\n-I. \w. kqvamWp 1. _mIvSo-cnb _mn-ekv Xpdn Pyknv hn]\ \maw \nb-{W hnt[-ba - m-Ip IoS-

lmv, ssU 8 en. Xv/Imbv Xpc-, ap _tbm-_n-v, sU^n ie-` - p-gp-

2. Ipan F. _nth-dnb_mkn-bm\

_tbm-]-h, _tbm-KmUv dnv, tdk _n_n _tbm-sav dnv t]k Fw.F _tbm-tIm-v, aoen-In hn.-F

ap, Nmgn, Ce-Np-cp-n-pgp ap ie-` - p-gp-

_n. sam-ssdkyw Ass\-tkm-ntb kn. shn-ko-enbw em\n

Ddp-v, NnX, an ImWp av IoS- aoen-ap-, i-Io-Sw, sho- Fn-hsb \nb-{n-mw.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 42 Hcp eLpteJ

a hp-I

PohmWp hf-
1. ss\{S-P Pohm-Wp-hf - - ]b-dn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb ss\{S-P Pohm-Wp-hf - a - m-Wv ssdtkm-_nbw hnn ]pc-n-bmWv ssdtkm-_nbw ]b-dn {]tbm-Kn-t-X - v. shw As-n Inshw D]-tbm-Knv Cuw hcp-nb hnn-tev ssdtkm-_nbw tNv Cfn XW-ev 1520 an\nv DW-nb tijw Atm Xs hnX-bvp-I. 500 {Kmw I D]-tbm-Knv 510 In.{Kmw hnv ]pc-mw. ]--dn-Iv A\p-tbm-Py-amb ss\{S-P Pohm-Wp-h-f--fmWv Atkmkvss]-dn-hpw Atkm-sm-_m-IvSdpw. Ch hnn ]pc-n-bpw, ]dn-p-amn \Sp hnf-I-fpsS thcp-I apn \pw {]tbm-Kn-m-hp--Xm-Wv. IqSmsX 1:25 F A\p-]m-X - n Imen-hf - h - p-ambn tNv an t\cnv {]tbm-Kn-m-hp-X - mWv. 2. t^mkv^-dkv Pohm-Wp-h-f- 1. ssatm-ssdk Hcp `mhI Pohm-Wp-hfw F-Xn-ep-]cn Hcp tSmWn-mbn {]hn-p Ipan-fmWv ssatm-ssd-k. IqSmsX Ipan tcmK-sf \nb-{n-m\pw Chbvp km[n-pw. Xmh-c-W-bn Hcp NXp-c{iao-dn\v 200 {Kmw F tXmXn apf-Iv, In-cn, hgp-X-\, Xmfn apX-em-b ]-dn hnf-I-fpsS \gvk-dn-bn ssatm-

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

43

ssdk \In ssXI hfp-I. t\cnv \Sp ]--dn-Iv Hcp Ipgn-bn 23 {Kmw ssatm-ssdk \In ssXI Cv \SpI hnv apfvv thcp s]mptm I-dn IqSn ISp t]mIpw Fv Dd-m-p-I. 2. t^mkv^-dkv tkmep-_n-sse-k CXv Hcp `mhI Pohm-Wp-h-f-am-Wv. AXmXv ]--dn-Iv thp ssPhhfw 1%- -2% F tXmXn I-dp-ambn tNv ip]mi-{]-Im-c-ap tdmv t^mkvt^-n-t\m-sSmw D]-tbm-Kn-p-I. 3. ]n.-Pn.-]n.B. anIvkv I F.-]n.-sI. Fo aqe-I - Hcp-anv H-{]-tbm-K - n-eqsS e`y-am-m klmbn-p Pohm-Wp--fpsS Iqm-bva-bmWv ]n.-Pn.-]n.-B. anIvkv I. Cu I 1%2% F tXmXn Imen-hfw Itm-p-ambn tNv ]-d - n-hn-fI - v \Imhp-X - m-Wv. {in-t Imcy- 1. cmk-h-f-, cmk Ipan--Io-S-\m-in-\n-I Fn-h-bp-ambn tNv D]-tbmKn--cp-Xv. cmgvN CS-th-f-bnv {]tbm-Kn-mw. 2. Cu I-dp-I D]-tbm-Kn-ptm an AXym-hiyw Cuw Dm-bn-cn-Ww. 3. [mcmfw ssPh-hfw D]-tbm-Kn--Ww. 4. Nmcw tNcm ssPh-h-f-tm-sSmw D]-tbm-Kn-p-I. 5. AwKo-IrX m]-\- hnI-kn-n-s-Sp KpW-ta--bp I-dp-I am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-p-I. 6. Imem-h-[nv ap]v D]-tbm-Kn-m {in-p-I. e`yX shm-bWn ImjnI tImtf-Pnse ssat{Im-_-tbm-fPn Unmvsa v, ImjnI k- I - e m- i m- e - b psS ap Kth- j W m]- \ - , Irjn Unmvsans Iogn-ep tv _tbm It{Sm em_v, apn, Xncp-h-\-]pcw ]mtdm-p-tIm-Ws PohmWp DXv]m-Z\ - t - I{w, GXm\pw kzImcy m]\- apX-em-bh hgn Ch e`y-am-Wv. KpW-ta \ne-\nn AwKo-IrX m]-\- hnI-kn-n-s-Sp Idp-I am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-p-hm {in-p-I.

