Web usability

In the recent years e-commerce market has grown rapidly. Secure electronic transaction is currently the man issue because of increasing malicious activities. Online transaction system are generally more vulnerable to direct attack.

This paper demonstrate some important steps of usability and security methods which are used by most banks to strengthen the security process.

Pariwisata merupakan program unggulan pemerintah khususnya pemerintah daerah. Dalam menyebarkan informasi dan meningkatkan pelayanan publik pada bidang pariwisata, Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kota Bandung telah menerapkan sistem informasi e-government berbasis website. Namun, terdapat berbagai keluhan dari pengguna website Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kota Bandung yang menyebutkan bahwa informasi pada website sulit ditemukan, respon website cukup lama, dan lain sebagainya. Maka dari itu, perlu dilakukan evaluasi usability pada website tersebut untuk meningkatkan kemudahan dan efisiensi saat digunakan. Untuk mengevaluasi usability website digunakan metode pengukuran dari sudut pandang pengguna, yaitu Website Usability Evaluation Tool (WEBUSE). Hasil evaluasi WEBUSE diukur menggunakan metode Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) untuk mengetahui perbaikan-perbaikan yang perlu diprioritaskan. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan usability website saat ini berada pada level Moderate deng...

This review paper is about menus on web pages and applications and their positioning on the user screen. The paper aims to provide the reader with a succinct summary of the major research in this area along with an easy to read tabulation of the most important studies. Furthermore, the paper concludes with some suggestions for future research regarding how menus and their positioning on the screen could be improved. The two principal suggestions concern trying to use more qualitative methods for investigating the issues and to develop in the future more universally designed menus.

The aim of this research study was to evaluate the websites of Jordan's universities from the usability perspective. Two online automated tools, namely: html toolbox and web page analyze were used along with a questionnaire directed towards users of these websites. Tools were used to measure the websites internal attributes which can not be perceived by users, such as html code error, download time, and size of html page. The questionnaire was developed and designed based on 23 usability criteria divided into 5 categories. Each category deals with one usability aspect. The results showed that the overall usability level of the studied Websites is acceptable. However, there are some weaknesses in some aspects of the design, interface, and performances. Suggestions are provided in the study to enhance the usability of these websites.

Today exists an considerable body of knowledge dedicated to the usability of Human-Computer Interfaces (HCI) of computer-based systems. This knowledge is typically referred to as usability guideline, or guideline for short. Guidelines can be found in many different formats with contents varying both in quality and level of detail, ranging from ill-structured common sense statements to formalized rules ready for automatic guidelines checking. Guidelines are particularly appropriate for consolidating usability knowledge (Stephanidis ...

La implementación de los Learning Management System (LMS) en el diseño de los entornos virtuales de aprendizaje, en estas dos últimas décadas, ha sido un gran avance tanto tecnológico como educativo. Su crecimiento ha aumentado a medida que las instituciones educativas han ido incorporando una nueva oferta educativa en sus diseños, así como la mejora de las propias plataformas desde la perspectiva tecnológica.
La incorporación de estos sistemas de gestión (LMS) en la creación de entornos virtuales a distancia no se ciñe exclusivamente a la educación formal, sino que también se han incorporado en el ámbito no formal. Instituciones no educativas también han valorado la implementación de estas plataformas en la formación de sus empleados como complemento formativo dentro de la propia empresa (Oztekin, Kong, & Uval, 2010).

The aim of this research study was to evaluate the websites of Jordan's universities from the usability perspective. Two online automated tools, namely: html toolbox and web page analyze were used along with a questionnaire directed towards users of these websites. Tools were used to measure the websites internal attributes which can not be perceived by users, such as html code error, download time, and size of html page. The questionnaire was developed and designed based on 23 usability criteria divided into 5 categories. Each category deals with one usability aspect. The results showed that the overall usability level of the studied Websites is acceptable. However, there are some weaknesses in some aspects of the design, interface, and performances. Suggestions are provided in the study to enhance the usability of these websites.

Online store website “olx.co.id” and “berniaga.com” were the most frequented online store in Indonesia. The purpose of the study was to compare both sites by the seller or the buyer. Online store with higher usability will have higher probabilities to be re-accessed. 30 subjects participated in filling out the USE questionaire with 4 dimensions including usefulness, ease of use, ease of learning and satisfaction. Then 10 subjects were taken at random to be participated in performance measurement. There were 3 atributes of usability used in the performance measurement method: effectiveness, efficiency, and level of user error.  This usability testing of olx.co.id and berniaga.com identified that berniaga.com have higher efficiency and effectiveness, but in the term of user error berniaga.com also have higher number of error than olx.co.id. However, berniaga.com was better in performance. In addition, the result of USE questionaire method shown that olx.co.id was better and more satisfying than berniaga.com.
Keyword :  Performance Measurement, USE, olx.co.id, berniaga.com, usability

