network organization

Organizing wireless sensor networks into clusters enables the efficient utilization of the limited energy resources of the deployed sensor nodes. However, the problem of unbalanced energy consumption exists, and it is tightly bound to the role and to the location of a particular node in the network. If the network is organized into heterogeneous clusters, where some more powerful nodes take on the cluster head role to control network operation, it is important to ensure that energy dissipation of these cluster head nodes is balanced. Oftentimes the network is organized into clusters of equal size, but such equal clustering results in an unequal load on the cluster head nodes. Instead, we propose an Unequal Clustering Size (UCS) model for network organization, which can lead to more uniform energy dissipation among the cluster head nodes, thus increasing network lifetime. Also, we expand this approach to homogeneous sensor networks and show that UCS can lead to more uniform energy dissipation in a homogeneous network as well.

Can information-communication technology enable new organizational designs, such as the networked organization and the adhocracy? An exploratory study into the accounting industry was undertaken in order to improve our understanding of this problem. On the basis of the literature of new designs a non-traditional organization model was developed in which information-communication technology was juxtaposed to a number of structural and cultural dimensions. The model was tested on a set of offices in the accounting industry and corroborated for the most part. degrees put the stress on ICT have been proposed. Examples include the adhocracy [30], the information/knowledge-based [16], and shamrock [19] and the network organization [44]. A common denominator of the models is a criticism of the traditional hierarchical or command-and-control organization's inefficiency and ineffectiveness in this time of tremendous changes in organizational environments. The denial of the traditional organization is complemented by conceptualizations of alternatives to its characteristics, such as less of hierarchy, centralization and formalization, and more of teamwork and co0peration/collaboration.

Devletler arasındaki rekabetin ve büyük güçlerin mücadele yöntemlerinin değişime
uğramasıyla birlikte savaş kavramının da biçim değiştirdiği bir çağa şahit
oluyoruz. Savaşların maliyetlerinin kazanan devletler için dahi çok büyük boyutlara
ulaşmasının yanı sıra iletişim teknolojisindeki gelişmelerin sağladığı olanaklar,
günümüzde asimetrik savaş yöntemlerini olabildiğince yaygınlaştırmıştır. En
önemli pratiğine Ortadoğu ülkelerinde ve bilhassa Suriye’de şahit olunan yeni
nesil savaşlar, “vekâlet savaşları” olarak adlandırılmaktadır.
Vekâlet savaşlarının bilinen aktörleri, cephede karşılaşan ordular yerine düşük
yoğunluklu savaşlar için sahaya sürülen terör örgütleridir. Orduların cephede
karşılaşmalarının ikincil pozisyona düştüğü, asıl savaşın hedef ülkenin toplumsal
ve siyasal sistemini çökertme ve içten teslim almaya dönüştüğü yeni nesil savaşta
medya da çok önemli bir silah olarak kullanılmaktadır.
Hedef ülke kamuoyu medya faaliyetleri ve sivil toplum örgütleri gibi unsurlar
ile etki altına alınmaktadır. Sert güce dayanan müdahalelerden önce tercih edilen
ve genellikle halk merkezli bir ikna arayışının eşlik ettiği vekâlet savaşlarında
devlet dışı aktörlerin kullanıldığı, toplumsal hassasiyetlerin ve kamplaşmaların
istismar edildiği görülmektedir.
Türkiye’yi 15 Temmuz 2016 tarihinde yapılan karanlık darbe teşebbüsüne
götüren süreçte, FETÖ terör örgütünün medya faaliyetlerinin önemli bir rolü söz
konusudur. Örgüt 15 Temmuz’da silahların namlusunu millete çevirmeden önce,
Türkiye’nin bağışıklık sistemini çökertecek yoğun bir medya faaliyeti içerisinde
olmuştur. FETÖ medyası bilhassa 2013 yılından itibaren örgütün eylemlerine paralel
bir şekilde devletin resmi kurum ve kuruluşlarına açıktan saldırmaya, devlet
sırlarını ifşa etmeye, belirlenen amaçlar doğrultusunda kamuoyu algısı oluşturmaya
ve seçilmiş meşru hükümetleri etkisizleştirmeye çalışmıştır.
Bu çalışmada Türkiye’yi 15 Temmuz ihanetine götüren süreçte FETÖ terör
örgütünün medya yapılanması üzerinde durulmaktadır. Küresel güç savaşında  Türkiye’nin düşmanlarına hizmet eden etkili bir araç haline getirilen FETÖ medyasının,
darbeye giden süreçteki işlevi ortaya konmaktadır.
Çalışma nitel araştırma tekniklerinin kullanıldığı betimsel bir çalışmadır. Belirlenen
amaç kapsamında kaynaklara ulaşılarak incelemeler yapılmakta ve alt
başlıklar halinde durum ortaya konmaktadır.
ABSTRACT
We are witnessing an age in which the rivalry between the states and the
ways of fighting the great powers have changed as well as the concept of war.
In addition to the fact that the costs of wars have reached enormous dimensions
even for winning states, the opportunities provided by the developments
in communication technology have made asymmetric methods of war as widespread
as possible. The most important practice is that the new generation
wars, which are witnessed in the Middle East countries and especially in Syria,
are called “proxy wars”.
The well-known actors of the proxy wars are terrorist organizations that are
put on the scene for low-intensity wars instead of armies facing the front. The
media in the new generation of warfare, where the frontiers of the armies fall
into the secondary position and the main war destroys the social and political
system of the target country and turns it into internal delivery, is also used as a
very important weapon.
The target country is influenced by public opinion media activities and
non-governmental organizations. In Proxy wars which prior to hard-bodied interventions,
a preferred and often community-centered quest for persuasion, it
is seen that non-stated actors has used along with exploitation social sensitivities
and polarization.
In the process leading to the dark coup attempt on July 15, 2016, the media
activities of the terrorist organization of FETÖ have played an important role.
Before turning the weapon to nation on 15 July, the organization had an intense
media activity to knock down the immune system of Turkey. Since the year
2013, in particular, FETÖ media have tried to attack the government’s official
institutions and organizations in an open manner, to disclose state secrets, to create public opinion in the direction of the determined aims, and to neutralize
elected legitimate governments.
This study focuses on the media structure of FETÖ terrorist organization in
the process leading to the betrayal of 15 July. In the global power battle, the
function of the FETO media, which has become an effective tool to serve the
enemies of Turkey, in the process of going to the coup is revealed.
The study is a descriptive study using qualitative research techniques. The
resources are reached within the scope of the determined purpose and the situation
is put into sub-headings.