t_mtUm-an-{inXw (1%)
ssPh-Ir-jnv A\p-h-Zn-n-p Hcp Ipan\m-in-\n-bm-Wn-Xv. Bh-iy-ap km[-\- Xpcniv 10 {Kmw Npmv 10 {Kmw shw 1 en

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 44 Hcp eLpteJ

Xpcnipw Npmpw shtsd ]m{X--fn Ac-en- hoXw sh-n ebn-n-p-I. AXn-\p-tijw Xpcn-ip-em-b\n Npmp emb-\n-bn-tev kmh[m\w Hgn-p-Ibpw AtX-ka - bw Cfn sImSp-p-Ibpw sNp-I. Cs\ Dmn FSp t_mtUm-an-{in-X - n Xpcn-ins Awiw IqSp-Xe - m-sW-n AXv sNSnIsf tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-pw. Xpcn-ins Awiw IqSp-X-emtWm Fv Hcp Ccpns IjWtam Intbm D]-tbm-Knv Ip-]n-Sn-mw. AXm-bXv Dmn hn-cn-p an{in-X-n tXp-an-\p-nb Ccp-ns IjvWtam Intbm Hcp an\np t\cw Xmgvn hbvp-I. FSpp t\mptm tXp-an-\p-nb `mKv Xhn-p-\n-d-n-ep sUtm-knv ImWp-I-bmsW-n Dm-nb an{in-X-n Ccp-ns Awiw IqSp-X-em-sWv a\-kn-emmw. CXv icn-bm-p--Xn-\p-thn {]tXyIw Hcp ]m{X-n Npm-p-em-b\n Dmn Ipsd-si-bmbn an{in-X - n Hgn-p-I. AtXm-sSmw Xs ta-d In sSv sNbvXp-sIm-n-cn-W - w. In-bn Xhn-p-\ndw A{]-Xy-a - m-Ip-Xp-hsc CXm-hn--Ww. ]noSv Cu an{inXw sNSn-I-fn Xfn-p-sIm-Sp-m-hp-Xm-W.v km[m-c-Wbmbn t_mtUm an{inXw Xm-dm-n-bm-ep-S D]-tbm-Kn-t-Xm-Wv. hfsc IqSp-X Af-hn t_mtUm an{inXw Dmn Ign DS Ahn-Nm-cn-Xa - mbn agtbm atsX-n-eptam Imc-Wh - i - m CXv D]-tbm-Kn-m ]mXn-cp-m 2% Icp-n/ic tNv CXns KpWw \jvSs - -SmsX Hp cp Znh-kt - v kqn-m-hp-X - m-Wv. (20 {Kmw/en) ag-m-ev sNSn-If - n Cu an{inXw Xfn-p Ah-k-c-n AXns Hn-n-Sn-m-\p in hn-nm-\mbn Aqkv (ss] ac-ns Id) As-n at-sX-nepw ]i-I tNm-hp-X - m-Wv. ]--dn-I-fnse hmw, Icn-n, Ce-p-n, Agp-I Fnh t_mtUm-an{inXw D]-tbm-Knv \nb-{n-m-hp--Xm-Wv. Cu an{inXw an Hgn-p-sIm-Spm\pw sNSn-If - n Xfn-m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-m-hp-X - m-Wv.

ssPh-hf {]tbmKw
sNSn-bpsS hfbvv anI t]mjWw Bh-iy-am-Wv. ^e-]p-jvSn-bp sNSnIv Bh-iy-amb t]mjWw \In \ hnfhv e`y-am-p--Xv. ssPh-h-f-fm kp-jvS-amb av sNSn-bpsS hfbvv Bh-iy-amb aqe-I- \In hnfhv hn-n-p-p. hnf-Iv ASn-hf - a - mbn skn\v 200 Intem{Kmw ssPhhfw an tNv \tI-X - m-Wv. ssPh-hf - - AWp-Po-hn-If - psS hfbvpw {]h-\-n\pw A\p-Iq-e-km-l-N-cy-sam-cpn ans hf-qdpw DXv]m-Z-\ti-jnbpw \ne-\np-p. anse Cuw \jvS-s-Sm-sXbpw kqn-p-p. ssPh-h-f- Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw e`y-am-p-sa-n, sNSn-Iv kqva-aq-e-I-fpsS Ipdhv A\p-`-h-s-Sm-dn-. ]n-eh - f - - , Imen-hf - - , Itm-p-I, Fp-s]m-Sn, hnhn-[X - cw ]nmp-I Fn-h-bmWv {][m\ ssPh-h-f-.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