Rövid összefoglaló / Absztrakt: A weboldalak használhatóságának vizsgálatára több módszer létezik, melyek közül egyes módszerek stabil elméleti alapokon nyugszanak, mások a gyakorlat mentén fejlődtek ki, elméleti alapjaikat nem említi és nem tisztázza a szakirodalom.
Disszertációmban négy módszert mutatok be: a card sorting, a paper prototyping, az eye tracking és az online fókuszcsoport módszereket. Ezek bemutatása mellett feltárom, hogy azok milyen elméleti és tudományos alapokon nyugszanak, és gyakorlati példákkal illusztrálom működésüket.
Bemutatom az aktuális online környezetet, az internetpenetrációt, a figyelem és az észlelés kérdéskörét, a kognitív sémákat, valamint kitérek az ergonómia tudományára is. Ezt követően jellemzem az egyes vizsgálati módszereket, működési alapjaikat, a vizsgálatokhoz szükséges és optimális mintaszámot. Az egyes vizsgálatok működését gyakorlati példával illusztrálom.

Kulcsszavak: online kommunikáció; ergonómia; használhatóság; website usability; card sorting teszt; paper prototyping; eye tracking; online fókuszcsoport; usability tesztelés.

Pécsi Tudományegyetem
Nyelvtudományi Doktori Iskola, Kommunikáció Doktori Program
Kommunikációtudományi Doktori Iskola

Doktori disszertáció
Témavezető:
Síklaki István
2011.

Recommender systems are software frameworks that employ a specific type of information filtering technique, aiming at recommending information items or social elements that are likely to be of interest to the user. Herein, we present the evaluation results of the recently prototyped tourism recommender system (TRS). We followed a formal evaluation process to validate the usability of two versions of the TRS by users in realistic environments; the first is a typical web recommender system (wTRS), while the second is a system that enables ...

Resumen La aceptación final de una aplicación de software por parte del usuario depende en gran manera de la percepción que éste tenga del sistema y esta percepción se logra mediante la interfaz del sistema. En la literatura correspondiente al diseño de interfaces de usuario ...

Usability Engineering is that branch in Human Computer Interaction which deals with design issues related to the development of useful, used and usable products. Software development models have evolved to a large extent to accomodate principles of usability engineering and hence create solutions that are usable as opposed to the conventional software engineering approach. Web Usability is an emerging area in HCI which concentrates on design and development of websites that are usable, given that a large number of applications run on the web these days (WebApp). This project aims at relating web usability and accessibility guidelines proposed by W3C and other standards in HCI in the context of a specific application namely IRCTC Online Railway Reservation portal. Key usability issues in the current design of the site have been identified and shall be redesigned as per usability guidelines. In addition to the standard guidelines, cognitive principles that are violated in the current design are redesigned and hence shall improve the usability of the website. The website design has also been evaluated for its usability via a trial version of a commercial web usability evaluator and the redesigned website shall also address major usability constraints identified by their reports.

Öz: Okunabilirlik tek başına anlaşılabilirliği garanti etmese de bir mesajın iletişiminde önemli bir faktördür. Mesajın hedef kitlenin okuma düzeyine uygun olup olmadığı iletişimde dikkate alınması gereken bir unsurdur. Özellikle İngilizcede eğitim ve psikoloji alanıyla başlayan okunabilirlik çalışmaları zaman içinde gazete haberlerine ve dijital teknolojiyle birlikte de web sitelerine taşınmıştır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de popüler teknoloji web sitelerinin okunabilirlik analizi yapılmıştır. Konu hem web sitelerinin kullanılabilirliği hem de toplumdaki teknoloji okuryazarlığı açısından önem taşımaktadır. 90 günlük trafik ve angajman performansına göre ilk 5 teknoloji sitesinin toplam 100 haberi okunabilirlik açısından incelenmiştir. İncelemede Türkçe için geliştirilen Ateşman ve Çetinkaya-Uzun formülleri kullanılmıştır. Önceki çeşitli araştırmalarla paralel bir şekilde orta ve zor seviyede okunabilirlik tespit edilmiştir. İki formül de metinlerle ilgili büyük ölçüde örtüşen sonuçlar çıkarmıştır. /// Abstract: Readability cannot guarantee comprehensibility, but it is a key factor for communicating a message. Whether the message is available for reading level of target audience is an important issue to be considered in communication. At the beginning, readability analyzes were applied in educational and psychological studies, and then the method was applied to journalistic texts and websites with developing digital technology in time. The research conducted readability analysis of popular technology websites in Turkey. It is an important issue for web usability and technology literacy. Totally a hundred news retrieved from 5 top technology websites which were determined according to their internet traffic and engagement performance, and texts of the news were analyzed for their readability by using Ateşman and Çetinkaya-Uzun formulas which were developed for Turkish language. Mostly, mid and low readability levels were found in the research. The results showed correlation with the previous researches. Both readability formulas put values that match on a large scale.

