network organization

As distributed organizations increasingly rely on technological innovations to enhance organizational efficiency and competitiveness, interest in agile practices that enable adoption of information technology (IT) based innovations has grown. This study examines the influence of a network organization environment on the ability to develop agile adoption practices. An exploratory case study design was used to investigate the interactions between network structure, social information processing, organizational similarity (homophily), and absorptive capacity during the adoption of a large-scale IT system in two network organization environments within New York State. The data suggest that network organization characteristics and communication processes that reinforced social influence and supported knowledge transfer positively influenced adoption agility. We propose a model of agile adoption practices and discuss implications for the development of theory about network organization characteristics and capabilities to adopt IT-based innovations.

In an attempt to promote service delivery integration and improve interorganizational collaboration, many recent human service delivery initiatives have included the development of interorganizational alliances such as coalitions and coordinating councils. Despite their popularity, little is known about how these alliances influence interorganizational collaboration, specifically the extent to which they alter the interactions among human service delivery organizations. The present study examined the interorganizational interactions, specifically the exchange relationships, within one county that was implementing two interorganizational alliances--a countywide coordinating council and interagency service delivery teams. Membership on both alliances was associated with broader interorganizational exchange networks. Organizations involved in a coordinating council were more likely to be included in client, information, and resource exchanges, and participate in joint ventures with a b...

Devletler arasındaki rekabetin ve büyük güçlerin mücadele yöntemlerinin değişime
uğramasıyla birlikte savaş kavramının da biçim değiştirdiği bir çağa şahit
oluyoruz. Savaşların maliyetlerinin kazanan devletler için dahi çok büyük boyutlara
ulaşmasının yanı sıra iletişim teknolojisindeki gelişmelerin sağladığı olanaklar,
günümüzde asimetrik savaş yöntemlerini olabildiğince yaygınlaştırmıştır. En
önemli pratiğine Ortadoğu ülkelerinde ve bilhassa Suriye’de şahit olunan yeni
nesil savaşlar, “vekâlet savaşları” olarak adlandırılmaktadır.
Vekâlet savaşlarının bilinen aktörleri, cephede karşılaşan ordular yerine düşük
yoğunluklu savaşlar için sahaya sürülen terör örgütleridir. Orduların cephede
karşılaşmalarının ikincil pozisyona düştüğü, asıl savaşın hedef ülkenin toplumsal
ve siyasal sistemini çökertme ve içten teslim almaya dönüştüğü yeni nesil savaşta
medya da çok önemli bir silah olarak kullanılmaktadır.
Hedef ülke kamuoyu medya faaliyetleri ve sivil toplum örgütleri gibi unsurlar
ile etki altına alınmaktadır. Sert güce dayanan müdahalelerden önce tercih edilen
ve genellikle halk merkezli bir ikna arayışının eşlik ettiği vekâlet savaşlarında
devlet dışı aktörlerin kullanıldığı, toplumsal hassasiyetlerin ve kamplaşmaların
istismar edildiği görülmektedir.
Türkiye’yi 15 Temmuz 2016 tarihinde yapılan karanlık darbe teşebbüsüne
götüren süreçte, FETÖ terör örgütünün medya faaliyetlerinin önemli bir rolü söz
konusudur. Örgüt 15 Temmuz’da silahların namlusunu millete çevirmeden önce,
Türkiye’nin bağışıklık sistemini çökertecek yoğun bir medya faaliyeti içerisinde
olmuştur. FETÖ medyası bilhassa 2013 yılından itibaren örgütün eylemlerine paralel
bir şekilde devletin resmi kurum ve kuruluşlarına açıktan saldırmaya, devlet
sırlarını ifşa etmeye, belirlenen amaçlar doğrultusunda kamuoyu algısı oluşturmaya
ve seçilmiş meşru hükümetleri etkisizleştirmeye çalışmıştır.
Bu çalışmada Türkiye’yi 15 Temmuz ihanetine götüren süreçte FETÖ terör
örgütünün medya yapılanması üzerinde durulmaktadır. Küresel güç savaşında  Türkiye’nin düşmanlarına hizmet eden etkili bir araç haline getirilen FETÖ medyasının,
darbeye giden süreçteki işlevi ortaya konmaktadır.
Çalışma nitel araştırma tekniklerinin kullanıldığı betimsel bir çalışmadır. Belirlenen
amaç kapsamında kaynaklara ulaşılarak incelemeler yapılmakta ve alt
başlıklar halinde durum ortaya konmaktadır.
ABSTRACT
We are witnessing an age in which the rivalry between the states and the
ways of fighting the great powers have changed as well as the concept of war.
In addition to the fact that the costs of wars have reached enormous dimensions
even for winning states, the opportunities provided by the developments
in communication technology have made asymmetric methods of war as widespread
as possible. The most important practice is that the new generation
wars, which are witnessed in the Middle East countries and especially in Syria,
are called “proxy wars”.
The well-known actors of the proxy wars are terrorist organizations that are
put on the scene for low-intensity wars instead of armies facing the front. The
media in the new generation of warfare, where the frontiers of the armies fall
into the secondary position and the main war destroys the social and political
system of the target country and turns it into internal delivery, is also used as a
very important weapon.
The target country is influenced by public opinion media activities and
non-governmental organizations. In Proxy wars which prior to hard-bodied interventions,
a preferred and often community-centered quest for persuasion, it
is seen that non-stated actors has used along with exploitation social sensitivities
and polarization.
In the process leading to the dark coup attempt on July 15, 2016, the media
activities of the terrorist organization of FETÖ have played an important role.
Before turning the weapon to nation on 15 July, the organization had an intense
media activity to knock down the immune system of Turkey. Since the year
2013, in particular, FETÖ media have tried to attack the government’s official
institutions and organizations in an open manner, to disclose state secrets, to create public opinion in the direction of the determined aims, and to neutralize
elected legitimate governments.
This study focuses on the media structure of FETÖ terrorist organization in
the process leading to the betrayal of 15 July. In the global power battle, the
function of the FETO media, which has become an effective tool to serve the
enemies of Turkey, in the process of going to the coup is revealed.
The study is a descriptive study using qualitative research techniques. The
resources are reached within the scope of the determined purpose and the situation
is put into sub-headings.