Of the variety of relations established between firms, this paper analyses networking structures and organizations in order to determine whether these new links between firms help to create value for their shareholders. Event methodology is applied to a sample of 467 announcements of strategic alliances in which, at least, one of the firms involved was a bank trading on the

The supply chain is the central organizing unit in today's global industries. We describe how supply chains have evolved over the last three decades, arguing that their organizational history can be divided into three periods. In the first period, the primary focus was on how to make operations throughout the supply chain more efficient. In the second period, the focus shifted from efficiency to effectiveness as leading firms began to incorporate the ideas and expertise of their suppliers and partners into the management of the supply chain. In the current period, some firms are beginning to explore how supply chains can be extended across industries in addition to operating efficiently and effectively within industries.

The most challenging issue of today's production management is certainly to manage networked organisations under an uncertain demand so that to provide a good service to the customer at low cost. In this article, a model of the decision making parameters involved in this management process is suggested, on the base of case studies. A mixed integer linear planning model embedded in a framework simulating a rolling horizon planning process is described on the base of this analysis. The model takes into account the capabilities of reaction of the planned system and of its environment (suppliers, subcontractors and customers), as well as the corresponding costs. The suggested simulation framework may assist the decision maker for coping with an uncertain or flexible demand, using various planning strategies. Some possible applications of this simulation framework are given in order to illustrate how it can help to solve various types of practical planning problems.

The olivo-cerebellar system is one of the central networks organizing movement coordination in vertebrates. This system consists of three main anatomical structures: the inferior olive (IO), the cerebellar nuclei, and the cerebellar cortex. Over the last four decades studies in many laboratories have contributed significantly to our understanding of the electrophysiology of IO and cerebellar neurons. However, addressing the dynamic properties of olivo-cerebellar network requires information beyond the limits attainable using single cell recordings. Research at the neuronal network level is presently being implemented in order to determine the spatiotemporal activity profiles of ensemble neuronal activity using optical imaging of voltage-sensitive dye signals. We summarize here results of such type of study using the in vitro IO slices. The dynamic characteristic of the system is addressed using the imaging results as well as mathematical modeling of the network, as a heuristic tool. A computer-based control system based on such biological findings is outlined.