Statistical analysis has meant to provide statistical methods for making tests of significance and trustworthy estimations of the magnitude of the effects indicated by the results for the reduction of data. Statistical method on the other hand involves the use of certain logical ideas appropriate to experimental procedure. As this research intends to review the different statistical methods for data reduction during the administration of usability evaluation as well as provides readers with statistical methods’ definitions and concepts, it will help researchers especially the one who conducts usability evaluation becomes familiar and find appropriate statistical methods to treat the data collected and these methods include: (1) frequency distribution, (2) percentage, (3) mean score, (4) standard deviation, (5) likert scale, (6) analysis of variance, (7) chi-square, and (8) pearson’s r (pearson product-moment correlation coefficient).

The main focus of this paper is to provide other researchers a review on the different statistical methods used to treat data obtained from usability evaluations for data reduction. In order to achieve this specified goal, the researcher will present various previous studies like the study of Thuseethan et al., Hammouche, Penha et al., Zhao, Deotale, Iqbal et al., Manlai, Sauro and Kindlund, and Joo and describes the process of how they statistically treated data collected from different usability evaluation techniques.

Although this paper’s primary focus is about statistical methods, an overview about usability evaluation and its methods were discussed to provide readers a brief introduction about usability concepts and familiarize them with most usability methods used in usability testing and evaluation.

Various evaluation methods exists that serve to measure system’s usability and these methods can be analytical or empirical. Analytical usability methods are conducted by usability experts who put themselves as the users of the application or the system while the empirical usability methods consist of various usability tests and questionnaires. The empirical usability methods can be done if a prototype of the system is already available and ready to use.

An example of analytical usability method is the Heuristic Evaluation that serves to measure a system’s usability. The recent Heuristic Evaluation – Usability Techniques used today was designed by Deniese Pierotti of Xerox Company that comprises of 13 heuristics: (1) Visibility of system status, (2) Match between system and the real world, (3) User control and freedom, (4) Consistency and standards, (5) Help users recognize, diagnose, and recover from errors, (6) Error prevention, (7) Recognition rather than recall, (8) Flexibility and minimalist design, (9) Aesthetic and minimalist design, (10) Help and documentation, (11) Skills, (12) Pleasurable and respectful interaction with the user, and (13) Privacy.

The empirical usability method on the other hand is an approach which consists of various usability tests and questionnaires. Examples for usability evaluation techniques that measures usability are: (1) System Usability Scale (SUS), (2) Software Usability Measurement Inventory, (3) Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ) and Web-based Learning Environment Instrument (WLEI), and (4) post-tasks walkthrough.

In this study, various statistical methods will be explored and reviewed. The selection of these methods will focus primarily on studies where data obtained from usability evaluation techniques such as: (1) Frequency distribution, (2) Percentage, (3) Mean score, (4) Standard deviation, (5) Likert scale, (6) Analysis of variance, (7) Chi-square, and (8) Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (or Pearson’s r).

Although statistical treatment for the reduction of data is preferably done by statistician to avoid uncertainty of data, listing various statistical methods in this study will help researchers to understand its importance and use.

The findings from each selected research show proofs and evidences that choosing appropriate methods for evaluation and statistical treatment is important and the information gathered from previous articles and studies support this research to help other researchers become familiar on choosing appropriate statistical methods used in usability evaluation and since the results of the statistical analysis process were recorded through this research it will help the future researchers with similar study to easily retrieve it for future use.

Abstract: This paper explores three main areas, firstly, website accessibility guidelines; secondly, website accessibility tools and finally the implication of human factors in the process of implementing successful e-Government websites. It investigates the issues that make a website accessible and explores the importance placed on web usability and accessibility with respect to e-Government websites. It briefly examines accessibility guidelines, evaluation methods and analysis tools. It then evaluates the web accessibility ...

يحاول هذا الفصل التعرف على نظرية البحث الفطري الغريزي عن المعلومات، والأساس النظري أو الوجهة العلمية التي تنتمي إليها، وهل هي مجرد نظرية أم نموذج نظري أساسي Paradigm؟ كما يحدد الفصل موقعها في البناء الفكري العلمي، ويستعرض خصائص الإنتاج الفكري وسماته عن طريق دراسة ببليومترية موجزة.

Menurut Jacob Nielsen, "usability" adalah atribut kualitas yang menjelaskan atau mengukur seberapa mudah penggunaan suatu antar muka atau interface. Usability adalah adalah tingkat kualitas dari sistem yang mudah dipelajari, mudah digunakan dan mendorong user untuk menggunakan sistem sebagai alat bantu positif dalam menyelesaikan tugas. 

Graphical user interfaces design in software development process focuses on maximizing usability and the user's experience, in order to make the interaction for users easy, flexible and efficient. In this paper, we propose an approach for evaluating the usability satisfaction degree of a web-based system. The proposed method has been accomplished in two phases and implemented on an airlines website as a case study. In the first phase, a website usability test is implemented by a number of users, and then the results obtained are translated into charts for a final web-based system evaluation in the second phase. The results achieved were satisfactory, since the places where the weaknesses and gaps in the website are identified and recommended solutions to avoid them are drawn. The authenticity of the results have been confirmed by comparing them with user opinions acquired from a questionnaire, which proves the precision in which the website is rated.