45

ssPh-hf {]tbm-Kc - oXn 1. an Ahpw mchpw {Iao-I-cn-p--Xn-\mbn Ipmbw 1 skn\v 2 In.{Kmw hoXw \tI-X - m-Wv. 2. DW-n-sm-Sn NmWIw sksm-n\v 200 In.{Kmw hoXw ASn-h-f-ambn \Ip-I. 3. sksm-n\v Hcp In.{Kmw Fp-s]mSn ASn-h-f-ambn \Ip-Xv thcp-]nSnw Iqm klm-bn-pw. 4. Hcp Intem ]-Nm-WIw 10 en sh-n ebn-n-s-Sp-m e`n-p ]-Nm-WIw emb-\n-bpsS sXfn Dun-sb-Spv Ce-I-fn Xfn-p-Ibpw Nph-nsem-gnp sImSp-p-Ibpw sNmw. 5. ssPh-dn Xm-dmn BgvN-bn-sem-cn- sNSn-I-fpsS XS-n Hcp en hoXw Hgn-p-sIm-Sp-p-I. ssPh-dn Xm-dm-p-h - n[w Hcp _-n Hcp Intem ]-Nm-W-Iw, Hcp Intem IS-e-n-m-v, Hcp Intem thn]n-m-v Fnh Hcp-anp tNv 10 en shw Hgnv ]pfn-nm hbvp-I. 5 Znh-k-p tijw Cu an{inXw Cc-n-bmbn t\nv XSn 1 en hoXw Hgnv sImSp-p-I. hfm Xzc-I - ssPh coXn-bn Irjn sNp-tm hf Ipd-bp-sa [mcW hym]-I-amWv. ]s bYm-k-abw Bh-iy-amb ssPh-h-f- \Ip-I-bpw, ]-K-hyw, ^njv Aant\m Bkn-Uv, C.Fw t]mep hfm Xzc-I- D]-tbm-Kn-pIbpw sNbvXm sNSn-I-fpsS hfbpw Btcm-Kyhpw Dd-m-mw. ]-Khyw ]ip-hns NmW-Ihpw aq{Xhpw ]mepw ssXcpw s\pw DNn-X-amb A\p-]mX-n Iqn- Ien-bm, {]kvXpX an{in-X-n\v Ap-X-hm-l-amb ^e krjvSn-m- Ign-bp-sav ]co-W - - sXfn-bn-n-p-.v hnf-If - psS hf Iqn hnfhv hn-n-p Hcp ssPh-tlmtam Bbpw \ocqn IpSn-p IoS-sf \nb-{nv IoS-tcm-K-{]-Xn-tcm[ tijn ssIh-cn-pXn\pw AXyp-a-amWv ]-K-hyw. ]-Nm-WIw tKmaq{Xw ]m s\v ssXcv ]mf-bw-tIm-S ]gw 4.8 Intem 4 en 1/2 en 500 {Kmw 500 {Kmw 2 Fw

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 46 Hcp eLpteJ

Fn-h-bmWv ]-K-hy-ns tNcp-h-I. ]-Nm-W-Ihpw s\pw \mbn tbmPn-nv Hcp Znhkw sh-Ww. CXn-tev ]m, ssXcv, tKmaq-{Xw, ]gw Fn tNv \mbn Cfn tbmPn-n-p-I. CXv XW-en kqnp shpI. Znh-tk\ Cf-p-I. \ hmbp-k-mcw e`n-m\pw kqva-Po-hn-I hnm\pw CXv klm-bn-p-p. 15 Znh-k-p tijw 10 Ccn shw tNv t\nv Ce-I-fn \mene {]mbw apX BgvN-bn-sem-cn- Xfn-mw. ^njv Aant\m BknUv Hcp hfm Xzc-I-amb ^njv Aant\m Bkn-Uv 2 ann, Hcp en shn tNv 10 Znhkw CS-hnv sshIp-tcw sNSn-I-fn Xfn-p-I. ^njv Aant\m BknUv Xm-dm-p hn[w ]-akyhpw i-cbpw IqSn ]pfn-nv Xm-dm-p Hcp hfm Xzc-Iam-Wn-Xv. sNdnb IjvW - f - mbn apdn 1 Intem ]-a - nbpw Hcp Intem s]mSn i-cbpw Hcp-anv tNv hmbp IS-m AS-p- ]m{X-n 15 Znhkw shb-vp-I. 15 Znh-k- Ignbp-tm Cu an{inXw 2 ann FSpv Hcp en sh-n t\nv ]p Znhkn Hcn- \men-e-{]mbw apX Xfnm-hp--XmWv. sNSn-Iv \ hf e`n-p--Xm-Wv. Imcy-a - X - b - p kqvaP - o-hn-I (C.-Fw) Hcp Iqw kqva-Po-hn-I-fpsS an{in-X-amWv ^e-{]-Zfmb Pohm-Wp- (C.-Fw) F kmt-XnI hnZy-bn D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xv. Ch-bn {]Imi kwtjW _mIvSo-cn-b, bov, BIvSn-t\m-ssa-k-p-I, InWz-\-Ip-an-fp-I, emIvSnIv BknUv _mIvSo-cnb Fn-h-sbmw Ds-Sp-p. ssPh-Ir-jn-co-Xn-bn BZys Hp cp sIm--fn, anq-Sn-bpw, sh-nq-Snbpw ssPh-h-f--fn IqSnbpw C.-Fw. \In-bm s]sp Xs kqva-Po-hn-I-fpsS Fw hnv, sNSn-I \mbn hfv \ hnfhv Xcp-p. Cs\ Hcn- C.-Fw. {]tbm-Knv Ign-m Xt-in-b-amb Imcy-a-X-bp kqva-Po-hn-Ifpw hn-p-p. As\ Hcp ]w kqva-Po-hn-I ]n-s - -Sp-Ibpw ans Btcm-Kyw IqSp-Ibpw tcmK- Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNpp. hnns Ap-cWw apX, hf-bn-epw, ]qp-X - nepw. Imbvp-X - nepw, Btcm-Ky-n-epw, hnf-hnepw Fmw [mcmfw ssPhmw-i-ap-Xpw C.-Fw. D-Xpamb an hf-cp kky- ap]-n-bn \np-p. BIvSn-th-Uv C.-Fw. (AEM) 1 en tkmv emb\n C.-Fw. 1 Intem i-c, 20 en shw Fnh Hcp _-n Bn, \mbn Cf-n, ASv {]Im-ihpw NqSpw XmsX 10 Znhkw kqn-p-h-bvp-I. emb-\n-bpsS ]n.v. (PH) (A-mc aqeyw) Cu ka-bw-sImv 3.4 Xmsg-bm-hp-I-bpw, \ Hcp kpKw emb-\nv A\p-`-hs-Sp-Ibpw sNpw. CXmWv F.-C.-Fw. CXn \nv 2 ann FSpv 1 en

