Weak Force

The overriding Leitmotif of this Paper is encapsulated in Professor Wolfgang Pauli's[5]
1945 Nobel Prize acceptance Lecture for his Paper "The Pauli Exclusion Principle".
In the concluding remarks of his lecture Pauli makes the following dramatic appeal. 

"From the point of view of logic, my report on Exclusion Principle and Quantum Mechanics 
has no conclusion. I believe that it will only be possible to write the conclusion if a theory will be established which will determine the value of the Fine-Structure Constant (FSC) and will thus explain the Atomistic Structure of Electricity, which is such an essential quality of all atomic sources of Electric Fields actually occurring in Nature."

Pauli then gives (5) specific Issues that require answers
1) A correct theory should neither lead to Infinite Energies nor to Zero Charges,
2) It should not use mathematical tricks to subtract infinities or singularities.
3) It should not invent a hypothetical world of mathematical fiction in order to
              Formulate the correct interpretation of the actual world of physics in terms of
          4) the Fine Structure Constant (FSC)
          5) the Atomistic Structure of Electricity. 
These are Wolfgang Pauli's terms that ask for a Logical Conclusion to his Famous paper
                    “Exclusion Principle and Quantum Mechanics"

Thus this paper addresses the above Issues to prove the Atomistic Structure of Electricity. 
Furthermore our proof is founded on 
A) Sir Isaac Newton's Second Law of Motion in regards to Rotation
1) Any Rotation requires a minimum of (2) Particles
2) The Rotation must be in the form of an Ellipse
3) The Rotation Structure must have a Moment of Inertia.
B) Professor Albert Einstein's famous Equation E=mrc2
C) Professor Max Planck's Constant (h)
              Photon energy (E) =  f * h (6.62607015)×10−34 J⋅s 
D) Professor Arnold Sommerfeld Fine Structure Constant (FSC) a = 1 / 137
E) Professor Maxwell's Permeability o and Permittivity o of Space.
And finally the Actual Measurement of a Live Alternating Current Voltage in the Neutral Wire that reveals the Positive Voltage as the (Positron), the essential component of Electricity & Light. (e+ e- )

Quantum field theory applied to the electromagnetic field describes all physical phenomena involving electrons and photons , and is called quantum electrodynamics, abbreviated QED.  Stuart, Takahashi, and Umezawa (1978; 1979) propose a mechanism of human memory and consciousness consistent with quantum field theory which they have called quantum brain dynamics (QBD).  They go on to describe a theory in which the polarization of water molecules plays an exceptional part, and on the macro level produces a single resonant water "macromolecule" in bodies of living, water based creatures. Within this polarized, non-local H2O quantum field is embedded an electromagnetic field in the form of a plasma  field.

This paper explains the magnetic effect of the electric current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and theSpecial Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron’s spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the electromagnetic inertia, the changing relativistic mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions.

Gustav Fechner, the German experimental psychologist, coined the term psychophysics in 1860, publishing the first mathematical equation to model human consciousness.  Fechner assumed that any future approaches to consciousness would include mathematical and physical underpinnings. In 1995, the cognitive scientist and philosopher David Chalmers coined the phrase "the hard problem" as being that of connecting consciousness with some physical substrate.  According to Chalmers, "The really hard problem of consciousness is the problem of experience. Most existing theories of consciousness either deny the phenomenon, explain something else, or elevate the problem to an eternal mystery."  As Chalmers points out, unfortunately, the modern scientific community has not yet produced a model of consciousness supported by mathematics and physics, thus no progress in Fecher's "psychophysics." 
However there is growing interest among the scientific community in string theory, the only branch of mathematical geometry that has successfully explained recent discoveries in high energy particle physics. The mathematical proof of string theory requires the existence of a ten dimensional universe.  But in trying to map consciousness, science continues to limit its data search within time and the three spatial dimensions, ignoring six of string theory's ten dimensions  Perhaps because mainstream science tacitly limits itself to four of the ten dimensions, progress has come to a dead end. Accordingly, the most widely accepted theory among neurophysiologists is that consciousness is somehow a "byproduct" of the electrical sparking of neurons, an accidental epiphenomenon of the activities of nerve-filled wet meat.
This paper considers data beyond the four dimensional constraints of the scientific establishment. It is my contention that many recorded accounts of philosophers, mystics, and shamans can and should be considered as data. My thesis is that these accounts express experience and observation within one or more of the additional dimensions predicted by string theory. Any advance in understanding consciousness must take into account not only the language and domains of mathematics, particle physics, and neurobiology, but also the experiential domains of philosophers and mystics. It is in regarding data from these multiple domains of inquiry that a new model of consciousness will emerge. In this paper I hypothesize a psychophysics of consciousness, woven of strands from mathematics, mysticism, and physics, as well as contemplative participatory practice, to address and solve "the hard problem."

