Strong force

The overriding Leitmotif of this Paper is encapsulated in Professor Wolfgang Pauli's[5]
1945 Nobel Prize acceptance Lecture for his Paper "The Pauli Exclusion Principle".
In the concluding remarks of his lecture Pauli makes the following dramatic appeal. 

"From the point of view of logic, my report on Exclusion Principle and Quantum Mechanics 
has no conclusion. I believe that it will only be possible to write the conclusion if a theory will be established which will determine the value of the Fine-Structure Constant (FSC) and will thus explain the Atomistic Structure of Electricity, which is such an essential quality of all atomic sources of Electric Fields actually occurring in Nature."

Pauli then gives (5) specific Issues that require answers
1) A correct theory should neither lead to Infinite Energies nor to Zero Charges,
2) It should not use mathematical tricks to subtract infinities or singularities.
3) It should not invent a hypothetical world of mathematical fiction in order to
              Formulate the correct interpretation of the actual world of physics in terms of
          4) the Fine Structure Constant (FSC)
          5) the Atomistic Structure of Electricity. 
These are Wolfgang Pauli's terms that ask for a Logical Conclusion to his Famous paper
                    “Exclusion Principle and Quantum Mechanics"

Thus this paper addresses the above Issues to prove the Atomistic Structure of Electricity. 
Furthermore our proof is founded on 
A) Sir Isaac Newton's Second Law of Motion in regards to Rotation
1) Any Rotation requires a minimum of (2) Particles
2) The Rotation must be in the form of an Ellipse
3) The Rotation Structure must have a Moment of Inertia.
B) Professor Albert Einstein's famous Equation E=mrc2
C) Professor Max Planck's Constant (h)
              Photon energy (E) =  f * h (6.62607015)×10−34 J⋅s 
D) Professor Arnold Sommerfeld Fine Structure Constant (FSC) a = 1 / 137
E) Professor Maxwell's Permeability o and Permittivity o of Space.
And finally the Actual Measurement of a Live Alternating Current Voltage in the Neutral Wire that reveals the Positive Voltage as the (Positron), the essential component of Electricity & Light. (e+ e- )

DSM predicts a particle anti-particle model as dark energy. This can become the photon with the addition of energy.  The famous slit experiments, where slits are modeled as 9 wavelength wave-guides , demonstrates that the DSM particle pair model of the photon  makes better predictions than wave theory. Particle bounce is shown to be the impetus of the slit signatures with a correlation factor of 0.9599.

As a starting point towards understanding the nature of space, this paper demonstrates a link among three of the forces… magnetism, gravitation and the Strong Force via a dissection of Einstein’s Kappa constant in terms of known constants, physical relationships of length, mass, energy, and cosmological observations. In this article, we follow a path from the cosmological aspects of kappa down through the creation of matter into the nucleonic level, providing a gravitational description for the apparently infinite stability of the proton.

In recent articles we proposed an epistemic approach to relativity, termed information relativity (IR) in which relativity is conceived as difference in knowledge between observers. Our approach is fundamentally different from the standard ontological approach in which relativity is conceived as a true state of nature. The new approach could be thought of as one which "relativizes" Newton's physics by eliminating the incorrect assumption of absoluteness of time. The rationale behind "relativizing" Newton's is simple and straightforward: When two reference-frames are in motion with respect to each other, information about a point in time measured in a "moving" reference-frame and instantaneously transmitted by an information carrier to a "stationary" reference frame will arrive in delay determined by the distance traveled by the information carrier and its velocity. Due to the relative motion, the distance traveled by a signal indicating the termination of an event will differ from the distance traveled by a signal indicating the start of the same event. For distancing frames the termination-signal will travel a longer distance than the start-signal, thus an observer in the "stationary" frame will measure a longer event-duration than the event-duration measured by an observer in the "moving" frame (time dilation). For approaching frames the termination-signal will travel a shorter distance than the start-signal, and the observer in the "stationary" frame will measure a shorter event-duration than the event-duration measured by the observer in the "moving" frame (time contraction). Without putting any restrictions on how nature is supposed to behave, assuming that transmission of information does not perturb the system in a significant way, we derived the theory's transformations for the case of inertial systems. The resulting transformations are simple, beautiful, and scale-independent with respect to the "size" of the investigated physical system, implying that the derived transformations apply without alteration to the too-big (the universe), too-small (elementary particles) and intermediate size. The theory transformations are also scale-independent with respect to the velocity of the information carrier, implying that the theory is universal and not restricted to physical systems in which light or other electromagnetic wave serves as information carrier. Application of the model to inertial system using electromagnetic signals gave rise to a relativistic matter-wave duality model, similar to Einstein-de Broglie's model. At any given point in time the total energy of a moving body is carried by its matter and dual wave. For relatively low velocities most of the body's energy is normal energy, while at very high velocities, most of the body's energy carried by its accompanying wave. In previous papers we demonstrated that application of the theory to inertial systems is highly successful in predicting and explaining important cosmological phenomena, including dark matter, dark energy, galaxies recession velocities, as well as experimental quantum results, including quantum criticality and phase transition, quantum entanglement, and Bose-Einstein condensate.
In the present paper we extended IR to include gravitation. The extended general information theory (GIR) is derived simply by "relativizing" Newton's law of gravitation in the same way described above. The derived matter kinetic energy density term is non-monotonic with the distance from the attracting mass. At a critical distance 𝑅𝑆𝑐ℎ/(𝑅𝑆𝑐ℎ/𝑅+ln⁡(5)) ⁡⁡from the attracting mass (where RSch= 2⁡G⁡M/c^2 is the Schwarzschild radius of the attracting mass) the kinetic energy density reaches a maximal value of (𝑒𝐾)𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1/27 𝜌0⁡ 𝑐^2 (where 𝜌0⁡ is the body's rest mass density), after which it drops asymptotically to zero as the distance approaches zero. The accompanying wave energy density increases rapidly from low values at large distances, then levels asymptotically at short distances from the attracting body, reaching a maximum of 1/2 𝜌0⁡ 𝑐^2 at zero distance. At relatively large distances from the attracting body the relativistic gravitational force behaves like the classical Newtonian force, but at short distances Newtonian gravitation breaks-down, such that further proximity results in diminishing in force down zero force at infinitesimally small distances. This counter-intuitive prediction based on analyses of the gravitational force and kinetic energy of the moving body is in complete agreement with the asymptotic freedom quantum phenomenon predicted only by QCD field theory. However, its mathematical derivation is axiom-free, considerably simpler, is based only on observables, and retains continuity with classical physics.

Three of the four known forces in physics are unified into one equation with a clear explanation for the different properties of each force. The strong, electromagnetic and gravitational forces are governed by the same force equation, yet they have different characteristics of wave amplitude that modify a particle’s wave and motion. Although it is intentionally not unified into the general equation for force, an explanation is provided for the weak force. All calculations with the newly proposed Force Equation match experimental results and can derive Newton’s laws for gravity and Coulomb’s law for electromagnetism.

In this paper we demonstrate a link among three of the forces… magnetism, gravitation and the Strong Force via a dissection of Einstein's Kappa constant in terms of known constants, physical relationships of length, mass, energy, and cosmological observations. Herein, we follow a path from the cosmological aspects of kappa down through the creation of matter into the nucleonic level, providing a gravitational description for the apparently infinite stability of the proton. We further demonstrate the dependence of kappa and Newtonian G upon the radius of the universe, establishing a cause for the early rapid expansion and showing the present universe to be statically balanced between the currently reduced expansive pressure of its energy and the cohesive forces of self-gravitation and surface tension, dispelling the concepts of dark matter and dark energy.

[Abstract]: Standard Model is a group of subatomic particles derived from a mathematical model based on quantum field theory and Yang Mills Theory. In contrast, Wu's Pairs, a physical model are proposed as the building blocks of all subatomic particles based on the Yangton and Yington Theory. In this paper, some critical issues of quantum field theory are discussed, such as " What are the subatomic particles made of? " , " What are the symmetries of gluons? " , " What are the Higgs Bosons and Higgs field? " and " What the quantum fields really are? " As a result, three innovative theories " Quantum Gravity Theory based on the gravitons of a string structure and the theory of particle radiation and contact interaction " , " Quantum Fields based on the distributions of contact interactions caused by particle radiations " and " Unified field theory based on the string structures made of Wu's Pairs and Force of Creation " are proposed.

A hypothetical theory of a Yangton and Yington circulating pair with an inter-attractive “Force of Creation” is proposed as the “Origin of Creation”. When this circulating pair travels in the space it is known as “Photon”. Otherwise, at still, it is known as “Wu’s Particles” also as “Still Photon”, which makes the basic building block of all matters. The structures of Quarks, Neutrinos, Higgs Boson particles, Electron, Positron, Proton, Neutron, and Dark Matters are proposed based on “Wu’s Particles”. Also, it is assumed that “Force of Creation” is the only fundamental force in the universe that could create and unify the Four Basic Forces. Gravitation is formed by the attractive force between two Higgs Boson particles with String Structures that are made of “Wu’s Particles” of the same circulation direction. Electromagnetism is however generated between two atoms both with single outer layer Electron that are attractive to each other while spinning in the same direction and repulsive in the opposite directions. Both the Weak Force between Neutron and Positron as well as the Strong Force between two Neutrons also between Proton and Neutron are proposed and interpreted based on “Wu’s particles” and “Force of Creation”.

Because logic excludes that protons and neutrons have an outer layer to hold quarks together, there must by definition be a structural relationship between the quarks themselves to avoid jeopardizing the stability of the nucleus. To substantiate this, it is necessary to move away from the beaten track in an attempt to better understand the functioning of the nucleus and the atom as a whole. The structure of the nucleus of the atom has been re-mapped and spatially rearranged and, in its simplicity, explains completely the inner workings of that atomic nucleus. It became immediately clear that it was only a small glimpse into a whole new world that has remained hidden so far and undoubtedly will open new fields of research in both physics and chemistry. The test of the validity of the reasoning behind the new way to approach the atomic nuclei and quarks is reinforced by explaining in detail the various decay modes of the atomic nuclei. Alpha decay, Beta plus decay, Beta minus decay, electron capture and nuclear fission are presented with detailed examples based on the new composition of the atomic nucleus. Although it seems rather technical at first, it is in reality a very elegant and easy-to-understand way how the mechanism of transformation of the structures of the atomic nucleus works. The current accepted theories that explain mass distribution of fission fragments through the liquid drop model, the shell model or the so-called unified model that brings the shell model and the liquid drop model together to explain certain magnetic and electric properties that neither of the two separately can explain,

A formula, generating the Spinning Magnetic Field (SMF) has been derived, the interaction of two SMF by two protons, using the recently derived unified formula of fields, produced Spinning Magnetic Force (SMFs); while at each step, the mutual electrostatic force by both protons is subtracted from the relevant Spinning Magnetic Force (SMFs), this resulted in the nuclear strong force; this paper is a modified version of previous SMFs, it established and replicated the nuclear force as computed from potential graph; while the Weak Spinning Magnetic Force (F_W) which is the reverse of the Spinning Magnetic Force (SMFs), is produced as a result of an internal repulsive force caused by an agitation of two SMF, forming spiral rotation inside neutron leading to an internal instability, ended by the disconnection of both the electron and the proton; the knowledge of this mechanism will help in understanding both phenomena, and the production of the nuclear fusion, that may help to envision other forms of the most needed alternative renewable energy.

In this paper, we wonder whether the idea of virtual particles, gauge bosons and/or force-carrying particles in general, might be superfluous. It seems to resemble 19th century aether theory: perhaps we don’t need it. The implication is clear: if that’s the case, then we also don’t need gauge theory and/or quantum field theory.

Gravity, electromagnetic energy, electric charge, magnetism have one commonality… they are conveyed by, or occur within, the same medium… space. Space can be deformed by a gravitational field such that it slows the progress of time, shortens distances between objects and bends the paths of light. Space can be polarized by an electric field. Space can conduct a magnetic field between two poles. Space can carry waves of electromagnetic radiation. Space exerts a pressure and resists pressure like a fluid. But what precisely is space? What does it consist of? The author hypothesizes that space has a ‘substance' consisting of a ‘matrix’ of magnetically susceptible filament fields… a ‘fabric’, so to speak, unlike any ‘substance’ within our everyday experience. Space can also behave like a perfect fluid or an ideal perfect gas. In his later years, after his work on General Relativity, Einstein became convinced that there was indeed a substance to space, the substance once referred to as aether, which he had earlier rejected in his Special Relativity. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment did not disprove the existence of aether. The experiment only proved that if there is aether, it does not behave as one would expect of any physical substance of our everyday experiences.
As a starting point towards understanding the nature of space, this paper demonstrates a link among three of the forces… magnetism, gravitation and the Strong Force via a dissection of Einstein’s Kappa constant in terms of known constants, physical relationships of length, mass and energy, combined with cosmological observations.

This has opened new doors to put QCD to the test with ATLAS data, which have been made publicly available, so the QCD community will be able to learn from these additions to the growing field of precision jet substructure measurements for years to come. [27] Over the last few decades, the exponential increase in computer power and accompanying increase in the quality of algorithms has enabled theoretical and particle physicists to perform more complex and precise simulations of fundamental particles and their interactions. [26] A collaboration of scientists from five of the world's most advanced x-ray sources in Europe, Japan and the US, has succeeded in verifying a basic prediction of the quantum-mechanical behavior of resonant systems. [25] This achievement is considered as an important landmark for the realization of practical application of photon upconversion technology. [24] Considerable interest in new single-photon detector technologies has been scaling in this past decade. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22] Physicists are developing quantum simulators, to help solve problems that are beyond the reach of conventional computers. [21] Engineers at Australia's University of New South Wales have invented a radical new architecture for quantum computing, based on novel 'flip-flop qubits', that promises to make the large-scale manufacture of quantum chips dramatically cheaper-and easier-than thought possible. [20] A team of researchers from the U.S. and Italy has built a quantum memory device that is approximately 1000 times smaller than similar devices-small enough to install on a chip. [19] The cutting edge of data storage research is working at the level of individual atoms and molecules, representing the ultimate limit of technological miniaturisation. [18] This is an important clue for our theoretical understanding of optically controlled magnetic data storage media. [17]

Our motivation for identifying the "Motion Articulated Structural System" (MASS) currently known as Nuclear Particles relies on the work of Sir Isaac Newton, who in the preamble to his "Laws of Motion" offers the following advice.-In the search to unravel the very structure and workings of nature and the Physics of the Universe it would be very enlightening to study the mechanics of celestial motion, for in them we will find the very aspects that make up celestial bodies, and hold them together.‖ To this effect we shall analyze the Atom smasking results that identify the Neutron, as having a "VARIABLE DECAY TIME" which reveals the components of the Atom. Thus we focus on Motion that reveals how Nuclear Particles are constructed into Structural Systems that we propose should be called:

In this paper we demonstrate a link among three of the forces… magnetism, gravitation and the Strong Force via a dissection of Einstein's Kappa constant in terms of known constants, physical relationships of length, mass, energy, and cosmological observations. Herein, we follow a path from the cosmological aspects of kappa down through the creation of matter into the nucleonic level, providing a gravitational description for the apparently infinite stability of the proton. We further demonstrate the dependence of kappa and Newtonian G upon the radius of the universe, establishing a cause for the early rapid expansion and showing the present universe to be statically balanced between the currently reduced expansive pressure of its energy and the cohesive forces of self-gravitation and surface tension, dispelling the concepts of dark matter and dark energy.

In recent articles we proposed an epistemic approach to relativity, termed information relativity (IR), in which relativity is conceived as a difference in knowledge between observers. Our approach is fundamentally different from the standard ontological approach in which relativity is conceived as a true state of nature. The new approach could be thought of as one which "relativizes" Newton's physics by eliminating the incorrect assumption of absoluteness of time. The rationale behind "relativizing" Newton's physics is simple and straightforward: When two reference frames are in motion with respect to each other, information about a point in time measured in a "moving" reference frame and instantaneously transmitted by an information carrier to a "stationary" reference frame will arrive in a delay determined by the distance traveled by the information carrier and its velocity. Due to the relative motion, the distance traveled by a signal indicating the termination of an event will differ from the distance traveled by a signal indicating the start of the same event. For distancing frames the termination signal will travel a longer distance than the start signal, thus an observer in the "stationary" frame will measure a longer event duration than the event duration measured by an observer in the "moving" frame (time dilation). For approaching frames the termination signal will travel a shorter distance than the start signal, and the observer in the "stationary" frame will measure a shorter event duration than the event duration measured by the observer in the "moving" frame (time contraction). Without putting any restrictions on how nature is supposed to behave, assuming that transmission of information does not perturb the system in a significant way, we derived the theory's transformations for the case of inertial systems. The resulting transformations are simple, beautiful, and scale-independent with respect to the "size" of the investigated physical system, implying that the derived transformations apply without alteration to very big (the universe), very small (elementary particles), and intermediate sizes. The theory’s transformations are also scale-independent with respect to the velocity of the information carrier, implying that the theory is universal and not restricted to physical systems in which light or another electromagnetic wave serve as information carriers. Application of the model to inertial systems using electromagnetic signals gave rise to a relativistic matter-wave duality model, similar to Einstein-de Broglie's model. At any given point in time the total energy of a moving body is carried by its matter and dual wave. For relatively low velocities most of the body's energy is normal energy, while at very high velocities, most of the body's energy is carried by its accompanying wave. In previous papers we demonstrated that application of the theory to inertial systems is highly successful in predicting and explaining important cosmological phenomena, including dark matter, dark energy, galaxies’ recession velocities, as well as experimental quantum results, including quantum criticality and phase transition, quantum entanglement, and Bose-Einstein condensate. 
In the present paper we extend IR to include gravitation. The extended general information theory (GIR) is derived simply by "relativizing" Newton's law of gravitation in the same way as described above. The derived matter kinetic energy density term is non-monotonic with the distance from the attracting mass. At a critical distance R_Sch/(R_Sch/R+ln⁡(5))  from the attracting mass (where R_Sch= (2 G M)/c^2  is the Schwarzschild radius of the attracting mass) the kinetic energy density reaches a maximal value of (e_K )_max = 1/27 ρ_(0 ) c^2 (where ρ_(0 )is the body's rest mass density), after which it drops asymptotically to zero as the distance approaches zero. The accompanying wave energy density increases rapidly from low values at large distances, then levels asymptotically at short distances from the attracting body, reaching a maximum of  1/2 ρ_(0 ) c^2  at zero distance. At relatively large distances from the attracting body the relativistic gravitational force behaves like the classic Newtonian force, but at short distances Newtonian gravitation breaks down, such that further proximity results in diminishing in the force down to zero at infinitesimally small distances. This counter-intuitive prediction based on analyses of the gravitational force and kinetic energy of the moving body is in complete agreement with the asymptotic freedom quantum phenomenon predicted only by QCD field theory. However, its mathematical derivation is axiom-free, considerably simpler, based only on observables, and it retains continuity with classic physics.