Turbo codes are among the most powerful and widely adopted error correcting codes in several communication applications. The high throughput requirements of current and future standards impose that parallel decoders composed by multiple interconnected processing elements are used at the receiver side to efficiently decode turbo codes. In this work, on chip interconnects for multiprocessor turbo decoding are investigated. Due to the dominant trend towards the design of flexible, multi-standard decoders, capable to support the decoding of several turbo codes, the network on chip approach is seen as a viable and promising solution, although the specific characteristics of the addressed application impose a drastic simplification in the network organization. Both indirect and direct network topologies are studied and experimental results show that a network-on-chip based decoder made of 16 processing elements can achieve a throughput of several hundreds of Mbps. Moreover, the area required by the network compares favorably with previously published works on flexible interconnect architectures for turbo decoding and the cost overhead of NOC based solutions with respect to a fully dedicated implementation is limited to 13%.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate possible change management implications for networks organizations. This is achieved through applying six Critical Management Issues (CMI's) from the change management framework DELTA on a taxonomy consisting of three generic types of network organizations. The paper is built on an empirical base comprised of over 150 expert interviews and 121 questionnaire respondents.

Page 1. Visions of community and mobility: the community networking movement in the USA Michael W. Longan Department of Geography and Meteorology, Kallay-Christopher Hall, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, IN 46383, USA, [email protected] ...

... obliging State Parties to provide such names on an annual basis to guide financial institutions to ... In particular, provisions relating to instrumentalities of crime have not been domesticated. ... Upon request, we also provide mentorship, as well as legal advisory services to states to ...

The introduction, in the late sixties, of the concepts and methods of molecular biology to the study of the nervous system had a profound impact on the field, primarily through the identification of its basic molecular components. These structures include, for example, the elementary units of the synapse: neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and their receptors, but also ionic channels, intracellular w x second messengers and the relevant enzymes, cell surface adhesion molecules, or growth and trophic factors 21,78,81,52,79. Attempts to establish appropriate causal relationships between these molecular components, the actual organisation of neural networks, and a defined behavior, nevertheless, still must overcome many difficulties. A first problem is the recognition of the minimum levels of organisation, Ž. from the molecular, cellular, or multicellular circuit to the higher cognitive levels, that determine the given physiological andror Ž. behavioral performance under investigation. A common difficulty and potential source of errors of interpretation is to relate a cognitive function to a network organization which does not possess the required structural complexity and vice-versa. Another problem is to distinguish, among the components of the system, those which are actually necessary and those which, taken together, suffice for a given behavior to take place. Identification of such a minimal set of building blocks may receive decisive insights from the elaboration of neurally plausible formal models that bring together, within a single and coherent 'artificial organism', the neuronal network, the Ž w x. circulating activity, and the behavior they determine see 42,43,45,72,30. In this communication, we shall attempt, still in a preliminary Ž. Ž. fashion, to bring together: 1 our recent knowledge on the molecular biology of brain nicotinic receptors nAChRs and their allosteric Ž. properties and 2 integrated behaviors, such as cognitive learning, investigated for instance with delayed-response or passive avoidance Ž. Ž w x. tasks that are likely to involve nAChRs in particular at the level of reinforcement or reward mechanisms see 18,29,135 .

As distributed organizations increasingly rely on technological innovations to enhance organizational efficiency and competitiveness, interest in agile practices that enable adoption of information technology (IT) based innovations has grown. This study examines the influence of a network organization environment on the ability to develop agile adoption practices. An exploratory case study design was used to investigate the interactions between network structure, social information processing, organizational similarity (homophily), and absorptive capacity during the adoption of a large-scale IT system in two network organization environments within New York State. The data suggest that network organization characteristics and communication processes that reinforced social influence and supported knowledge transfer positively influenced adoption agility. We propose a model of agile adoption practices and discuss implications for the development of theory about network organization characteristics and capabilities to adopt IT-based innovations.