This is a study of Non-Local Gauge Invariant Quantum Field Theory. Non-Local gauge invariance is an extension of the group of local gauge transformations that has been extensively used in construction of physical theories. We show how this larger group is rich enough to accommodate a new theory of gravity, and we propose a new model of unification of gravitational and electromagnetic interactions. This new model of gravity has the advantage over the general relativity of being a quantizable theory.

The Standard Model Architecture and Interactions

©  2011 Claude Michael Cassano

    Based on my 1984 linearization of the Klein-Gordon equations, potential functions generalizations of the electric and magnetic field strengths form a basis from which a compound model simply constructs the leptons; the simple differences between the quarks and leptons; how the quarks arose from the leptons; why there are these two types of fermions; and why there are precisely three generations for each of these types. The most elementary particle interactions classify the interactions between strong and weak, and further still between the W and Z type of weak interactions. Two simple conservation requirements give rise to all the fundamental particle interactions, and describe the structure of the weak intermediate envelopes. Further, a simple charge function determines the charge of every object. Further still, the only free assignable parameters for the entire model are four mass constants for each fermion generation.
        This presentation is essentially a summary of my book: "a Mathematical Preon Foundation for the Standard Model"; but starting from the different standpoint of my Helmholtzian operator matrix product, rather than my constructive algebras (developed primarily in "Reality is a Mathematical Model" and "The Weighted Matrix Product").
    Through some ingenious mathematical manipulations, it can be shown that in free space, the thus defined  E  and  B  (generalizations of the electric and magnetic field strengths) also satisfy the Klein-Gordon equations, so have a particle-nature.
    Identifying a particle-nature member R  as either an  E  or a  B  ; each of these members satisfies the Klein-Gordon equation, but only really do so as three-vectors with three components or triplets. And, each bag of triplets must be triplets or triplets of triplets or triplets of triplets of triplets, and so on (i.e.: 3 to the n of triplets).
    The simplest , and thus, most fundamental members are triplets. The next most fundamental is triplets of triplets.
    These will be considered, here.
    Denoting a triplet of triplets by:  S sub R ≡ (R sub1,R sub2,R sub3)
  is a 3 matrix.

    Then we can write: 
                  S sub E ≡ (E sub1,E sub2,E sub3)  , and  S sub B ≡ (B sub1,B sub2,B sub3).
    The leptons and all the colors and flavors of quarks correspond to these
        L's  ,  Λ's  , and  Q's  ; by the associations given, here. 

    The table shown,  may be considered a replica of the one found everywhere, including Wikipedia (except that the quark colors  are explicitly delineated).

    Shown, are examples of hadrons (second order compositions): mesons: and baryons.

    The charge function acts as a linear function on any linear combination of  S sub R  matrix objects, independant of column/generation,.
    The function for mass is a little more complicated, but for the first and second order objects is shown, here.
        As mentioned earlier, this has been a summary of my book, "a Mathematical Preon Foundation for the Standard Model", available on Kindle through amazon.com. Find links to all my books at:

https://sites.google.com/site/themathematicalnatureofreality/config/pagetemplates/books .

The nuclei model hypothesizes that nuclei have a spherical shell core, the nucleons tend to distribute in the outer shell of the nuclei core. Between two nucleons, there is a quantized Lower Bound Inter-nucleons Distance (LBID): R_u=[1/C^2 ]_m where the dividend has unit of m^3 and the C is the distance in meter light travels in a second. The nuclei on the Periodic table tend to have LBID structures. The Nuclear Binding Energy (NBE) for those nuclei with LBID structure can be described by the E-space Inter Domain Interaction potential (EIDIP) function [1] and these NBE can be used as the reference NBE (BE_REF) to calculate the NBE for other nuclei. The average inter-nucleon distances for most nuclei are longer than the LBID; which resulted a lower NBE than the BE_REF. The Weizsaecker and Bethe (W&B) NBE semi-empirical formula is built on liquid drop model by adding up several nucleon packing structure terms; whereas the EIDIP NBE semi-empirical formula is built on the BE_REF subtracting nucleon packing structure adjustments which includes nucleonic promiscuity form and the nucleon pairing term adjustments. Referencing the 3177 nuclei NBE listed in the National Nuclear Data Center (NNDC) atomic mass evaluation table [1], the EIDI NBE semi-empirical formula produced data has 0.09502 St. Dev. compares to the 0.42439 St. Dev. of the W&B semi-empirical NBE formula produced data.

Three of the four known forces in physics are unified into one equation with a clear explanation for the different properties of each force. The strong, electromagnetic and gravitational forces are governed by the same force equation, yet they have different characteristics of wave amplitude that modify a particle’s wave and motion. Although it is intentionally not unified into the general equation for force, an explanation is provided for the weak force. All calculations with the newly proposed Force Equation match experimental results and can derive Newton’s laws for gravity and Coulomb’s law for electromagnetism.

A hypothetical theory of a Yangton and Yington circulating pair with an inter-attractive “Force of Creation” is proposed as the “Origin of Creation”. When this circulating pair travels in the space it is known as “Photon”. Otherwise, at still, it is known as “Wu’s Particles” also as “Still Photon”, which makes the basic building block of all matters. The structures of Quarks, Neutrinos, Higgs Boson particles, Electron, Positron, Proton, Neutron, and Dark Matters are proposed based on “Wu’s Particles”. Also, it is assumed that “Force of Creation” is the only fundamental force in the universe that could create and unify the Four Basic Forces. Gravitation is formed by the attractive force between two Higgs Boson particles with String Structures that are made of “Wu’s Particles” of the same circulation direction. Electromagnetism is however generated between two atoms both with single outer layer Electron that are attractive to each other while spinning in the same direction and repulsive in the opposite directions. Both the Weak Force between Neutron and Positron as well as the Strong Force between two Neutrons also between Proton and Neutron are proposed and interpreted based on “Wu’s particles” and “Force of Creation”.

This paper derives the equations
for electroweak force using complex affine space.
These equations are related to curvature tensor
and curvature scalar (electroweak force is space
time curvature in complex affine space). Curvature
tensor and curvature scalar is related to
electromagnetic tensor in absence of weak force.

Electroweak parity violating interaction between supernova (SN) neutrinos and electrons of a simple chiral molecule is studied related to the origin of molecular homochirality. Appearance of supernova remnants inside molecular clouds favours the interaction of SN-neutrinos with interstellar molecules, leading to a energetic difference between the two enantiomers of the order of 10–5 eV. This energetic difference is closer to the thermic energy of the interstellar medium, so molecular homochirality could be enhanced in molecular clouds containing supernova remnants inside it due to neutrino interaction.