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

47

sh-n t\nv sNSn-IfpsS Ce-I-fn Xfn-p-I-tbm, an tNp-Itbm, Itm-n tNp-Itbm sNmw.

Itmv \nm-Ww
Itm-p-m-m Dt-in-p ew \mbn shw sIn \nm-hn[w hrn-bm--Ww. Hcp _-n 30 en shw, 500 ann BIvSn-th-Uv C.-Fw. (F.-C.-Fw), 300 ann i-c-em-b\n Fnh \mbn Iqn-tbm-Pn-nv AXn \npw 5 en FSpv hrn-bm-n-h - n-cn-p {]X-e - n Hgn-psImSp-p-I. Cu {]X-e-n\p apI-fn NmWIw 5 sk.-ao Db-c-n Iqn-bn-Sp-I. CXn\p apI-fn Cuw \ne-\nm ta-d emb\n Ipdp Xfn-p-sImSp-t--Xm-Wv. AXn\p apI-fn Np-N-h-dp-I-fpw, If-I-fpw, Iqn-bnv hopw emb\n Xfn--Ww. Cu {]{Inb GI-tZiw 135 sk.-ao. (1.35 ao) Dbcw hsc Bhn-mw. Cu Iqmcw jov D]-tbm-Knv aqtS-X - m-W.v 2025 Znh-k - p tijw Cu Iqm-c - nse Cuw ]cn-tim-[n-v, Ipd-hm-sW-n shw tNv sImSp-t--Xm-Wv. km[m-c-W-bmbn 4045 en shw Bh-iy-ambn hcm-dp-v. Xm]-\ne A\p-Iq-e-am-sW-n 4045 Znh-k-n-\p-n Cu ssPhm-h-injvSw \ Itm-mbn amdn-bn-pmIpw. C.-Fw. Itm-nMv \S-p-tm {in-t Imcy- Itmv an Dm-Ip--XmWv Ghpw \-Xv. kkym-h-in-jvS-hpw, NmW-Ihpw 2:1 F A\p-]m-X-nseSp-p-hm {in-Ww. Itmv ag sh-n Hen-p-t]m-Im-sXbpw, t\cnv kqcy-{]-Imiw GmsXbpw {in--Ww. XW-en thWw Itm-p-m-m. 5 Intem ]nmpw 5 Intem Fp s]mSnbpw Itm-n tNp-Xv hfsc \-Xm-Wv.

anc ItmnwKv
km[mcW Itm-v coXn-I-fn Itmv Xm-dm-Im 34 amk-sa-Sp-ptm anc Itm-nwKv coXn hgn Itmv 3035 Znh-k-n-\p-n Xmdmhpp.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 48 Hcp eLpteJ

GI-tZiw 45 sk.ao \ofw, 30 sk.ao hoXn, 45 sk.-ao. s]m-hp-ap hos-ntbm mnIv ]m{Xtam ASn-hn-kvXm-c-ap Nntbm CXn-te-mbn D]-tbmKn-mw. s]n-bpsS NphsS shw hmp t]mIp-X - n\v cp Zzmc- CSWw. ho-sn thKw No-bm-Im-Xn-cn-m ASn-bn GI-tZiw 5 sk.-ao. I\n mnIv jov hncn-m-hp--Xm-Wv. 5 sk.-ao. I\-n aW \ncn AXn\p apI-fnembn 3 sk.-ao- I\-n NIncn CSp-I. XpSv aqnv I\n 200 {Kmw/500 Fw an-c-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb Itmv AYhm NmW-IsmSn \nc-p-I. CXn-\p-ap-I-fn Hmtcm Znh-ktbpw ASp--f-bnse ]mgv hkvXp (m-nIv Hgn-hm-W - w) Fm-bn-Spw \nc-mbn hncnv Fnv I\w Fnp-I. an-csb Cv 2025 Znhkw BIp-tm am{Xw ASp-f Ah-injvSw \nt-]np XpS-p-I. AXp-I-gn-m s]np apI-fn Hcp Nmv hncnv A\-msX amn h tijw Znh-khpw shw Xfnp sImSp-p-I. ASp--f-bnse ]mgv hkvXp- CSp-tm CS-bvnsS IS-emkv Ij-W, ]mXn Agp-Inb DW-nb Ce-I apX-em-bh CSp-Xv hnc-Im-h-iyamb hmbp kmcw Iqm klm-bn-pw. s]n-p-aosX In-hne CSp-Xv hmbp kmcw Iqm klm-bn-pw. s]n-p-aosX In-he CSp-Xv Fen, Im apX-em-b-h-bpsS B{I-a-W--fn \npw an-csb cn-pw. mnIv ]m{X--fn shw Hgnv s]n shbvp-Itbm As-n s]n Ip-Iv apI-fn hv In\p Nppw Dv/asmSn hnX-dp-Xpw Ddpp ieyw Ipdbvm klm-bn-pw. s]n shbn-e-p-h-m hnc-I Xms\ ASn-bn t]mIpw. AXn-\p-tijw aosX-bp Itmv amn s]n hopw Itmv \nn-m D]-tbm-Kn-mw. cv Itmv s]n-I Hcp-anv Hcp hon D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xv hnc-I amm Ffp-a - m-Ipw. Fbpw Fcnhpw IqSp-Xe - p Ah-in-jvS - Hgn-hmWw. BgvNbn Hcn- ssPhm-h-in-jvS- Hcp Iv D]-tbm-Knv CfnsmSp--Ww. anc Itm-nqSn shw kmh[m\-n Hgnv ticnp sXfn {Zmh-I-amb shan hmjv An-cn shw tNv t\nv D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xv hf-sc-b[ - nIw KpW-{]-Za - m-Wv.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