Past studies have suggested an interaction between knowledge transfer, structural characteristics and behavioral patterns of network organizations. However, most research has explored the process of knowledge transfer from the micro-level perspective, and less attention has been paid to the macro-level dynamic behavior patterns of network-based organization and the micro-macro links in the process of knowledge transfer. In this paper, a virtual experiment (VE) is utilized to explore the interdependence of knowledge transfer and dynamic behavior patterns of network-based organizations on the basis of rules systems. Our model shows that the speed of knowledge transfer and power influence of individuals play dominant roles in the process of knowledge transfer. The larger the network organization and the greater number of the neighbor nodes an organization have, the higher the proportion of nodes that will change their knowledge state.

Resumo: O modelo de organização empresarial em rede, particularmente redes de franquias, vem crescendo a taxas bastante superiores à média da economia. Pelas suas próprias características, esse modelo impõe desafios específicos aos administradores, principalmente na integração entre os elementos da rede. A utilização de soluções e sistemas isolados e independentes de gestão por um grupo geograficamente disperso de unidades de negócio dificulta enormemente comunicação e a fluência de dados e informações entre os elementos da rede, fundamentais para uma boa gestão. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar e discutir as melhorias operacionais e gerenciais advindas da adoção de um modelo de gestão centralizado para a administração de organizações em rede, particularmente redes de franquias. Palavras-chave: Gestão centralizada, redes de franquias, gestão de redes, organizações em rede.

Les réseaux de santé correspondent à une forme d'organisation horizontale et souple qui consiste à prendre en charge des problèmes de santé complexes et de long terme. Ils reposent sur l'échange et la coordination des différents acteurs de la prise en charge des patients dont la clé de voûte est la circulation de l'information médicale. Un des défis de l'évaluation des réseaux de santé est d'apporter la preuve de la plus-value de l'organisation en réseau par rapport à la prise en charge classique axée sur la pathologie. L'évaluation du fonctionnement d'un réseau, légalement requise mais non épaulée par des spécialistes de l'évaluation, permet de s'assurer de l'existence d'un réel pilotage, de mesurer l'implication des professionnels de santé et l'impact du réseau sur les pratiques professionnelles. En outre, l'évaluation accompagne le développement des réseaux dans une dynamique d'amélioration continue et offre l'opportunité au coordinateur de se doter d'un outil de contrôle de gestion, c'est-à-dire d'un outil d'information et d'aide à la décision dans la perspective de l'amélioration de la qualité de la prise en charge des patients. Cependant, l'absence de formation à la gestion et à la communication des coordinateurs médicaux rend le pilotage des réseaux délicat. Les réseaux ne peuvent donc pas faire l'économie d'une bonne assise gestionnaire et administrative. De même, ils doivent se doter d'un système d'information de qualité, utile au pilotage, adapté à leur mode de coordination et qui facilitera le travail d'évaluation demandé par les tutelles.