Matter engenders a Modified Newtonian Gravitational Potential (MNGP) that has a singularity at a two Normalized Spatial Unit (NSU) distance with a modified gravitational field constant in distance > 2 NSU region, and a saturated potential for distance < 2 NSU region. In Cartesian coordinates, a reference object (RO) resides at origin and a test object (TO) resides on the positive region of the X-axis, the interaction energy between the MNGP of the RO in the X>0 region and the X<0 region with the MNGP of the TO is different; This interaction energy imbalance results an E-space Inter-Domain Interaction potential (EIDIP), a scalar potential. An E-space Inter-Domain Interaction Potential (EIDIP) application models is based on the EIDIP function. Ten EIDIP application models are summarized in this paper with Matlab models simulations and empirical data/figures comparisons. These EIDIP application models cover from elementary particle scale (nuclear binding energy, nuclear charge radius, nucleon-nucleon potential, strong interaction-asymptotic freedom and color confinement, Bohr radius and short range inter-atomic force) to human scale (the Newtonian gravitational interaction and the near earth fly-by anomaly) and astronomical scale (the Pioneer spacecraft 10/11 speed anomaly and the Milky Way rotation curve anomaly). A list of null hypothesis testing node (NHTN), extracted from these EIDIP application model empirical data comparison results, indicates that the EIDIP has 5+ sigma confidence level potential. The EIDIP function, along with the explanatory EIDIP model, could be the missing blocks in completing the Unified theory.

The hunt for dark matter is certainly one of the most pressing quest of modern physics, its existence is a fundamental need precisely because of its simple and clever way to deal with astrophysical and cosmological problems. AMS-02, on the International Space Station, is running after great scientific goals since two years: the final setting up for dark matter searches allows to study antiparticle to particle ratios, which will probably be the first dark matter signals ever corroborated. Many statements have been written down in this book about DM properties and detectability, building up a dark matter search phenomenological guideline for spaceborn experiments. Dark matter should be a heavy Majorana fermion or boson, with a mass from about 1 to 10 TeV - unveiling a new TeV-ish search age - able to originate antiparticle fluxes enhancements at high energies, both for positrons and antiprotons. All the observations point to these new paradigms. Moreover, these cosmic rays enhancements perfectlyfall into the energy research window of AMS-02, allowing the experiment to test each today credible theory, such as Little Higgs, SUSY, Kaluza-Klein and Scalar Multiplet theories.

Every system in physics is described in terms of interacting elementary particles characterized by modulated spacetime recurrences. These intrinsic periodicities, implicit in undulatory mechanics, imply that every free particle is a reference clock linking time to the particle&#39;s mass, and every system is formalizable by means of modulated elementary spacetime cycles. We propose a novel consistent relativistic formalism based on intrinsically cyclic spacetime dimensions, encoding the quantum recurrences of elementary particles into spacetime geometrodynamics. The advantage of the resulting theory is a formal derivation of quantum behaviors from relativistic mechanics, in which the constraint of intrinsic periodicity turns out to quantize the elementary particles; as well as a geometrodynamical description of gauge interaction which, similarly to gravity, turns out to be represented by relativistic modulations of the internal clocks of the elementary particles. The characteristic ...

Every system in physics is described in terms of interacting elementary particles characterized by modulated spacetime recurrences. These intrinsic periodicities, implicit in undulatory mechanics, imply that every free particle is a reference clock linking time to the particle's mass, and every system is formalizable by means of modulated elementary spacetime cycles. We propose a novel consistent relativistic formalism based on intrinsically cyclic spacetime dimensions, encoding the quantum recurrences of elementary particles into spacetime geometrodynamics. The advantage of the resulting theory is a formal derivation of quantum behaviors from relativistic mechanics, in which the constraint of intrinsic periodicity turns out to quantize the elementary particles; as well as a geometrodynamical description of gauge interaction which, similarly to gravity, turns out to be represented by relativistic modulations of the internal clocks of the elementary particles. The characteristic classical to quantum correspondence of the theory brings novel conceptual and formal elements to address fundamental open questions of modern physics.