Devletler arasındaki rekabetin ve büyük güçlerin mücadele yöntemlerinin değişime uğramasıyla birlikte savaş kavramının da biçim değiştirdiği bir çağa şahit oluyoruz. Savaşların maliyetlerinin kazanan devletler için dahi çok büyük boyutlara ulaşmasının yanı sıra iletişim teknolojisindeki gelişmelerin sağladığı olanaklar, günümüzde asimetrik savaş yöntemlerini olabildiğince yaygınlaştırmıştır. En önemli pratiğine Ortadoğu ülkelerinde ve bilhassa Suriye’de şahit olunan yeni nesil savaşlar, “vekâlet savaşları” olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Vekâlet savaşlarının bilinen aktörleri, cephede karşılaşan ordular yerine düşük yoğunluklu savaşlar için sahaya sürülen terör örgütleridir. Orduların cephede karşılaşmalarının ikincil pozisyona düştüğü, asıl savaşın hedef ülkenin toplumsal ve siyasal sistemini çökertme ve içten teslim almaya dönüştüğü yeni nesil savaşta medya da çok önemli bir silah olarak kullanılmaktadır. Hedef ülke kamuoyu medya faaliyetleri ve sivil toplum örgütleri gibi unsurlar ile etki altına alınmaktadır. Sert güce dayanan müdahalelerden önce tercih edilen ve genellikle halk merkezli bir ikna arayışının eşlik ettiği vekâlet savaşlarında devlet dışı aktörlerin kullanıldığı, toplumsal hassasiyetlerin ve kamplaşmaların istismar edildiği görülmektedir. Türkiye’yi 15 Temmuz 2016 tarihinde yapılan karanlık darbe teşebbüsüne götüren süreçte, FETÖ terör örgütünün medya faaliyetlerinin önemli bir rolü söz konusudur. Örgüt 15 Temmuz’da silahların namlusunu millete çevirmeden önce, Türkiye’nin bağışıklık sistemini çökertecek yoğun bir medya faaliyeti içerisinde olmuştur. FETÖ medyası bilhassa 2013 yılından itibaren örgütün eylemlerine paralel bir şekilde devletin resmi kurum ve kuruluşlarına açıktan saldırmaya, devlet sırlarını ifşa etmeye, belirlenen amaçlar doğrultusunda kamuoyu algısı oluşturmaya ve seçilmiş meşru hükümetleri etkisizleştirmeye çalışmıştır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’yi 15 Temmuz ihanetine götüren süreçte FETÖ terör örgütünün medya yapılanması üzerinde durulmaktadır. Küresel güç savaşında Türkiye’nin düşmanlarına hizmet eden etkili bir araç haline getirilen FETÖ medyasının, darbeye giden süreçteki işlevi ortaya konmaktadır. Çalışma nitel araştırma tekniklerinin kullanıldığı betimsel bir çalışmadır. Belirlenen amaç kapsamında kaynaklara ulaşılarak incelemeler yapılmakta ve alt başlıklar halinde durum ortaya konmaktadır. ABSTRACT We are witnessing an age in which the rivalry between the states and the ways of fighting the great powers have changed as well as the concept of war. In addition to the fact that the costs of wars have reached enormous dimensions even for winning states, the opportunities provided by the developments in communication technology have made asymmetric methods of war as widespread as possible. The most important practice is that the new generation wars, which are witnessed in the Middle East countries and especially in Syria, are called “proxy wars”. The well-known actors of the proxy wars are terrorist organizations that are put on the scene for low-intensity wars instead of armies facing the front. The media in the new generation of warfare, where the frontiers of the armies fall into the secondary position and the main war destroys the social and political system of the target country and turns it into internal delivery, is also used as a very important weapon. The target country is influenced by public opinion media activities and non-governmental organizations. In Proxy wars which prior to hard-bodied interventions, a preferred and often community-centered quest for persuasion, it is seen that non-stated actors has used along with exploitation social sensitivities and polarization. In the process leading to the dark coup attempt on July 15, 2016, the media activities of the terrorist organization of FETÖ have played an important role. Before turning the weapon to nation on 15 July, the organization had an intense media activity to knock down the immune system of Turkey. Since the year 2013, in particular, FETÖ media have tried to attack the government’s official institutions and organizations in an open manner, to disclose state secrets, to create public opinion in the direction of the determined aims, and to neutralize elected legitimate governments. This study focuses on the media structure of FETÖ terrorist organization in the process leading to the betrayal of 15 July. In the global power battle, the function of the FETO media, which has become an effective tool to serve the enemies of Turkey, in the process of going to the coup is revealed. The study is a descriptive study using qualitative research techniques. The resources are reached within the scope of the determined purpose and the situation is put into sub-headings.

In this article the authors discuss their analytical concept, developed through and for the exploration of forms and dynamics of transnational labour and care arrangements in domestic work migration. Firstly, on the institutional level they highlight the interplay between three national regimes (of migration, gender and welfare/care) to clarify the specific dynamic of transnational care migration. Secondly, based on intersectionality

In this article the authors discuss their analytical concept, developed through and for the exploration of forms and dynamics of transnational labour and care arrangements in domestic work migration. Firstly, on the institutional level they highlight the interplay between three national regimes (of migration, gender and welfare/care) to clarify the specific dynamic of transnational care migration. Secondly, based on intersectionality

Changing competitive environment forces companies to innovate and renew their business models towards a more value-adding and customer-centric direction. Often, a prerequisite for this is that the companies are willing to combine their capabilities by co-operating and creating long-term strategic networks with each other. The formation of networks is a cyclical learning process, along which the infrastructure and strategies emerge incrementally through mutual adjustment.

In the facility location problem we are given a set of facilities and a set of clients, each of which is to be served by one facility. The goal is to decide which subset of facilities to open, such that the clients will be served at a minimal cost. We investigate the facility location problem in a distributed setting. In this setting, the set of clients is partitioned among system nodes, the set of facilities is globally known, and eventually every node should have the solution. This setting typifies large scale distributed systems, such as peer-to-peer file sharing networks, and grid systems. All of them need to perform network organization, data placement, collective power management, and other tasks of this kind. We propose a local algorithm that solves FLP in a distributed setting. Communication and time complexity of the algorithm we present, does not depend on the network size, which make it infinitely scalable. In addition, the algorithm is entirely decentralized, requires no routing capabilities, and is able to process constantly changing data. We simulate the algorithm on networks of thousands nodes, and assess its scalability, communication complexity, and the ability to process dynamic data.

Resumo: O modelo de organização empresarial em rede, particularmente redes de franquias, vem crescendo a taxas bastante superiores à média da economia. Pelas suas próprias características, esse modelo impõe desafios específicos aos administradores, principalmente na integração entre os elementos da rede. A utilização de soluções e sistemas isolados e independentes de gestão por um grupo geograficamente disperso de unidades de negócio dificulta enormemente comunicação e a fluência de dados e informações entre os elementos da rede, fundamentais para uma boa gestão. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar e discutir as melhorias operacionais e gerenciais advindas da adoção de um modelo de gestão centralizado para a administração de organizações em rede, particularmente redes de franquias. Palavras-chave: Gestão centralizada, redes de franquias, gestão de redes, organizações em rede.

Abstract: Unilever-Sagit is the main Italian competitor in the Italian frozen food market. The company has very recently innovated its distribution channel by creating a private Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) network. Examines the effects generated by the implementation of ...

This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.

In contrast to visual object processing, relatively little is known about how the human brain processes everyday real-world sounds, transforming highly complex acoustic signals into representations of meaningful events or auditory objects. We recently reported a fourfold cortical dissociation for representing action (nonvocalization) sounds correctly categorized as having been produced by human, animal, mechanical, or environmental sources. However, it was unclear how consistent those network representations were across individuals, given potential differences between each participant's degree of familiarity with the studied sounds. Moreover, it was unclear what, if any, auditory perceptual attributes might further distinguish the four conceptual sound-source categories, potentially revealing what might drive the cortical network organization for representing acoustic knowledge. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to test participants before and after extensive l...

The purpose of the study presented in this article aims at broadening our understanding of information and concomitant aspects of a non-bureaucratic organizational design. With current changes in organizational environments, the century-long domination of the bureaucratic organization is being shaken. New organizational designs have been proposed as alternatives to the bureaucracy, including the information-based organization, networked organization, and adhocracy. Our knowledge of these designs, however, is still meager. This particularly applies to their information aspects, such as the role of information technology (IT), and exchanges of information and knowledge. In order to fill the void, an organizational design which will be called the "non-traditional organization" was created on the basis of relevant literature and was preliminarily tested on a sample drawn from the public accounting industry. The study discovered a strong positive relationship between the amount of IT usage and non-traditional dimensions, invoking the notion of an organic, "informated" organization. This relationship primarily rests on the relationships IT forms with centralization and formalization (both negative), and trust and communication beyond team boundaries (both positive). Information and knowledgerelated interactions are in relation with team-based accountability in this networked, "information-rich" organization. Communication beyond team boundaries serves several purposes, including integration and creation of a dialogue-based, adhocratic, "interactive" organization. Hierarchy appears to be the most resilient dimension of the traditional organization in the sample studied. These findings bear implications for understanding new organizational designs.