With the fast development and increasing use of the World Wide Web as both an information seeking and an electronic commerce tool, Web usability studies are growing in importance. While Web designers have largely focused on the functional aspects of Web sites, there has been little systematic attention to (1) the motivational issues of Web user interface design or (2) a theoretically-driven approach to Web user satisfaction studies. The objective of this paper is to provide a conceptual framework and foundation for ...

It was concluded in the literature review that small- to medium-sized enterprises (SMME) should prioritise utilising the websites on the Internet, as it provides a low cost infrastructure, unlocking opportunities and allowing small- to medium-sized enterprises to market to the international customer, promoting business activities in a low-risk environment. However, visitors do not know that they do not know, meaning a need for facilitation exists between the Internet user in terms of the information required and the information available on the Internet.
Search engines (governed by their organic ranking algorithms) were created for this very purpose, to facilitate users in finding relevant information on the Internet in the shortest time possible. Search engines interpret and evaluate any given indexed web page from a targeted keywords perspective, indicating that web pages must be optimised from a search engine perspective. However, the elements search engines perceive to be important may not always be aligned with what website visitors perceive to be important. Anything on the web page that may remotely impede the visitors’ experience could be detrimental as alternative website options are but a click away. An example would be the excessive use of content on a given web page. The search engine may find the excessive content useful as it may provide contextual interpretation of the web page. However, the excessive content may impede a visitor’s website interaction as it is estimated that the average visitors will often view a web page for 45-60 seconds and read a maximum of 200 words only.
During the process of identifying the contradictory search engine optimisation (SEO) elements and website usability (WU) attributes, three journal articles were written, with two journal articles following their own research methodologies and the third journal article utilising all the research results in order to create the fused SEO and WU model.
Journal Article 1:
Two websites were used as part of the experiment:
• Control Website (CW): http://www.copywriters.co.za
• Experimental Website (EW): http://www.copywriters.co.za/ppc/.
The CW is an existing website with no special emphasis applied to SEO and/or WU. The EW was developed by implementing the WU attributes and ignoring all contradictory SEO elements. In order to ensure integrity of the experiment, search engines were denied access to the EW. The traffic sources for the CW were search engines (organic) traffic, as well as direct and referrer traffic. The traffic source for the EW was purely PPC.
The two websites sold exactly the same products. Owing to the different traffic sources, performance was measured by considering the number of conversions obtained from the amount of website traffic obtained (conversion – traffic ratio) of each website over the same period of time, which were then compared (keeping the traffic source in mind). Additional factors, such as time spent on site, page views and Return on Investment (ROI) were also considered as measuring tools. Additional experiments (interviewing Internet users and directing the PPC traffic source to the CW for the same period of time) were conducted for triangulation purposes.


The statistical analysis was based on the Mann-Whitney U test. This analysis indicates that Visitors, Average Page Views per Visit and conversions are all significantly different when comparing the CW values with the EW values. Average time on site per Visitor and ROI were not considered as being significantly different. Accumulated results obtained from the triangulation experiment interview indicated the importance of security, minimising content and making the contact form as easy as possible to complete. The PPC triangulation experiment obtained five times more traffic (including PPC traffic) than the EW (primary experiment). However, the EW obtained approximately 50 percent more conversions as opposed to the number of conversions obtained during the triangulation experiment.


The primary objective of this research project was to determine the WU attributes which are in contradiction with SEO elements. The literature review clearly indicated that contradictions do exist between SEO and WU. The secondary objective of this research project was to determine whether or not the WU attributes identified do in fact have an effect on conversions. The primary experiment results combined with the results obtained from the triangulation experiments, provided evidence that WU attributes do have an effect on conversion. The journal article results contribute to the body of knowledge by evaluating the WU and SEO contradictions from a WU perspective, which has a direct impact on website conversions.


Journal Article 2:
The objective of the second journal article was to prove that implementing search engine optimisation elements that are in contradiction to website usability attributes is essential to improve rankings.

The primary experiment included two websites, which were utilised as part of the experiment, the CW: http://www.copywriters.co.za and the Experimental Website Two (EW2): http://www.translation-copywriters.co.za/. The CW is an existing website with no special emphasis applied to SEO and/or WU. The EW2 was developed by implementing all on-page SEO elements and ignoring all contradictory WU attributes. The EW: http://www.copywriters.co.za/ppc/ was utilised for triangulation purposes. 
The purpose of the primary experiment was to monitor 130 predetermined keyword rankings across the three major search engines, over a period of four months, comparing the CW with the EW2 rankings. The primary experiment ranking results documented were the results obtained at the end of month four. During the four months a number of systematic changes were made to the EW2 for SEO purposes. However, no changes were made to the CW at all. For triangulation purposes, four additional experiments were conducted, of which two were the keyword rankings and organic traffic improvements documented each month, comparing the CW results with the EW2 results. The two additional experiments were the conversions obtained and interviews conducted, whereby the CW, EW and EW2 results were compared.