Matter engenders a Modified Newtonian Gravitational Potential (MNGP) that has a singularity at a two Normalized Spatial Unit (NSU) distance with a modified gravitational field constant in distance > 2 NSU region, and a saturated potential for distance < 2 NSU region. In Cartesian coordinates, a reference object (RO) resides at origin and a test object (TO) resides on the positive region of the X-axis, the interaction energy between the MNGP of the RO in the X>0 region and the X<0 region with the MNGP of the TO is different; This interaction energy imbalance results an E-space Inter-Domain Interaction potential (EIDIP), a scalar potential. An E-space Inter-Domain Interaction Potential (EIDIP) application models is based on the EIDIP function. Ten EIDIP application models are summarized in this paper with Matlab models simulations and empirical data/figures comparisons. These EIDIP application models cover from elementary particle scale (nuclear binding energy, nuclear charge radius, nucleon-nucleon potential, strong interaction-asymptotic freedom and color confinement, Bohr radius and short range inter-atomic force) to human scale (the Newtonian gravitational interaction and the near earth fly-by anomaly) and astronomical scale (the Pioneer spacecraft 10/11 speed anomaly and the Milky Way rotation curve anomaly). A list of null hypothesis testing node (NHTN), extracted from these EIDIP application model empirical data comparison results, indicates that the EIDIP has 5+ sigma confidence level potential. The EIDIP function, along with the explanatory EIDIP model, could be the missing blocks in completing the Unified theory.

Matter engenders a Modified Newtonian Gravitational Potential (MNGP) that has a singularity at a two Normalized Spatial Unit (NSU) distance with a modified gravitational field constant in distance > 2 NSU region, and a saturated potential for distance < 2 NSU region. In Cartesian coordinates, a reference object (RO) resides at origin and a test object (TO) resides on the positive region of the X-axis, the interaction energy between the MNGP of the RO in the X>0 region and the X<0 region with the MNGP of the TO is different; This interaction energy imbalance results an E-space Inter-Domain Interaction potential (EIDIP), a scalar potential. Between two irrotational objects, the gradient of the scalar EIDIP produces a vector field, EIDIPd; whereas between two rotational objects, the angular EIDIP produces a different vector field, EIDIPr. The EIDIPd is the source of inter-nucleon nuclear force and inter-molecule covalent bonding force; whereas the EIDIPr vector fields engender the strong force in the inter-atomic range and is responsible for the galaxy rotational velocity anomaly at the interstellar distance. A list of null hypothesis testing node (NHTN), extracted from the EIDIP application model empirical data comparison results, indicates that the EIDIP has 5+ sigma confidence level potential. The EIDIP function, along with the explanatory EIDIP model, could be the missing blocks in completing the Unified theory.

Matter engenders a Modified Newtonian Gravitational Potential (MNGP) that has a singularity at a two Normalized Spatial Unit (NSU) distance with a modified gravitational field constant in distance > 2 NSU region, and a saturated potential for distance < 2 NSU region. In Cartesian coordinates, a reference object (RO) resides at origin and a test object (TO) resides on the positive region of the X-axis, the interaction energy between the MNGP of the RO in the X>0 region and the X<0 region with the MNGP of the TO is different; This interaction energy imbalance results an E-space Inter-Domain Interaction (EIDI) potential (EIDIP), a scalar potential. The gravitational interaction among objects has three elements:1) a Matter-Warped E-space Potential (MWEP) Gradient Induced Acceleration (MEGA), a Newtonian gravitational type acceleration; 2) a Stationary EIDI Potential Gradient induced Acceleration (SPGA) among irrotational matters; 3) an EIDI Angular Potential Induced acceleration (APIA) among rotational matters. The MEGA magnitude is a function of inverse square distance, whereas the SPGA and APIA are not; Both MEGA and APIA are always attractive at any distance; whereas the SPGA can be a negative attractive (repulsive) at short distance. The missing SPGA component in the conventional Newtonian Gravitational Interaction (NGI) model is the culprit of contradictory Newtonian gravity constant measurements. The missing APIA component in the conventional NGI model is the culprit of those astronomical and near earth fly-by “anomalies”. The EIDI GI model predicts that the near earth fly-by “anomalies” engendered from the moon mass rather than the earth mass. The “converge to zero at short distance” and “settle to constant at distance” behaviors of the APIA is responsible for the galaxy rotation curve and the spiral galaxy formation in astronomical scale, and the strong force’s confinement behaviors at the subatomic distance. A list of null hypothesis testing node (NHTN), extracted from the EIDIP application model empirical data comparison results, indicates that the EIDIP has 5+ sigma confidence level potential.

Laboratory, nuclear physicists have precisely measured the weak interaction between protons and neutrons. The result quantifies the weak force theory as predicted by the Standard Model of Particle Physics. [31] A team of scientists has for the first time measured the elusive weak interaction between protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. They had chosen the simplest nucleus consisting of one neutron and one proton for the study. [30] The nuclear force that holds protons and neutrons together in the center of atoms has a non-central component-the tensor force, which depends on the spin and relative position of the interacting particles. [29] Physicists at the TU Darmstadt and their collaboration partners have performed laser spectroscopy on cadmium isotopes to confirm an improved model of the atomic nucleus. [28] Protons in neutron-rich nuclei have a higher average energy than previously thought, according to a new analysis of electron scattering data that was first collected in 2004. [27] Physics textbooks might have to be updated now that an international research team has found evidence of an unexpected transition in the structure of atomic nuclei. [26] The group led by Fabrizio Carbone at EPFL and international colleagues have used ultrafast transmission electron microscopy to take attosecond energy-momentum resolved snapshots (1 attosecond = 10-18 or quintillionths of a second) of a free-electron wave function.

This paper explores the changes to equations when the units of time and space get adjusted for the subatomic level.  The idea is that today's quantum methods observe in parts of a nanosecond when the force involved would move to the speed of light in 1/1,000,000th of that.  As such, each factor gets re-evaluated into a scale at which a new equilibrium emerges at 10E-18 to 10E-22 seconds at which point quantum activity will become observable.

Stephen Hawking popularized the theory that a vacuum fluctuation particle pair can have one particle of the pair captured while the other is released. He examined capture at the event horizon of a black hole, but antiparticles can also be captured by annihilation with free stable particles. The other, once virtual particle of the pair is then freed. This annihilation-production interaction makes it appear that a particle has jumped from one place to another without accelerating, decelerating or traveling across that distance as we typically see in " orbital " transitions. This Hawking type mechanism is a physical explanation for all quantum jumps and quantum tunneling. Particle decay can also be facilitated by this Hawking type interaction, as it yields a more fundamental description of neutrinos in particle equations. Annihilation-production interactions also facilitate quantum tunneling in nuclear fusion. This paper consists of a detailed exploration of each of these vacuum fluctuation mediated annihilation-production events to give us a physical model for previously unexplained quantum phenomena.

Matter engenders a Modified Newtonian Gravitational Potential (MNGP) that has a singularity at a two Normalized Spatial Unit (NSU) distance with a modified gravitational field constant in distance > 2 NSU region, and a saturated potential for distance < 2 NSU region. In Cartesian coordinates, a reference object (RO) resides at origin and a test object (TO) resides on the positive region of the X-axis, the interaction energy between the MNGP of the RO in the X>0 region and the X<0 region with the MNGP of the TO is different; This interaction energy imbalance results an E-space Inter-Domain Interaction (EIDI) potential (EIDIP), a scalar potential. Between two irrotational objects, the gradient of the scalar EIDIP produces a vector field, EIDIPd; whereas between two rotational objects, the angular EIDIP produces a different vector field, EIDIPr. The EIDIPd is the source of inter-nucleon nuclear force and inter-molecule covalent bonding force; whereas the EIDIPr vector fields engender the strong force in the inter-atomic range and is responsible for the galaxy rotational velocity anomaly at the interstellar distance. A list of null hypothesis testing node (NHTN), extracted from the EIDI application model empirical data comparison results, indicates that the EIDIP has 5+ sigma confidence level potential. The EIDIP function, along with the explanatory EIDI model, could be the missing blocks in completing the Unified theory.