The object of contractual theories is describing exchange relation between agents, considering institutional and informational restriction in which they evolve. From trials of removing insufficiency in contractual theories new representations gradually

Leadership research so far has neglected regional clusters as a particular context, while research on networks and clusters has hardly studied leadership issues. This paper fills this dual gap in the abundant research on leadership on the one hand and on networks/clusters on the ...

Network approaches can increase our understanding of both changes in ecosystems and the role that individual species play in such changes. In ecology, networks have been applied mainly to the study of food webs and mutualistic interactions, with few studies on plant communities. This study used a network approach to examine a semi-arid plant community along a Stipa tenacissima abundance gradient at two locations in SE Spain: (1) an open shrub land where S. tenacissima is a highly competitive species, and (2) an alpha steppe where S. tenacissima forms the end stable successional community. In alpha steppe, the influence of slope was also examined. We detected that S. tenacissima influenced the network structuring process, and that network organization changed along the gradient. In open shrub land, when S. tenacissima became abundant, it dominated the community and other species disappeared. This resulted in a reduction of the number of links that S. tenacissima established. At the alpha-steppe, S. tenacissima coexists with other species, developing more links as it becomes more abundant. On gentle slope zones of alpha steppe, S. tenacissima is more competitive and becomes dominant for high abundance values, reducing its links with other species. The organization of networks varied similarly in both locations. When plant species reduce their abundance and number, links are more heterogeneously distributed in networks. This leads to a concentration of most of the links around a few species, particularly S. tenacissima, which is the most abundant in this case. We conclude that, in order to study plant communities, it is convenient to consider the properties of individual components together with the interaction between them.

The recent standard for broadband wireless access networks, IEEE 802.16, which resulted in the development of metropolitan area wireless networks, includes two network organization modes: Point to Multi Point and Mesh. The mesh mode provides distributed channel access operations of peering nodes and uses TDMA technique for channel access modulation. According to IEEE 802.16 MAC protocol, there are two scheduling algorithms for assigning TDMA slots to each network node: centralized and distributed. In distributed scheduling algorithm, network nodes have to transmit scheduling message in order to inform other nodes about their transfer schedule. In this paper a new approach is proposed to improve distributed scheduling efficiency in IEEE 802.16 mesh mode, with respect to network condition in every transferring opportunity. For evaluating the proposed algorithm efficiency, several extensive simulations are performed in various network configurations and the most important system parameters which affect the network performance are analyzed.

Biomedical ontologies are envisioned to be useable in a range of research and clinical applications. The requirements for such uses include formal consistency, adequacy of coverage, and possibly other domain specific constraints. In this report we describe a case study that illustrates how application specific requirements may be used to identify modeling problems as well as data entry errors in ontology building and evolution. We have begun a project to use the UW Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA) in a clinical application in radiation therapy planning. This application focuses mainly (but not exclusively) on the representation of the lymphatic system in the FMA, in order to predict the spread of tumor cells to regional metastatic sites. This application requires that the downstream relations associated with lymphatic system components must only be to other lymphatic chains or vessels, must be at the appropriate level of granularity, and that every path through the lymphatic system must terminate at one of the two well known trunks of the lymphatic system. It is possible through a programmable query interface to the FMA to write small programs that systematically audit the FMA for compliance with these constraints. We report on the design of some of these programs, and the results we obtained by applying them to the lymphatic system. The algorithms and approach are generalizable to other network organ systems in the FMA such as arteries and veins. In addition to illustrating exact constraint checking methods, this work illustrates how the details of an application may reflect back a requirement to revise the design of the ontology itself.