The statistical analysis for the primary experiment was based on the univariate analysis of variance test. The results indicated that the EW2 retained better search engine rankings than the CW. The triangulation ranking results documented each month indicated similar results to the primary experiment. The statistical analysis utilised for the triangulation organic traffic experiment was the linear regression analysis. Although the EW2 did not draw as many visitors as the CW, the experiment did provide evidence as to the EW2 experiencing significant traffic growth over time owing to the application of SEO. Conversely, the CW´s traffic growth was virtually zero over the same period of time. The results obtained from the triangulation conversion experiment were analysed utilising the Kruskal-Wallis test, indicating that the EW obtained significantly more conversion that the CW and the EW2. The interviews emphasised that SEO elements, as implemented on the EW2, were considered to be obstacles from a WU perspective. The unanimous choice of website was the EW.
The results obtained from all the experiments clearly indicate the importance of applying both WU attributes and SEO elements to ensure the success of a conversion orientated website. The results also indicate that some WU attributes (content, text and media) contradict certain SEO elements (content and keywords), which have a direct impact on the process of obtaining conversions. Although search engine algorithms constantly change, certain fundamental elements will remain the same, such as the artificial intelligence programs which have to crawl, index and arrange the search results through an organic ranking algorithm. The journal article results contribute to the body of knowledge by evaluating the WU and SEO contradictions from a SEO perspective, which has a direct impact on search engine rankings.
Based on the results obtained from the two journal articles, the author was able to construct a model, synergizing the SEO elements and WU attributes along with the contradictions and solutions in an attempt to provide guidance to industry (SMME).

The primary objective of this research project was to determine whether on-page search engine optimisation elements and website usability variables can be applied to a single website simultaneously, without resulting in degradation of service to either of the two concepts.
The fused SEO and WU model addresses the visitor's concerns by removing or isolating any obstacles that may impede visitor interaction, without compromising the on-page SEO elements, thus successfully fusing SEO and WU. The author is thus of the opinion that the research problem and questions have been resolved and answered.

Human Computer Interaction (HCI) is a discipline that has progressed to establish a smooth understanding between humans and computers for effective visual searchability, accessibility and usability. With a lot of advancements in the search engines, only a few studies examined how the results are viewed from the perspective of end users from different regions. The main aim of this research is to investigate and explore whether there are cultural variations in visual search behaviour and eye movements on Search Engine Results Page (SERP) between two different cultures (Arabic and English), using the eye-tracking method in order to provide insights for global implementation of search engines. This research also aims to explore to what extent users with different language and cultural background differ in their visual search behaviour, performance and satisfaction when they are searching SERP with different layout and tasks. As a preliminary work, a controlled eye-tracking experiment was conducted to explore and evaluate the visual search behaviour of Arabs and English when searching through the Google Pages. The preliminary results provide new insights into the differences in visual search behaviours and eye movements between members from the Middle East and United Kingdom.

La UX è una disciplina che si interessa alla progettazione ed al potenziamento delle tecnologie mettendo al centro le caratteristiche psicologiche che intercorrono nella relazione tra uomo e tecnologia ed è considerabile, essendo unica, soggettiva, influenzata da esperienze pregresse, un sottoinsieme del concetto di esperienza, che è appunto un processo, un insieme di eventi che si susseguono nello spazio e nel tempo implicando alterazioni del nostro stato psico-fisico e influenzando le nostre scelte. Il punto di partenza è l’idea secondo cui le cose non sono l’opposto delle esperienze, piuttosto le creano e le plasmano. Ciò sarà analizzato considerando l’utente, il suo rapporto con la tecnologia e la sua influenza sul e dal contesto cercando di capire capire come la UX debba svilupparsi per analizzare l’impatto che avranno sulle vite degli utenti le esperienze tecnologiche tenendo in considerazione l’adattamento necessario al cambiamento che corre veloce in base a diverse spinte come quelle del mercato, dei bisogni dell’utente, dell’ecosistema tecnologico ed i nuovi orizzonti di innovazione come quello del TED (Trasformative experience design) che vede tecnologie capaci di far vivere esperienze trasformative, esistenziali.

A atividade de criação de uma interface digital interativa para a internet envolve questões de representação de seus elementos (tarefa a ser realizada pelos designers dessa interface), significação dos mesmos e a decodificação da interface pelos usuários. A semiótica, a ciência dos signos, apresenta-se como um minucioso olhar sobre questões mentalistas e da subjetividade humana.
Esta pesquisa visa demonstrar que um website concebido com a implementação de princípios trazidos pela Semiótica Peirciana, aliados às metodologias da Usabilidade de interface teria mais sucesso com seu público - Uma vez compreendendo o comportamento, fruição, proficiência e objetivos deste público. O foco desta pesquisa recai sobre portais de informação brasileiros e o público falante da língua portuguesa. Os conceitos, avaliações e resultados obtidos podem ser extendidos para outros artefatos interativos e públicos diversos.
Foram observadas várias ciências e metodologias que atuam na verificação de usabilidade de mídias digitais interativas, o componente cognitivo e o aprendizado humano. Foi apresentado um levantamento de dados baseado nas impressões dos usuários sobre a home page de dois portais de informação determinados, em adição aos comentários coletados em entrevistas com designers atuantes na criação de portais voltados para o público brasileiro. As páginas iniciais foram analisadas segundo os princípios da usabilidade de interface (vários autores) e da semiótica peirceana, na obra de Santaella. Os resultados do levantamento de dados e das análises foram utilizados na criação de recomendações para um design que vislumbre as questões da semiótica e da usabilidade de interface.

In recent years, many Usability Evaluation Methods (UEMs) have been employed to evaluate Web applications. However, many of these applications still do not meet most customers' usability expectations and many companies have folded as a result of not considering Web usability issues. No studies currently exist with regard to either the use of usability evaluation methods for the Web or the benefits they bring.

Bilgisayar ve internet teknolojilerindeki hızlı değişim insanların hayatlarında bir takım değişikliklere neden olmuştur. İnsanlar günlük hayatta yaptıkları işleri bilgisayar sistemleri aracılığıyla artık daha kolay ve kısa yoldan gerçekleştirebilmektedir. Tüm bu kolaylıkların yanı sıra geliştirilen sistemlerin kullanıcı odaklı olmaması, kullanıcıların bu sistemlerde sorunlar yaşamalarına sebep olmaktadır. Bu sorunlar kullanılabilirlik kavramını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Kullanılabilirlik, bir ürünün belirli kullanıcılar tarafından belirli amaçlar doğrultusunda etkili, verimli ve belirli bir kullanım çerçevesinde memnuniyetle kullanabilme derecesi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada kullanılabilirlik değerlendirme yöntemleri ve türleri ile literatürde yer alan çevrim içi öğrenme ortamlarında yapılmış olan kullanılabilirlik çalışmaları ele alınmıştır. Yapılan araştırma sonucunda, incelenen çalışmalardaki kullanılabilirlik değerlendirmelerinin birçoğunun uzman temelli ve kullanıcı testleri yaklaşımlarıyla gerçekleştirildiği görülmektedir.

Not: Bu çalışma, Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK) tarafından desteklenen 113K302 numaralı “FATİH Projesi Uygulamalarının Teknolojik-Pedagojik-Alan Bilgisi (TPAB) Çerçevesinde Gözlemlenmesi ve Çevrimiçi Örnek Olay Kütüphanesi Oluşturulması” başlıklı proje kapsamında hazırlanmıştır. Yazarlar, bu çalışmaya desteğinden dolayı TÜBİTAK’a teşekkür eder. Bu çalışma, ilk yazarın proje kapsamında yapılan yüksek lisans tezinden üretilmiştir.

Purpose – The underlying objective of this literature review was to investigate what kinds of semiotics researches have been employed in user interfaces design and usability evaluation, and how were they employed.

Design/methodology/approach – This research follows a systematic literature review process that consists of three key stages: planning the review, conducting the review, and reporting the review. Starting with an initial set of about 1,000 research articles, 65 were selected for this review, using an inclusion and exclusion criteria. Qualitative and quantitative data were extracted from the selected literatures following a data extraction strategy in six themes of data extraction. The extracted data were synthesized to formulate the stated research questions to obtain the review goals.

Findings – This systematic review identified research strengths, gaps, and challenges. Apart from this, further research possibilities were also explored in this review. For research, the review showed clear needs for more researches to increase both the number and the quality of studies that can be focused on the research gaps identified by this systematic review related to: outcome validation; cultural issues consideration; user interfaces of mobile applications and websites; semiotics perception in usability evaluation; and further improve the value and applicability of research ideas. For practice, the review showed the significance of semeiotics in user interface design and usability evaluation to develop users' intuitive interfaces for boosting the system's usability.

Originality/value – Based on a systematic literature review, the paper not only depicts the current status of semiotics research in user interface design and evaluation, but also provides a number of implications for research and practice. Thus, the review contributes to the scientific community of user interface design and evaluation, as well as suggesting the actual advances in the state of the practice in semiotics research on user interface.