49

kqvamWp hf-
kqvam-Wphf-fpsS D]-tbm-Khpw ssPh-] - - dn Irjn-bn hfsc {]m[m\y-aln-p-p. {][m\ kky-aq-e-I- an e`y-am-m Ch klm-bn-pp. A-co--nse ss\{S-Ps\ hen-s-Spv sNSn-Ip kzoI-cn-m Ignbp Atam-Wnb cq]-n-emn \Ip kqvam-Wp--fmWv ssdtkm-_n-bw, Atkm-kvss]-dn-w, Ak-tm-_m-IvSo-cnb Fnh. hnn ]pc-n-tbm, t\cnp an tNtm Ch D]-tbm-Kn-mw. ssdtkm-_nbw ]b-dp-hK sNSn-If - psS thcp-If - n-ep apg-If - n Ip-hc - p ssdtkm-_nbw, sNSn-Im-h-iy-amb ss\{S-P e`y-am-p-p. ]b hnn ssdtkm-_nbw ]pc-n, ss\{S-P IqSp-X e`y-am-mw. 10 Intem ]b hnv Ac-Intem ssdtkm_nbw I-dpw, In-sh-hpw tNv Cfn XW-en DWn hnX-bvmhp-X - m-Wv. Aktm _mIvS an kzX-{-ambn hknv sNSn-Iv ss\{S-P Atam-Wn-b-bpsS cq]n \Im Ign- h p asmcp PohmWp-hmWv Aktm _mIvS. hnn ]pc-m\pw ]dnp \Sp sNSn-If - psS thcp apn-h-bvp-hm\pw an tNm\pw Aktm _mIvS D]-tbm-Kn-mw. Atkm-ks v s]-dnw sNSn-I-fpsS thcns D]-cn-X-e-n-epw, Dnepw Npp-]m-Sp-ap anepw hknv ss\{S-P \Im Ign-bp asmcp kqvam-Wp-hmWv Atkm-kvss]dn-w. t^mkv^d - kv _mIvSo-cnb Nne-bn\w _mIvSo-cn-b-Ipw Ipan-fpIpw an AS-n-bn-cn-p t^mkvt^-ns\ sNSn-Ip hen-s-Sp-m-hp cq]-n-emn \Im Ignbpw. tIc-f-nse an AX IqSn-bn-cn-p--Xn-\m sNSn-Iv Ch ]etmgpw t\cnv hen-s-Sp-m Ign-bm-dn-. Cu {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-p--Xn-\mbn t^mkv^-dkv _mIvSo-cnb I, hnn ]pc-n-tbm, ssXI-fpsS thcv emb-\nbn apn-tbm, t\cnp an tNtm \Imw. s]mmjv _mIvSo-cnb s]mmjv \Im Ign-bp _mIvSo-cnb I-dp-Ifpw Cp e`y-am-Wv. hnfhn 20% hsc h-\-bp-m-m Ign-bp Cu _mIvSo-cnb I hnn ]pc-ntbm ssXI apn-h-bvp-Itbm t\cntm D]-tbm-Kn-mw.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 50 Hcp eLpteJ