The most challenging issue of today's production management is certainly to manage networked organisations under an uncertain demand so that to provide a good service to the customer at low cost. In this article, a model of the decision making parameters involved in this management process is suggested, on the base of case studies. A mixed integer linear planning model embedded in a framework simulating a rolling horizon planning process is described on the base of this analysis. The model takes into account the capabilities of reaction of the planned system and of its environment (suppliers, subcontractors and customers), as well as the corresponding costs. The suggested simulation framework may assist the decision maker for coping with an uncertain or flexible demand, using various planning strategies. Some possible applications of this simulation framework are given in order to illustrate how it can help to solve various types of practical planning problems.

Spinal networks generate the motor pattern underlying locomotion. These are subject to modulatory systems that influence their operation and thereby result in a flexible network organization. In this review, we have summarized the mechanisms by which the different metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes fine-tune the cellular and synaptic properties and thus underlie intrinsic modulation of the activity of the locomotor network in the lamprey. 

The main motivation for organizations and individuals to collaborate is to enable knowledge and resource sharing in order to effectively fulfill a joint business opportunity. This correspondence focuses on virtual organizations (VOs) and virtual teams (VTs), whose strengths lie in the range of competencies of their members, offered jointly through collaboration. One of the difficulties in VO and VT creation is partner selection using partners' mutual trust as one of the selection criteria. This correspondence provides an analysis of trust relationships based on the principal-agent theory, and proposes an approach to hierarchical multiattribute decisionsupport-based trust estimation applied to a network of collaborating organizations (VO) and a network of collaborating individuals (VT). The correspondence presents two case studies, one using a questionnaire-based approach and the other using automated reputation and collaboration estimation from data gathered by Web crawling.

This paper claims that in its current use the term 'network' represents no more than a sug- gestive image of organizing in an age of spectacular context-crossing electronic transactiv- ity. Compared to the strong social embeddedness of formal organizations and markets and their institutional and legal ties, networks emerge as nearly devoid of institutional anchoring and social implications. And yet,

This paper examines the use of social relationships in the organizing of a business network in the case of an international joint venture (IJV) developing over time. The organizing process and the multicultural setting of the international joint venture emphasize the actions of and interactions between individuals from various organizations. The IJV-managers' use of their social relationships in business organizing

Public finance theory suggests that property tax is an ideal local tax. But it's also a 'data-hungry' tax, making it difficult and costly to administer properlyespecially at the local government level where capacity, skills and resources are often lacking. Given its high data demands, property tax administration lends itself to the application of modern information and communication technology (ICT) systems. Over the last 40 to 50 years, however, studies have shown that weak administration is the core reason for poor revenue performance, particularly issues of data compilation and management, lack of transparency, poor billing and collection practices and weak enforcement.

that both alliances created structures and processes intended to facilitate interorganizational exchanges. Together, these results suggest that the development of opportunities for and encouragement of staff and leader involvement in these types of alliances may be an important part of our attempt to create a more integrated social service delivery system. The implications of these findings for researchers and practitioners are discussed.

This paper introduces an extended definition of service networks. The service network definition, which can be used for classifying service networks, comprises two parts: the service network declaration and the service network specification. The service network specification consists of the specification of the network characteristics, the node characteristics, and the link characteristics. Each of these three characteristics comprises a set of criteria. One fraction of the criteria has been identified through literature research on services, networked organizations, and service network concepts. The remaining fraction of criteria is the result of a case study analysis. The service network case study has been taken from the information technology sector (i.e., the network of Cloud computing services). The analysis of the case study identified characteristics that are important for describing IT service networks but cannot be captured with the existing definitions of service networks.

In the facility location problem we are given a set of facilities and a set of clients, each of which is to be served by one facility. The goal is to decide which subset of facilities to open, such that the clients will be served at a minimal cost. We investigate the facility location problem in a distributed setting. In this setting, the set of clients is partitioned among system nodes, the set of facilities is globally known, and eventually every node should have the solution. This setting typifies large scale distributed systems, such as peer-to-peer file sharing networks, and grid systems. All of them need to perform network organization, data placement, collective power management, and other tasks of this kind. We propose a local algorithm that solves FLP in a distributed setting. Communication and time complexity of the algorithm we present, does not depend on the network size, which make it infinitely scalable. In addition, the algorithm is entirely decentralized, requires no routing capabilities, and is able to process constantly changing data. We simulate the algorithm on networks of thousands nodes, and assess its scalability, communication complexity, and the ability to process dynamic data.