In classical mechanics as in physics, the field is not real, but merely a model describing the effects of gravity which surround an object with the Newtonian gravitational field g and forms the Newtonian Gravitational Potential (NGP). This paper prescribes a Modified Newtonian Gravitational Potential (MNGP) that surrounds an object; Instead of having singularity at distance zero as in the NGP, the MNGP has a singularity at a two Normalized Spatial Unit (NSU) distance and it has a saturated value for distance shorter than the singularity distance; Instead of having the gravitational field g around an object, the MNGP has a modified gravitational field 2*R0 where R0=1/(32πC) is the unit-less constant and the C is the distance of light traveling in SI unit. In Cartesian coordinates, for a two-body system, a reference object resides at origin and a test object resides on the positive region of the X-axis, the interaction energy between the MNGP of the reference object in the X>0 region and the MNGP of the test object differs from the interaction energy between the MNGP of the reference object in the X<0 region and the MNGP of the test object. The interaction energy imbalance results an E-space Inter-Domain Interaction (EIDI) potential (EIDIP), a scalar potential. Between two irrotational objects, the gradient of the EIDIP produces a vector field, EIDIPd; whereas between two rotational objects, the angular EIDIP produces a different vector field, EIDIPr. The EIDIPd vector fields engender the inter-nucleon nuclear force and inter-molecule forces; whereas the EIDIPr vector fields engender the strong force in the inter-atomic range and is responsible for the galaxy rotational velocity anomaly at the interstellar distance. A list of null hypothesis testing node (NHTN), extracted from the EIDI application model empirical data comparison results, indicates that the EIDIP has 5+ sigma confidence level potential. The EIDIP, along with the supporting EIDI model, could be the missing blocks in completing the Unified theory.

This paper contains nine E-space Inter-Domain Interaction (EIDI) application models’ summaries, Matlab models simulation results. These EIDI application models cover from elementary particle scale (nuclear binding energy, nucleon-nucleon potential, strong interaction-asymptotic freedom and color confinement, Bohr radius and nuclear charge radius) to human scale (gravitational interaction and the near earth fly-by anomaly) and astronomical scale (the Pioneer spacecraft 10/11 speed anomaly and the Milky Way rotation curve anomaly). This paper also includes a list of null hypothesis testing nodes extracted from the EIDI application model empirical data comparison results indicates that the EIDIP function has 5+ sigma confidence level threshold. The EIDIP angular potential induced GAPIA and the Stationary EIDIP gradient induced GSPGA, along with the GMEGA, they can explain the source of the gravity, unify the strong interaction at the subatomic distance, the gravitational interaction at the inter-planet or interstellar distance, the inter-nucleon potential, and inter-atomic potential. The EIDIP function, along with the supporting EIDI model, could be the missing blocks in completing the Unified theory.

Matter engenders a Modified Newtonian Gravitational Potential (MNGP) that has a singularity at a two Normalized Spatial Unit (NSU) distance with a modified gravitational field constant in distance > 2 NSU region, and a saturated potential for distance < 2 NSU region. In Cartesian coordinates, a reference object (RO) resides at origin and a test object (TO) resides on the positive region of the X-axis, the interaction energy between the MNGP of the RO in the X>0 region and the X<0 region with the MNGP of the TO is different; This interaction energy imbalance results an E-space Inter-Domain Interaction (EIDI) potential (EIDIP), a scalar potential. The gravitational interaction among objects has three elements:1) a Matter-Warped E-space Potential (MWEP) Gradient Induced Acceleration (MEGA), a Newtonian gravitational type acceleration; 2) a Stationary EIDI Potential Gradient induced Acceleration (SPGA) among irrotational matters; 3) an EIDI Angular Potential Induced acceleration (APIA) among rotational matters. The MEGA magnitude is a function of inverse square distance, whereas the SPGA and APIA are not; Both MEGA and APIA are always attractive at any distance; whereas the SPGA can be a negative attractive (repulsive) at short distance. The missing SPGA component in the conventional Newtonian Gravitational Interaction (NGI) model is the culprit of contradictory Newtonian gravity constant measurements. The missing APIA component in the conventional NGI model is the culprit of those astronomical and near earth fly-by “anomalies”. The EIDI GI model predicts that the near earth fly-by “anomalies” engendered from the moon mass rather than the earth mass. The “converge to zero at short distance” and “settle to constant at distance” behaviors of the APIA is responsible for the galaxy rotation curve and the spiral galaxy formation in astronomical scale, and the strong force’s confinement behaviors at the subatomic distance. A list of null hypothesis testing node (NHTN), extracted from the EIDIP application model empirical data comparison results, indicates that the EIDIP has 5+ sigma confidence level potential.