Intisari— Internet mengubah cara berinteraksi organisasi dengan publik, dengan menggunakan internet organisasi cukup membuat laman (website) untuk memberikan informasi pada khalayak banyak dan meningkatkan efisiensi operasional. Untuk mengetahui apakah tampilan laman sudah baik atau belum, diperlukanlah sebuah pengujian kepada pengunjung, dengan menggunakan uji ketergunaan (usability testing). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur ketergunaan dari laman Universitas Padjadjaran (UNPAD) dengan menggunakan SUPR-Q (Standardized Universal Percentile Rank-Questionnare) dan diharapkan dapat memberikan petunjuk maupun arahan untuk mengembangkan laman menjadi lebih baik dan berguna, tidak hanya untuk UNPAD, tetapi untuk perguruan tinggi lainnya. Metode yang digunakan adalah pengambilan non-probability sample dengan menggunakan metode snowball sampling untuk mendapatkan data dari mahasiswa, civitas akademik, dan pegawai administrasi UNPAD. Tautan (link) kuesioner daring disebarkan melewati mahasiswa UNPAD maupun akun resmi UNPAD. Penelitian ini berhasil mengetahui seberapa besar nilai ketergunaan laman UNPAD menurut mahasiswa, civitas akademik, maupun pegawai administrasi Universitas Padjadjaran. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan nilai SUPR-Q sebesar 70.73% yang artinya laman unpad.ac.id sudah dapat diterima, dipahami dan digunakan dengan baik oleh pengunjung dan pengguna laman tersebut. Namun, untuk faktor kepuasan diharapkan dapat ditingkatkan lebih baik lagi, karena merupakan faktor dengan nilai terendah dibandingkan faktor lainnya. Kata kunci— SUPR-Q, UNPAD, uji ketergunaan, kuesioner daring, laman, snowball sampling Abstract— Internet change how organization interact with public, using internet organization only need build website to give information to public and increasing operational efficiency. To determine website interface good enough or not, requires testing to user using usability testing. This study aims to conduct usability testing on Padjadjaran Universities (UNPAD) website usimg SUPR-Q (Standardized Universal Percentile Rank-Questionnare) and is expected to provide guidance for developing not only UNPAD website, also other universities website into a better and more useful website. This study using non-probability sample, snowball sampling method to obtain data from the college student, lecturer, and administrative staff of UNPAD. Online questionnaire link distributed from UNPAD college student nor official account (OA) of UNPAD. The test result show the value of UNPAD website SUPR-Q at 70.73%, which means that unpad.ac.ic website already understood and can be used properly by the user. However, for the satisfaction factor needs to improved better, because the lowest value compared to the others factor.

Zambeze -Beira, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Licenciado em Engenharia informática. Beira 2015 I DECLARAÇÃO Eu, VÍVIAN LUÍSA MACHINDANO declaro por minha honra que esta monografia é resultado do meu próprio trabalho investigatório, baseado na colecta de dados em bibliografias e pesquisas empíricas, e está a ser submetida para a obtenção do grau de Licenciatura em Engenharia Informática na Universidade Zambeze, Beira. Ela não foi submetida antes para obtenção de nenhum grau ou para avaliação em nenhuma outra Universidade. Beira, aos _____ de ________________________2015 _____________________________________________________ (Vívian Luísa Machindano) II DEDICATÓRIA Dedico este trabalho aos meus pais, Luísa Pandyja Manuel Abulukule (em memória), Geraldo Machindano Ngupula e aos meus irmãos Júlia Luísa Machindano, Geralda Luísa Machindano e Bruno Luísa Machindano (em memoria). III AGRADECIMENTOS Em primeiro lugar quero agradecer a Deus por ter me guiado ao longo desses anos, dandome sempre fortaleza para continuar a caminhada. Agradecer aos meus pais pela ajuda, suporte e inspiração, aos meus irmãos que tanto apoiaram-me com exemplos de vida, muita sabedoria e suporte. Ao professor Dr. C. José Alberto Vigueras Moreno pelo tempo dispensado na orientação, sabedoria, paciência e incentivo que tornaram possível a conclusão dessa monografia. A todos outros docentes do curso, que contribuíram na minha vida académica. Aos amigos, colegas pela amizade suporte dados durante esse percurso. A empresa Aeroportos de Moçambique especialmente ao departamento de manutenção electrónica com quem aprendi na pratica o trabalho do dia-a-dia assim como ao Centro de Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (CTIC) pelo acolhimento dado durante o desenvolvimento da proposta retratada no trabalho. Por fim não menos importante quero endereçar agradecimentos ao departamento de comunicação e imagem da universidade Zambeze (GACIM), pela disponibilidade oferecida durante as pesquisas para o trabalho. IV EPÍGRAFE " Liberta a mente dos homens e finalmente você vai libertar o corpo dos homens "

A previous paper compared the 110 guidelines in ISO CD 9241-151 with the 187 guidelines produced by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and found that 76% of the HHS guidelines and 54% of the ISO guidelines were unique. New versions of both the original 2004 documents were issued in 2006, but 71% of the HHS guidelines and 46% of the ISO guidelines are still unique. Neither set of guidelines is easy to use for an expert review of whether a web site complies with the guidelines. A more comprehensive checklist has been developed, based on the HHS and ISO guidelines, but extended to include additional research-based guidelines on privacy and security and e-commerce. It is complemented by a handbook describing each guideline in more detail, illustrated with an example, and with an explanation of how it should be tested and when compliance can be stated.

Background: Most websites, especially those with a commercial orientation, need a high ranking on a search engine for one or more keywords or phrases. The search engine optimisation process attempts to achieve this. Furthermore, website users expect easy navigation, interaction and transactional ability. The application of website usability principles attempts to achieve this. Ideally, designers should achieve both goals when they design websites. Objectives: This research intended to establish a relationship between search engine optimisation and website usability in order to guide the industry. The authors found a discrepancy between the perceived roles of search engines and website usability. Method: The authors designed three test websites. Each had different combinations of usability, visibility and other attributes. They recorded and analysed the conversions and financial spending on these experimental websites. Finally, they designed a model that fuses search engine optimisation and website usability. Results: Initially, it seemed that website usability and search engine optimisation complemented each other. However, some contradictions between the two, based on content, keywords and their presentation, emerged. Industry experts do not acknowledge these contradictions, although they agree on the existence of the individual elements. The new model highlights the complementary and contradictory aspects. Conclusion: The authors found no evidence of any previous empirical experimental results that could confirm or refute the role of the model. In the fast-paced world of competition between commercial websites, this adds value and originality to the websites of organisations whose websites play important roles.