In the facility location problem we are given a set of facilities and a set of clients, each of which is to be served by one facility. The goal is to decide which subset of facilities to open, such that the clients will be served at a minimal cost. We investigate the facility location problem in a distributed setting. In this setting, the set of clients is partitioned among system nodes, the set of facilities is globally known, and eventually every node should have the solution. This setting typifies large scale distributed systems, such as peer-to-peer file sharing networks, and grid systems. All of them need to perform network organization, data placement, collective power management, and other tasks of this kind. We propose a local algorithm that solves FLP in a distributed setting. Communication and time complexity of the algorithm we present, does not depend on the network size, which make it infinitely scalable. In addition, the algorithm is entirely decentralized, requires no routing capabilities, and is able to process constantly changing data. We simulate the algorithm on networks of thousands nodes, and assess its scalability, communication complexity, and the ability to process dynamic data.

This paper claims that in its current use the term ‘network’ represents no more than a suggestive image of organizing in an age of spectacular context-crossing electronic transactivity. Compared to the strong social embeddedness of formal organizations and markets and their institutional and legal ties, networks emerge as nearly devoid of institutional anchoring and social implications. And yet, current developments drive the organization of economic activity away from the logic of the efficient utilization of resources that characterized the industrial age towards the making, remaking and rapid mediation of decisions concerning what is to be produced and how it is to be disposed of. Matters of communication and networking across established boundaries tend to assume a primacy over technical, intraorganizational decisions of resource optimization, thereby making context-crossing electronic transactivity a crucial modality of organizing. However, the solidification and the institutio...

The purpose of the study presented in this article aims at broadening our understanding of information and concomitant aspects of a non-bureaucratic organizational design. With current changes in organizational environments, the century-long domination of the bureaucratic organization is being shaken. New organizational designs have been proposed as alternatives to the bureaucracy, including the information-based organization, networked organization, and adhocracy. Our knowledge of these designs, however, is still meager. This particularly applies to their information aspects, such as the role of information technology (IT), and exchanges of information and knowledge. In order to fill the void, an organizational design which will be called the "non-traditional organization" was created on the basis of relevant literature and was preliminarily tested on a sample drawn from the public accounting industry. The study discovered a strong positive relationship between the amount of IT usage and non-traditional dimensions, invoking the notion of an organic, "informated" organization. This relationship primarily rests on the relationships IT forms with centralization and formalization (both negative), and trust and communication beyond team boundaries (both positive). Information and knowledgerelated interactions are in relation with team-based accountability in this networked, "information-rich" organization. Communication beyond team boundaries serves several purposes, including integration and creation of a dialogue-based, adhocratic, "interactive" organization. Hierarchy appears to be the most resilient dimension of the traditional organization in the sample studied. These findings bear implications for understanding new organizational designs.

Changing competitive environment forces companies to innovate and renew their business models towards a more value-adding and customer-centric direction. Often, a prerequisite for this is that the companies are willing to combine their capabilities by co-operating and creating long-term strategic networks with each other. The formation of networks is a cyclical learning process, along which the infrastructure and strategies emerge incrementally through mutual adjustment.

Turbo codes are among the most powerful and widely adopted error correcting codes in several communication applications. The high throughput requirements of current and future standards impose that parallel decoders composed by multiple interconnected processing elements are used at the receiver side to efficiently decode turbo codes. In this work, on chip interconnects for multiprocessor turbo decoding are investigated. Due to the dominant trend towards the design of flexible, multi-standard decoders, capable to support the decoding of several turbo codes, the network on chip approach is seen as a viable and promising solution, although the specific characteristics of the addressed application impose a drastic simplification in the network organization. Both indirect and direct network topologies are studied and experimental results show that a network-on-chip based decoder made of 16 processing elements can achieve a throughput of several hundreds of Mbps. Moreover, the area required by the network compares favorably with previously published works on flexible interconnect architectures for turbo decoding and the cost overhead of NOC based solutions with respect to a fully dedicated implementation is limited to 13%.