Itm-f-n \np hmp ]--dn-Isf hnj-ap--am-m

Itm-f - n \np hmp ]-d - n-Ifnse hnj amen-\y-s - f- - n-bp dntmp-I ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS a\-kn Fpw Hcp t]Sn kz]v\-am-Wv. Fm hfsc efn-X-hpw ^e-{]-Z-hp-amb Nne amK--fn-eqsS \sm-c-fhv IoS-\m-in-\nbpsS Awiw Ipd-bvm km[n-p--Xmbn ]T-\--fn In-p-v. Hmtcm ]--dnbpw am-n \np hmn D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xn\p apmbn ssIImcyw sNp-tmgpw kqn-p-tmgpw {in-p-X - p-hgn ]-d - n-If - n-eqsS \psS Dn-se-m km[y-X-bp IoS-\m-in-\n-Isf \ow sNm km[npw. ]bhK ]-d - n-I 1. ]b hK- ]-d - n-If - n IoS-\m-in\n Ah-injvSw G-hp-a[ - nIw Is-nbXv hn-b - d - n-em-Wv. ]m{Xw Igp-Im D]-tbm-Kn-p kvt]mv kv{I_dns Ij-W-tam, NIn-cntbm D]-tbm-Knv Smv shn aqtm \mtem ]b Hcp-anv hv Dckn IgpIn-bX - n-\p-tijw 15 an\nv hn\m-Kncn emb-\n-bn apnh-bv-Ww. kn-nIv hn\m-Kncn 40 ann cv en sh-n Ien ]bapn hbvm ]nb hen-ap ]m{X-n hbv-Ww. CXn\p tijw ]sh- - n Igp-In, shw hmv t]mb-Xn-\p-tijw Cg-bI - e - a - p XpWn-k - n-If - n s]mXnv {^nUvPntev am-Ww. hn\m-Kncnv ]Icw hmf]pfn kpw D]-tbm-Kn-m-hp--Xm-Wv. 40 {Kmw hmf]pfn 2 en sh-n ]ngn tijw Acn-s-Sp Xhnv emb\n-bn ]b 15 an\nv apn shm aXn. CXn-\p-tijw ]-sh--n IgpIn, shw hmv t]mb-Xn-\p-tijw Cg-bI - e - a - p XpWn-k - n-If - n s]mXnv {^nUvPn-tev am-Ww. 2. Ce-hK-] - - d - n-I Noc, Idn-th-ne, an-bne Fo Ce-hK-]---dn-Ifn Noc-bn-epw, Idnth-n-e-bn-ep-amWv IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-hn-jmwiw Ghpw IqSp-X-embn ImW-s-Sp-X - v. Noc Itm-f-n \np hmp Noc Nph-Sp-`mKw thtcmsS apdnp amn-btijw Xpw Ce-Ifpw Smv sh-n ]e-X-hW IgpIn hrn-bm--Ww. AXn-\p-tijw 15 an\nv ]pfn-sh- - n apn-hb - vW - w. CXn-\mbn Ipcp-If

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

51

]pfn 60 {Kmw (sN-dp-\m-c hen-w) aqp en sh-n Ien Acn-s-Spv Noc apnhbvm ]nb hen--ap ]m{X-n hbvWw. CXn-\p-tijw ]-sh- - n Igp-In, shw hmv If-nv Ce-Ifpw Xpw ths]-Spn Cuw CmsX Cg-bI - XpWn-k - n-If - ntem mnIv Is-bv\d - ntem amnb tijw {^nUvPn kqn-m-hp-X - m-Wv. Idn-th-ne Itm-f-n \nv hmp Idn-th-ne Xn \nv Ducn FSpnv Smv sh-n Hcp an\nv t\cw \mbn Dev Igp-In-b-Xn-\p-tijw 15 an\nv ]pfn-sh--n apn hbv-Ww. Cuw CmsX Cg-b-I-e-ap XpWn-k-nI-fn-tem, AS-p mnIv Is-bn-\d - ntem o ]m{X-ntem shv {^nUvPn kqn-m-hp-X - m-Wv. an-bne ssIImcyw sNp-tm hfsc apI-cp-X-se-Sp-t ]--dn-bmWv anbne. kem-Up-I-fnepw apw ]mNIw sNm-sXbpw tasm-Sn-mbpw D]-tbm-Knp--Xp-sImv IqSp-X {in--Ww. AXp-sImv Xs NphSv apdnv If-tijw Smv sh-n ]e Bhn Igp-I-Ww. hmbp IS-m mnIv Is-bv\-dn-tem, o ]m{X-n-tem aqtm \mtem Snjyp-t]- ASn-bnepw apI-fn-ep-ambn \nc-n-sh tijw Cuw amn an--p-I Ch-bvn-S-bn \nc-n-hb - v mw. Snjyp-t]-d - n-s-n Cg-bI - tIm XpWn Ij-Wtam \yqkv t]tdm D]-tbm-Kn-mepw aXn. 3. sh-cn-hK ]-d - n-I ]mh, ]S- h - e w, IWn- s h- - c n, kemUv shcn, tImh, a, Cf-h, Ip-fw, ]on Fn-hb - n IoS-\m-in-\n-If - psS Ah-in-jS v h - n-jmwiw IqSp- X - e mbn ImWp- Xv ]mhbv , ]S- h - e - , shcn Fn-h-bn-em-Wv. ]mhbv ]mh-bv-bpsS ]pds app-In-S-bn IoS-\m-in-\n-em-b\n ]n-n-Sn-ncn-m IqSp-X km[y-X-bp--Xp-sIm-mWv av ]--dn-Isfm hnjmwi {]iv\w ]mh-bv-bn IqSp-X ImWp--Xv. Itm-f-n \np hmp ]mhbv Hcp {_jv D]-tbm-Knv IgpIn hrn-bm--Ww. km[m-cW XpWn Ae-p-hm D]-tbm-Kn-p arZp-hmb \mcp-I D Hcp hmjnwKv {_jv CXn\p-thn ASp-f - b - n {]tXyIw IcpXn hbvW - w. A[nIw AamsX Dckn Hcp an\nv Smv sh-n Igp-In-b-Xn-\p-tijw 15 an\nv hn\m-Kncn 40 ann

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 52 Hcp eLpteJ

cv en sh-n Ien ]mhbv apn shbvm ]nb hen--ap Ipn-bntem mnIv Pmdntem shbv-Ww. CXn\p tijw ]-sh-n Igp-In, shw hmv t]mIm ]nb kpjnc-fp mnIv Ip-bntem _mkv - ntem shbvWw. Cs\ Hcp cm{Xn h-Xn\p tijw ASp Znhkw {^nUvPn-tev amWw. Cg-b-I tIm XpWn knbntem t] _mKntem Bn-b-tijw {^nUvPn shbvp--XmWv \-Xv. ]S-h-ew, IWn-sh-cn, kemUv shcn IS-If - n \npw hmp ]S-he - w, IWn-sh-cn, kemUv sh-cn, a, Ip-fw, ]nn Fnh. Hcp {_jv D]-tbm-Knv IgpIn hrn-bm-n-bt - ijw shw hmp t]mIm ]nb mnIv Ip-bntem _-ntem Ips\ shbv-Ww. Cuw amdn-b-Xn-\p-tijw Cg-b-I tIm XpWn-bntem tXmntem s]mXnv {^nUvPn kqn-mw. Bh-iy-sa-n hn\m-Kncn emb-\n-bn (40 ann/2 en shw) 15 an\nv apn sh-tijw Smv shn IgpIn ipo-I-cn-m-hp--Xm-Wv. apdnv Ij-W--fmn hmp-I-bm-sW-n Cuw ]q-ambn \on-b-tijw mnIv Is-bv\-dp-I-fn-emn {^nUvPn shnv sXmen sNn amn. D]-tbm-Kn-p--XmWv \-Xv. 4. hgp-X\hK ]-d - n-I hgp-X-\, Xm-fn, In-cn, ]-ap-f-Iv, Im]vknw Fn-h-bn IoS-\m-in-\nbpsS Ah-in-jvS-hn-jmwiw Ghpw A[n-I-ambn ImWp-Xv ]-ap-fI - v, Im]vknw Fn-hb - n-em-Wv. Itm-f-n \nv hmp hgp-X-\-hK ]--dn-I Hcp an\nv Smv sh-n ssI sImv Dckn Igp-I-Ww. AXn-\p-tijw 15 an\nv hn\m-Kncn emb-\n-bntem hmf]pfn emb-\n-bntem apn hbv-Ww. CXn-\mbn IS-bn Inp knnIv hn\m-Kncn 40 ann As-n hmf]pfn 40 {Kmw cp en shn Ie--Ww. CXn-\p-tijw ]-sh--n Igp-In, shw hmv Ifbm mnIv Ip-bn-tem, kpjn-c - f - p ]m{X-ntem Hcp cm{Xn hbvWw. ASp Znhkw sRv `mKw ths]-Sp-n, Cuw amdn-bX - n\p tijw {^nUvPn kqn-mw. 5. ioX-Im-e] - - dn-I Imt_-Pns ]pds CX-fp-I-fn IqSp-X IoS-\m-in\n \nm km[yX-bp--Xp-sImv ]pds aqv CX-fp-I-sf-nepw ASn amn-bnv Smv shn NIncn sImtm kv{I_ sImtm \mbn Dckn

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

53

IgpInsbSpWw. Cuw amdn-b-Xn\p tijw XpWn kn-I-fn {^nUvPn kqn-m-hp-X - m-Wv. tImfn-^vf-h-dns Ce \on-b-tijw ]qhns Hmtcm Xp-I-fmbn apdnv ths]-Spn FSp--Ww. Hcp ]c ]m{X-n 40 ann kn-nIv hn\m-Kncn 2 en sh-n Ie-n, emb-\n-bn ths]-Sp-nb tImfn-^vf-h Ij-W 15 an\n-s-nepw apn sh-Ww. CXn-\p-tijw ]e Bhn ]-sh-n IgpIn Ignv ]mN-I-n\v D]-tbm-Kn-mw. apdn tImfn-^vf-h Ij-W Hcp Znh-k-n-e-[nIw {^nUvPn kqn-m ]mSn-. IoS-\m-in\n hnjmw-is t]Sn-msX Ign-m-hp ]--dn-I-fmWv Imcv, _ovdqv, dmUnjv Fn-h. IoS-\m-in\n {]tbmKw s]mXpsh Ipd-hm-bX - p-sImpw sXmen Npc-n-f - nv am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-p-X - p-sImpw kpc-nX ]-dn Bbn-m-Wn-hsb Icp-Xp-X - v. XtmSv tNn-cn-p Aw In-sImv apdnv amn sXmen Npc-n-b-tijw ]-sh--n ]e Bhn IgpIn hrnbmnb tijw kpj-c--fp ]m{X-n Hcp cm{Xn shn-cn--Ww. ASp Znhkw XpWn kn-bntem mnIv Is-bv\-dntem kqn-mw. 6. Ing-p-hK hnf-I tN\, tNv, Imn, IqIv (io-h - n-g - ) v , a[p-c - n-g - ,v Dcp-f - n-gv Fnh IoS-\m-in-\n-{]-tbmKw hfsc Ipd-hp hnf-I-fm-Wv. an hnfbp hnf-I-fm-bXp-sImv IoS-\m-in\n hnjmw-i-t-m kqn-t--Xv Ch-bn-eqsS `-Wn-tev {]th-in-p ap kqvamWp-s - fbm-Wv. aen-\a - mb kml-Nc - y-n Irjn-sN-p-Xv hgnbpw hnf-sh-Sp tijw ]e epw anepw apw shv ]e hml-\--fn-eqsS bm{X sNbvXp-am-bn-cnpw Ch Itm-f-n-se-p-X.v tN\, tNv, Imn, Iq Ch-bpsS ]pdv ]n-bn-cn-p an-sbpw av amen-\y--fp-sSbpw Awiw ]qW-ambpw amp--Xn\p thn-bp hrn-bm--emWv BZyw sNt--Xv. ]e Bhn A]w NIncn D]-tbm-Knv Aan Dckn IgpIn tN\-bp-sSbpw, tNn-sbpw, Imn-en-sbpw D]-cn-Xe amen\yw \o-Ww. tN\ apdnv Ij-W - f - n \nv Cuw ]qW-ambn amn-bn-p-thWw {^nUvPn-tev amm. mnIv Ih-dp-If - n-env {^nUvPn hbvp-Xv icn-bmb coXn-b - . Cgb-Ie - a - p XpWn kn-If - n s]mXnv shbvp-Xv \-Xv. ]mNIw sNp-X - n\p ap]v tNv, Imn, Iq Fn-h-bpsS sXmen Npcn If-bp-I-bpw, tN\-bpsS sXmen sNn If-bp-Ibpw sNp--tXmsS hnj-hn-ap--am- {]{Inb ]qWamIp-p.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 54 Hcp eLpteJ