According to Internet usage statistics; Turkey's estimated number of Internet users is 46.2 millions, which is 59.6% of the country's population, by November 2015. When people need information on a subject, the first source they refer to is the related institution's website. Design and usability of websites are important for users to rapidly and easily access to the information they demand. Ministry of National Education (MEB) website serves many users including millions of students and their guardians. In this study, MEB website's task based performance analysis and usability analysis according to Xerox heuristic scala are performed. The usability and human interaction level of this website, which belongs to a very important government organisation and is visited by multitudinous users, are determined. Website's inadequate parts are reported.

ÖZET: İnternet kullanım istatistiklerine göre ülkemizde internet kullanıcı sayısının 2015 Kasım ayı itibariyle 46.2 milyon yani ülke nüfusunun %59.6 sı olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Kullanıcılar bir konu hakkında bilgiye ihtiyaç duyduklarında ilk başvurdukları ilgili kurum veya kuruluşun web sitesi olmaktadır. Kullanıcıların talep ettikleri bilgiye daha hızlı ve kolay ulaşabilmeleri için web sitelerinin tasarım ve kullanılabilirliği önem arz etmektedir. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı (MEB) web sitesi, başta milyonlarca öğrenci ve velisi olmak üzere çok sayıda kullanıcıya hizmet vermektedir. Bu çalışmada MEB web sitesinin görev bazında performans ve Xerox sezgisel ölçeğine göre kullanılabilirlik analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Önemli bir kamu kurumuna ait olan ve çok sayıda kullanıcı tarafından ziyaret edilen bu web sitesinin kullanılabilirliği ve kullanıcı etkileşim düzeyi tespit edilmiştir. Sitenin eksik görülen yönleri belirlenmiştir.

Authentication on the Web is a challenge that can have a negative effect on user experience if it becomes overly complicated and cumbersome. This experience is even more crucial for older and visually impaired users due to their functional abilities. Web applications typically authenticate users by requesting for information that only the user knows (e.g. password). To enhance security, two-factor authentication (2FA) are increasingly implemented, which require the user to manually transfer information between 2FA devices and the Web application. This process can impose usability barriers and stress on human's memory. This paper proposes a technique to mitigate such issues by using wearables as the 2FA device, and to allow authentication information to be transferred seamlessly and automatically from the device to the Web application. From our preliminary results, older users found our approach less stressful on the human's memory and easier to use.

Este artigo apresenta a avaliação de Usabilidade do MOODLE a cerca das ferramentas básicas do processo de criar, organizar e configurar cursos na Web. Para coleta de dados foi aplicado um questionário, para avaliar a satisfação do usuário com relação ao sistema e as técnicas de avaliação de Usabilidade Ensaio de Interação e Verbalização Simultânea. Como forma de avaliar os problemas de interação encontrados foi usado o método de Avaliação Heurística. Durante a Avaliação Heurística, foram identificados e classificados problemas de usabilidade quanto ao seu grau de severidade, e foram sugeridas melhorias para a interface, através de wireframes, com o objetivo de auxiliar o entendimento das sugestões propostas. As avaliações realizadas têm a intenção de provocar uma reflexão a respeito da usabilidade das ferramentas tomadas para análise e fornecer subsídios para o seu aprimoramento.

The challenge of developing more usable Web applications has motivated the appearance of a number of techniques, methods and tools to address Web usability issues. Although there are many proposals for supporting the development of usable Web applications, many developers are not aware of them and many organizations do not properly apply them. This paper reports on a systematic review of the use of usability evaluation methods in Web development. The objective of the review is to investigate what usability evaluation methods have been employed by researchers to evaluate Web artifacts and how they were employed. A total of 51 research papers have been reviewed from an initial set of 410 papers. The results show that 45% of the papers reviewed reported the use of evaluation methods specifically crafted for the Web and that the most employed method is user testing. In addition, the results of the review have identified several research gaps. Specifically, 80% of the evaluations are still performed at the implementation phase of Web applications development and 47% of the papers did not present any validation of the usability evaluation method(s) employed.

Entendiendo por accesibilidad “el acceso a la información contenida en los sitios web sin limitación alguna por razón de deficiencia, minusvalía o tecnología” , se infiere que la accesibilidad a sitios en la web no solo es de interés para la persona que sufre algún tipo de discapacidad, sino también es de interés para quien diseña y desarrolla el sitio web.
En el siguiente informe se realiza la comprobación de accesibilidad a la página principal web de la universidad del Rosario de acuerdo a las normativas establecidas por la WCAG 2.0, con un nivel de análisis AA, con el fin de analizar de qué forma y bajo qué condiciones se puede garantizar el acceso a cualquier persona, indistintamente si sufre de alguna discapacidad o no.