Branching growth is present both in plants and animals, either marine or terrestrial. Although cellular and other modular levels of organization in plants and animals have evolved through different molecular and physiological mechanisms, several aspects of their branching modular system and morphology are similar. We studied vessel organization and colony integration, in order to comprehend underlying relationships between different structural components in a gorgonian coral network. The theoretical formalism was validated in the gorgonian coral Eunicea mammosa (Plexauridae, Octocorallia) in Belize. As in vascular plants, these colonial animals create a complex network of connections among modular branches integrated in stem canals downstream toward the base. A new formalism is proposed for describing gorgonian branching. A global property of a colony is for instance the size of its base or its weight whereas a local property is the size of branch in a particular place of the colony. However, a global property is not the simple addition of local modular properties, as the case of stem canals in the colony base. Theoretically, the process of branching is tightly intertwined with the internal network organization. The colony network centralization is driven by a linear relationship between the total number of branches and the stem canals at the base of the colony. If stem canals play important roles in the transport of nutrients throughout the colony and the biomechanical support from the base up to the tips, we can assume that there is an underlying association between the number of stem canals at the base and the number of for example, terminal branches. These associations may provide new findings that extend our understanding of the functional organization of tree-like networks in octocorals and their vascular systems. The idea that the external components of a tree-like plant network are directly correlated and connected down to the main trunk seems to be analogous in an animal system.

Can information-communication technology enable new organizational designs, such as the networked organization and the adhocracy? An exploratory study into the accounting industry was undertaken in order to improve our understanding of this problem. On the basis of the literature of new designs a non-traditional organization model was developed in which information-communication technology was juxtaposed to a number of structural and cultural dimensions. The model was tested on a set of offices in the accounting industry and corroborated for the most part. degrees put the stress on ICT have been proposed. Examples include the adhocracy [30], the information/knowledge-based [16], and shamrock [19] and the network organization [44]. A common denominator of the models is a criticism of the traditional hierarchical or command-and-control organization's inefficiency and ineffectiveness in this time of tremendous changes in organizational environments. The denial of the traditional organization is complemented by conceptualizations of alternatives to its characteristics, such as less of hierarchy, centralization and formalization, and more of teamwork and co0peration/collaboration.

Motivation: New antigen microarray technology enables parallel recording of antibody reactivities with hundreds of antigens. Such data affords system level analysis of the immune system’s organization using methods and approaches from network theory. Here we measured the reactivity of 290 antigens (for both the IgG and IgM isotypes) of 10 healthy mothers and their term newborns. We constructed antigen correlation networks (or immune networks) whose nodes are the antigens and the edges are the antigen-antigen reactivity correlations, and we also computed their corresponding minimum spanning trees (MST) – maximal information reduced sub-graphs. We quantify the network organization (topology) in terms of the network theory divergence rate measure and rank the antigen importance in the full antigen correlation networks by the eigen-value centrality measure. This analysis makes possible the characterization and comparison of the IgG and IgM immune networks at birth (newborns) and adultho...

This paper discusses a collaborative framework for the legal certification of toll enforcement on motorways operated by Brisa Auto-Estradas de Portugal, based on the Advanced License Plate Recognition (ALPR) system/service. The developed ALPR service produces a composite JPEG picture documenting an irregular situation. An enforcement transaction is generated at Brisa's toll infrastructure and later delivered to the toll clearing company Via Verde Portugal (VVP). This company processes the generated composite picture, matching it with the client data base and, if necessary, pursuing legal action. The enforcement picture might also be delivered to other organizations, such as the official entity for car registration management, in Portugal the General Direction of Traffic (DGV). Certification is based on Public Key Infrastructure (PKl) and legal digital certificates. Its purpose is to guarantee the validation of an ALPR generated picture as genuine, at a court of law; any change will be detected by a validation service. The paper discusses the adopted strategy, considering not only technical but also organizational issues, since the trust required for the management of enforcement pictures along the involved networked organizations requires a set of procedures to be followed in order to ensure the required legal confidence (trust).

1] When the flow parameters, such as celerity and hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient, are allowed to vary spatially within a basin, three mechanisms, namely, geomorphologic, kinematic, and hydrodynamic dispersion, contribute to the variance of the instantaneous response function. The relative contributions of the three dispersion mechanisms as a function of scale, or Strahler order of the basin, are studied. This analysis is performed for two study basins, the Vermilion and the Mackinaw river basins, in central Illinois. Log linear trends for all the dispersion coefficients as a function of scale are observed. These trends can be cast in the form of Horton law type of relations. The asymptotic behavior of the dispersion coefficients of basins with self-similar network structure is consistent with the observations.