a[p-c - n-g - v, Dcp-f - n-gv a[p-c-n-g-pw, Dcp-f-n-gpw ]mNIw sNp--Xn\p apmbn Hp-cp XhW sh-n \-Xp-t]mse Dcv IgpIn ]pdv ]n-n-Sn-n-cn-p apw ap amen-\y-fpw \o-Ww. AXn-\p-tijw sXmen-sN-n-amn Aan Dckn IgpIn thWw D]-tbm-Kn-m. {^nUvPn kqn-p-Ib - m-sW-n mnIv Ihdp-I-fn Cv shmsX Cg-b-I XpWn kn-I-fn Bn-sh-bvp--XmWv \-Xv. hnhn-[b - n\w ]-d - n-If - psS hnjmw-i] - c - n-tim-[\ - b - n IqsS shfn-s-Xv Idnth-n-e, ]-ap-f-Iv, Noc, Im]vkn-w, hn--b, ]mh-bv, ]S-h-ew, tImfn-^vfh, sh-bv, Imt_-Pv Fo ]p ]-d - n-Isf am{Xta IoS-\m-in\n hnjmwi-ns Imcy-n t]Sn-t--Xp-q FmWv. Ch-bn-tem-tcm-nepw hfsc efn-Xhpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb Nne amK--fn-eqsS Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc hnj-hn-ap-am-m km[n-pw FmWv ]T-\--fn-eqsS shfn-s--Xv. _mn ap-tXmfw ]--dn-I ip-P-e-n IgpIn Cuw amn ipNn-bmbn kqn-p-h-bvmsa-n Itm-f - n \np hmp ]-d - n-Isf am{Xw B{i-bn-p-h - v hnjmw-is `b-msX Pohn-mw. Fm kz-ambn ASp-f - t - m-t - am, sSdkv Irjntbm sNm Xm]-cyhpw ka-bhpw kml-N-cy-ap--hv hnj-c-ln-Xamb]--dn-I-fn-eqsS Btcm-Ky-kp-c Dd-m-m-sa Imcy-n kwi-b-an-.

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-n\v hnf-sh-Spp apX D]-t`mKw hsc

]-dn DXv]m-Z-\-n temIv cmw m\-p CUy ]-dn DXv]m-Z\ - - n-se-t - ]mse Ah \jvSs - -Sp-p-X - nepw ap]-n-bn Xs-bmWv. hnv \v hnf-sh-Sp-pXp hsc-bp Ime-b-f-hn AXo-h-{i-bpw Pm{KXbpw ]pep \psS Ij-I, hnf-sh-Sp-n-\p-tijw D]--v bmsXmcp {ibpw ]cn-Nc - W - hpw \Ip-n-. CXp-aqew ]-dn DXv]m-Z\ - - ns GI-tZiw 25 apX 30 iX-am\w hsc \jvS-am-Ip-p. Hw hn]-Wn-bn-se-p ]--dn-I-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw Ipd-bm-\p-an-S-bm-Ip-p. [m\y-hK-sf At]-nv ]--dn-I Ffpw tISm-bn-tm-Ip DXv]--fm-Wv. Db Af-hn AS-n-bn-p Pemwiw \jvS-s-Sp--Xv. IqSnb henw, arZphpw teme-hp-amb LS-\, AWp-Po-hn-I-fpsS {]h\w Fn-hbmWv ]--dn-Isf Ffpw \in-n-p-- Imc-W-. CXn\p ]pdta ]--dnI A{i-a - mbn ssIImcyw sNp-X - p-hgn Ah-bpsS \jvS - ns tXmXv IqSp-Xmbpw KpW-\n-e-hmcw Ipd-bp--Xmbpw ImWp-p. hnf-sh-Sp-p-I-gn-m DXv]w ]mt-Pn-wKv, {Smkvt]mn-- wKv, kw`-cWw, hn]-W\w Fn-s\ hnhn[ L--fn-eqsS IS-mWv D]-t`m-m-hn-sep--Xv. Cu Ime-b-f-hn-semw {i ]pen-bm am{Xta hnf-sh-Sp-n\p tij-ap \jvSw Ipdv KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap DXv]-- hn]-Wn-bn-se-n-m\m-Ip-Ib - pq.

kpcnX ]dnIrjnv Hcp eLpteJ

55

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kpcnX ]dnIrjnv 56 Hcp eLpteJ

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