The SMARCA2 gene, which encodes BRM in the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex, was recently identified as being associated with schizophrenia (SZ) in a genome-wide approach. Polymorphisms in SMARCA2, associated with the disease, produce changes in the expression of the gene and/or in the encoded amino acid sequence. We show here that an SWI/SNF-centered network including the Smarca2 gene is modified by the down-regulation of REST/NRSF in a mouse neuronal cell line. REST/NRSF down-regulation also modifies the levels of Smarce1, Smarcd3 and SWI/SNF interactors (Hdac1, RcoR1 and Mecp2). Smarca2 down-regulation generates an abnormal dendritic spine morphology that is an intermediate phenotype of SZ. We further found that 8 (CSF2RA, HIST1H2BJ, NOTCH4, NRGN, SHOX, SMARCA2, TCF4 and ZNF804A) out of 10 genome-wide supported SZ-associated genes are part of an interacting network (including SMARCA2), 5 members of which encode transcription regulators. The expression of 3 (TCF4, SMARCA2 and CSF2RA) of the 10 genome-wide supported SZ-associated genes is modified when the REST/NRSF-SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex is experimentally manipulated in mouse cell lines and in transgenic mouse models. The REST/NRSF-SWI/ SNF deregulation also results in the differential expression of genes that are clustered in chromosomes suggesting the induction of genome-wide epigenetic changes. Finally, we found that SMARCA2 interactors and the genome-wide supported SZ-associated genes are considerably enriched in genes displaying positive selection in primates and in the human lineage which suggests the occurrence of novel protein interactions in primates. Altogether, these data identify the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex as a key component of the genetic architecture of SZ.

ABSTRACT In second generation TDMA cellular systems, traffic increase is achieved via cell size reduction. But, to handle moving mobile stations (MS) and ensure coverage on the whole served area, a 2-layer network has to be deployed and radio resource management techniques such as directed retry (DR) are implemented for spectrum efficiency. Optimally, fast (respectively, slow) moving MS should be served by the macrocell (respectively microcell) layer. So, in such network organization, traffic performance is sensitive to both coverage quality and accuracy of estimation of MS speed. Conventional microcell layer deployment suffers from coverage holes and uncertainty of speed estimate (making it impossible to exploit the full capacity of such networks). This paper proposes to replace the usual layer of microcells by a distributed coverage. Strategies for serving base transceiver station (BTS) selection and channel allocation dependent on MS position over the service area, are implemented. Both the communication quality and the accuracy of estimation of MS speed are improved. This makes DR more efficient and enhances the overall traffic performance

Motivation: New antigen microarray technology enables parallel recording of antibody reactivities with hundreds of antigens. Such data affords system level analysis of the immune system's organization using methods and approaches from network theory. Here we measured the reactivity of 290 antigens (for both the IgG and IgM isotypes) of 10 healthy mothers and their term newborns. We constructed antigen correlation networks (or immune networks) whose nodes are the antigens and the edges are the antigen-antigen reactivity correlations, and we also computed their corresponding minimum spanning trees (MST)-maximal information reduced sub-graphs. We quantify the network organization (topology) in terms of the network theory divergence rate measure and rank the antigen importance in the full antigen correlation networks by the eigen-value centrality measure. This analysis makes possible the characterization and comparison of the IgG and IgM immune networks at birth (newborns) and adulthood (mothers) in terms of topology and node importance. Results: Comparison of the immune network topology at birth and adulthood revealed partial conservation of the IgG immune network topology, and significant reorganization of the IgM immune networks. Inspection of the antigen importance revealed some dominant (in terms of high centrality) antigens in the IgG and IgM networks at birth, which retain their importance at adulthood.

Motivation: New antigen microarray technology enables parallel recording of antibody reactivities with hundreds of antigens. Such data affords system level analysis of the immune system’s organization using methods and approaches from network theory. Here we measured the reactivity of 290 antigens (for both the IgG and IgM isotypes) of 10 healthy mothers and their term newborns. We constructed antigen correlation networks (or immune networks) whose nodes are the antigens and the edges are the antigen-antigen reactivity correlations, and we also computed their corresponding minimum spanning trees (MST) – maximal information reduced sub-graphs. We quantify the network organization (topology) in terms of the network theory divergence rate measure and rank the antigen importance in the full antigen correlation networks by the eigen-value centrality measure. This analysis makes possible the characterization and comparison of the IgG and IgM immune networks at birth (newborns) and adultho...