A wireless sensor network deployed in an area of interest is affected by variations in environmental conditions associated with that area. It must adapt to these variations in order to continue functioning as desired by the user. We present a novel, two-phase solution to the wireless sensor network adaptivity problem. In the first phase, nodes in the network, organized as clusters, execute an efficient algorithm to dynamically calibrate sensed data. Each node provides its current energy level and the state of each on-board sensor to a cluster-head. In the second phase, each clusterhead executes an efficient, ontology-driven algorithm to determine the future state of the network under existing conditions, based on information received from each sensor node. We describe an example application scenario to show how our two-phase solution can be employed to enable a realworld wireless sensor network to adapt itself to variations in environmental conditions.

The olivo-cerebellar system is one of the central networks organizing movement coordination in vertebrates. This system consists of three main anatomical structures: the inferior olive (IO), the cerebellar nuclei, and the cerebellar cortex. Over the last four decades studies in many laboratories have contributed significantly to our understanding of the electrophysiology of IO and cerebellar neurons. However, addressing the dynamic properties of olivo-cerebellar network requires information beyond the limits attainable using single cell recordings. Research at the neuronal network level is presently being implemented in order to determine the spatiotemporal activity profiles of ensemble neuronal activity using optical imaging of voltage-sensitive dye signals. We summarize here results of such type of study using the in vitro IO slices. The dynamic characteristic of the system is addressed using the imaging results as well as mathematical modeling of the network, as a heuristic tool. A computer-based control system based on such biological findings is outlined.

IS research and practice does not adequately address modern organizational forms of flatter hierarchies; decentralized decision-making, greater capacity for tolerance of ambiguity, permeable internal and external boundaries, capacity for renewal, self-organizing units, self-integrating coordination mechanisms and continual change. The important challenge for IS is to determine what sort of organizational forms, structures and systems are most appropriate to meet the

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have a vast field of applications, including deployment in hostile environments. Thus, the adoption of security mechanisms is fundamental. However, the extremely constrained nature of sensors and the potentially dynamic behavior of WSNs hinder the use of key management mechanisms commonly applied in modern networks. For this reason, many lightweight key management solutions have been proposed to overcome these constraints. In this paper, we review the state of the art of these solutions and evaluate them based on metrics adequate for WSNs. We focus on pre-distribution schemes well-adapted for homogeneous networks (since this is a more general network organization), thus identifying generic features that can improve some of these metrics. We also discuss some challenges in the area and future research directions.

Changing competitive environment forces companies to innovate and renew their business models towards a more value-adding and customer-centric direction. Often, a prerequisite for this is that the companies are willing to combine their capabilities by cooperating and creating long-term strategic networks with each other. The formation of networks is a cyclical learning process, along which the infrastructure and strategies emerge incrementally through mutual adjustment. We analyze such network formation process among three companies that are operating in separate but complementary industries. They are seeking to expand their service offering through the use of ICT. We reflect upon this development with the state-of-the-art research on the networked organizations and business models. It seems that business models are necessary and useful in depicting the areas of adjustments within and between the organizations in the networked setting. e-business; business model; ICT; networked organization; knowledge creation; knowledge Sharing.

We investi~ate the problem of optimizing power consumption and~andwld.th usage in cellular radio netwo~ks.~n this paper we consIder a wIreless broadcast network, organIzed In cells, in which each transmitter wants to deliver the same amount of data to all receivers inside its cell. Traditionally, the transmitter in each cell radiates a fixed power at which the receiver at the border of the cell can receive, in theory, a signal whose energy is greater than its required threshold and satisfies condition of signal to noise and interference ratio (SIR). When a receiver in a cell receives an error packet, the transmitter in that cell will retransmit until the receiver receives it successfully. Instead in network coding approach, the transmitter will store index of the error packets, then it will consider combining them before sending out. The goal of this paper is to provide an analysis on the power consumption and bandwidth utilization of network coding techniques at the signal layer. Especially, we propose a novel techni9ue in which network coding and adaptIve power control are Joined together to improve network performance. The simulatIon results show that our proJ?osed technique substantially reduces power consumption while Increases the network throughput compare with the traditional transmission technique, Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ).