Volumetric Analysis

Semiflexible pavement (SFP), a composite pavement, is formed by filling into a very open porous asphalt skeleton a specifically designed water consistency fluid mortar with a very high early and 28-day strength. The amalgamation of both components will produce a SFP where it will replace the conventional wearing course. The main goal of this investigation is to study the effect of various aggregate gradations towards producing SFP. These include determining the optimum binder, volumetric properties, and durability and strength of each aggregate gradation. The final results were statistically analyzed and two factor variance analyses (ANOVA) were performed to check on the significance at certain confidence limits. The results confirmed that different aggregate gradations significantly affect the properties mentioned.

Objective: Smaller hippocampal volume has been reported in several stress-related psychiatric disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), borderline personality disorder with early abuse, and depression with early abuse. Patients with borderline personality disorder and early abuse have also been found to have smaller amygdalar volume. The authors examined hippocampal and amygdalar volumes in patients with dissociative identity disorder, a disorder that has been associated with a history of severe childhood trauma.

The extent to which the phenotype of children comorbid for velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) differs from that of VCFS-only has not been studied. The sample consisted of 41 children (20 females) with VCFS, ranging in age from 6.5 years to 15.8 years. Eight children with VCFS met formal DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for autism based upon the ADI-R. These eight plus an additional nine participants met diagnostic criteria for an autistic spectrum disorder (VCFS + ASD). Ninety-four percent of the children with VCFS + ASD had a co-occurring psychiatric disorder while 60% of children with VCFS had a psychiatric disorder. Children with VCFS + ASD had larger right amygdala volumes. All other neuroanatomic regions of interest were statistically similar between the two groups.

Métodos de arqueo en el siglo XVL por José Luis Rubio Serrano29 Las dos piedras con naves en relieve de la catedraly torre inclinada de Pisa, por Laureano Carboneil Relat.... 71 La lucha anticorsaria en Valencia durante la Edad Media. El episo dio protagonizado por Pere Cabanyelles, por Andrés Díaz Borras105 Establecimiento del asiento de avería en el comercio de Indias, por

espite the fact that instrumental analysis has rightfully assumed an overwhelmingly major role in the analytical laboratory, there remains a limited, although important, need for classical analysis. Instrumental analysis is most useful for elemental determinations at minor and trace levels (about 1% all the way down to 1 atom), and in this range classical analysis performs either poorly or not at all. However, instrumental analysis generally does not give high precision and accuracy at major levels (about 1% up to loo%), and in this range classical analysis does perform well. Moreover, instrumental and classical analysis complement each other and can be used in tandem to the analyst's advantage. In addition, classi-Although classical analysis has taken a back seat to instrumental analysis since the 1940s, its revival is vital to the interests of industry

Advances in digital recording technology make it possible to document three-dimensional data during excavation. Yet this opens up the question: what do we do with this data? Is there an added value to recording 3D data that exceeds traditional 2D drawing approaches? Various 3D GIS workflows have been introduced over the years, yet little research has been done exploring the analytical possibilities of this approach. This thesis presents an effective workflow for creating a vector-based 3D GIS model that is capable of operating in the four subsystems of GIS: data entry, data storage, analysis, and visualization. Three excavation trenches from the Chalcolithic site of Chlorakas-Palloures, Cyprus are modeled using TS spatial data and 3D photogrammetry models. Moreover, three methods are introduced for modeling the volume of stratigraphic units using the capabilities of Esri ArcScene. This approach presents a significant advantage over 2D plan and section drawings in regards to stratigraphic analysis. The excavation database can be joined within the 3D GIS environment and easily queried, thus creating a complete 3D spatial database of all excavated materials. Using this method, it is possible to find spatial correlations between units in trenches that may have been excavated at different times. Furthermore, unit relations identified in the field can be visualized and verified in an intuitive, user-friendly interface. Along with being able to depict features and materials found within the interior of the trench, models can be cross-sectioned at any angle and in any direction to show the stratigraphic sequence. This is particularly helpful in aiding in the stratigraphic studies of Chalcolithic sites in Cyprus which have characteristically shallow occupation layers and are subject to extensive post-depositional processes. Stratigraphic analysis of the modeled trenches provides evidence of multiple occupation phases at the site, thus supporting the idea of dynamic settlement patterns during the Late Chalcolithic period in Cyprus. However, the ability to create a 3D GIS model is predicated on the quality and type of data recorded in the field. Volumetric modeling methods showed promise for depicting certain types of features, yet these must be improved in order to accurately represent the volume of all excavated units. An ideal documentation method is introduced that addresses these deficiencies and presents a means of capturing the volumetric data needed for creating a true 3D GIS model for stratigraphic analysis.

En el presente informe se exponen los resultados de la práctica de laboratorio en la cual se valoró el ácido acético de una muestra de vinagre. Para ello fue necesario preparar una solución de hidróxido de sodio 0,15 M, la cual se estandarizó con biftalato de potasio, con la que se realizó tres ensayos de valoración a una muestra diluida de vinagre gastando un volumen promedio de 9,4 ml del NaOH, obteniendo una concentración calculada de 0,071 M del ácido acético. En la segunda parte, se realizó una valoración potenciométrica a otra muestra de la misma solución del vinagre, con la cual se calculó y se trazó la respectiva curva de titulación que se expone posteriormente.

El análisis volumétrico, se basan en la medición de volúmenes de soluciones y aunque tiene una variedad de instrumentos de medida nos enfocamos en lo que es la pipeta y su uso correcto.
Es importante y necesario que los operadores de pipetas conozcan en detalle los procedimientos relacionados con su utilización; tener una capacitación y seguimiento detallado del uso delas pipetas.
Para así lograr obtener resultados exactos, precisos y sobre todo confiables en cuanto a medida de volumen.

1. Memahami metoda/prinsip kerja yang digunakan pada kalibrasi buret 2. Melakukan kalibrasi dan verifikasi buret II. DASAR TEORI Buret merupakan salah satu alat ukur kuantitatif dengan tingkat ketelitian tinggi. Biasanya digunakan dalam titrasi. Kapasitasnya bermacam-macam, antara lain 10ml, 25ml, 50ml. Selain digunakan untuk meneteskan sejumlah cairan kimia dalam eksperimen yang memerlukan tingkat presisi yang tinggi, seperti pada eksperimen titrasi. Yang mana alat ini juga digunakan pada pengujian lainnya. Untuk diketahui Buret memiliki dua jenis, yaitu burette analog dan burette digital. Awal munculnya alat laboratorium yang satu ini hanya ada buret analog. Seiring perkembangan teknologi dan kebutuhan eksperimen di laboratorium. Sehingga diciptakan Buret digital yang lebih baik dalam presisi dan tingkat akurasi yang tinggi. Selain Bentuk yang lebih modern buret digital juga lebih mudah dalam penggunaannya. Dalam melakukan proses titrasi di laboratorium buret sangatlah dibutuhkan. Karena buret dapat meneteskan cairan hasil dari proeses pemisahan rekatan dalam cairan. Burette Digital memiliki kelebihan yang sangat berguna dalam melakukan eksperiment di laboratorium, yaitu burette digital memiliki tingkat presisi yang sangat tinggi. Jenis jenis buret berdasarkan kapasitasnya : 1. Makroburet : kapasitas 50 ml, skala terkecil dapat dibaca sampai 0,10 ml 2. Buret semimikro : kapasitas 25 ml, skala terkecil dapat dibaca sampai 0,05 ml 3. Buret mikro : kapasitas 10 ml, skala terkecil dapat dibaca sampa 0,02 ml Berdasarkan akurasinya, buret dibedakan dalam 2 kelas, yaitu : 1. Kelas A untuk analisis yang memerlukan ketelitian tinggi. Terbuat dari gelas yang memiliki nilai muai panjang yang kecil, sehingga pemuaiannya hanya sedikit dipengaruhi perbedaan suhu. 2. Kelas B untuk analisis yang tidak memerlukan ketelitian tinggi Table toleransi volume buret : Kapasitas(ml) Buret kelas A(ml) Buret kelas B(ml)

1. Memahami metoda/prinsip kerja yang digunakan pada kalibrasi pipet volume 2. Melakukan kalibrasi pipet volume dan membandingkannya dengan standar II. DASAR TEORI Pipet volume digunakan untuk memindahkan cairan dari suatu wadah ke wadah yang lain. Pemindahan cairan biasanya dibantu dengan alat hisap. Kalibrasi perlu dilakukan agar hasil pengukuran selalu sesuai dengan alat ukur standar. Prinsip dasar kalibrasi pipet volume adalah penetapan volume air yang dipindahkan oleh pipet volume berdasarkan massa yang dipindahkan pada suhu tertentu. Apabila densitas air diketahui maka volume trkoreksi dapat ditentukan. Harga densitas pada berbagai suh dapat dilihat pada table. Dari pengukuran tersebut, dapat diketahui volume air yang dipindahkan dan membandingkan antara penyimpangan daei perhitungan penyimpangan yang berdasarkan standar ASTM. Pipet volume dibagi dalam 2 kelas berdasarkan akurasinya, yaitu : 1. Kelas A untuk analisis yang memerlukan ketelitian tinggi. Terbuat dari gelas yang memiliki nilai muai panjang yang kecil, sehingga pemuaiannya hanya sedikit dipengaruhi perbedaan suhu. 2. Kelas B untuk analisis yang tidak memerlukan ketelitian tinggi III. ALAT DAN BAHAN ALAT BAHAN = Aquadest • pipet volume 10 ml dan 25 ml • Neraca analitik • Thermometer • Pipet tetes IV. PROSEDUR KERJA 1. Pastikan peralatan yang akan digunakan dalam kondisi yang bersih 2. Catat spesifikasi gelas ukur : merk, kapasitas, toleransi, kelas, jenis alat ukur, suhu pengukuran 3. Timbang beaker glass, catat massa sebagai berat beaker kosong 4. Isi pipet volume dengan Aquadest

1. Memahani metoda/prinsip kerja yang digunakan pada kalibrasi labu ukur 2. Melakukan kalibrasi dan verifikasi labu ukur II. DASAR TEORI Labu ukur atau labu takar adalah salah satu ukur kuantitatif dengan tingkat ketelitian tinggi yang tidak boleh dipanaskan. Sebelum digunakan perlu dikalibrasi agar hasil sesuai dengan alat ukur standar. Prinsip dasarnya ialah penetapan volume air yang ditampung labu ukur berdasarkan massa yang ditampung pada suhu tertentu. Apabila densitas air diketahui, maka volume terkoreksi dapat ditentukan. Harga densitas air pada berbagai suhu dapat dilihat pada table. Dari pengukuran tersebut dapat diketahui volume air yang ditampung oleh labu ukur dan membandingkan antara penyimpangan dari perhitungan dengan yang berdasarkan standar. Labu ukur dibagi menjadi dalam 2 kelas berdasarkan akurasinya, yaitu : 1. Kelas A untuk kegiatan yang memerlukan ketelitian tinggi 2. Kelas B untuk kegiatan yang tidak memerlukan ketelitian tinggi III. ALAT DAN BAHAN • Labu ukur 50ml dan 100ml • Neraca analitik • Thermometer • Pipet tetes • Batang pengaduk • Kertas saring • Aquadest IV. PROSEDUR KERJA 1. Pencatatan spesifikasi peralatan • Catat spesifikasi yang meliputi merk, tipe, kapasitas, toleransi, pembacaan skala terkecil

— The application of bituminous mixtures modified with rubber from scrap-tires require attention and care during mixing and compaction. Rubber modifies the properties because it reacts in the internal structure of bitumen at high temperatures changing the performance of the mixture (interaction process of solvents with binder-rubber aggregate). The main change is the increasing of the viscosity and elasticity of the binder due to the larger sizes of the rubber particles by dry process but, this positive effect is counteracted by short mixing times, compared to wet technology, and due to the transport processes, curing time and post-compaction of the mixtures. Therefore, negative effects as swelling of rubber particles, rebounding effect of the specimens and thermal changes by different expansion of the structure inside the mixtures, can change the mechanical properties of the rubberized blends. Based on the dry technology, different asphalt-rubber binders using devulcanized or natural rubber (truck and bus tread rubber), have been used to show how these defects occur and, at the same time, to solve the problems generated in dense-gap graded rubber modified asphalt concrete mixes (RUMAC) to enhance the stability, workability and durability of the compacted samples by Superpave gyratory compactor method. This paper specifies the procedures developed in the Department of Civil Engineering of the University of Palermo during September 2016 to March 2017, for characterizing the post-compaction and mix-stability of the one conventional mixture (hot mix asphalt without rubber) and two gap-graded rubberized asphalt mixtures, adopting the granulometric characteristic grading curve for rail sub-ballast layer, with nominal size of Ø22.4 mm of aggregates according European standard. Thus, the main purpose of this laboratory research is the application of ambient ground rubber from scrap tires processed at conventional temperature (20 ºC) inside hot bituminous mixtures (160-220 ºC) as a substitute for 1.5%, 2% and 3% by weight of the total aggregates (3.2%, 4.2% and, 6.2% respectively by volumetric part of the limestone aggregates of bulk density equal to 2.81 g/cm 3) considered, not as a part of the asphalt binder. The reference bituminous mixture was designed with 4% of binder and ±3% of air voids, manufactured for a conventional bitumen B50/70 at 160 ºC-145 ºC mix-compaction temperatures to guarantee the workability of the mixes. The proportions of rubber proposed are #60-40% for mixtures with 1.5 to 2% of rubber and, #20-80% for mixture with 3% of rubber (as example, a 60% of Ø0.4-2 mm and 40% of Ø2-4 mm). The temperature of the asphalt cement is between 160 and 180 ºC for mixing and 145 and 160 ºC for compaction, according the optimal values for viscosity using Brookfield viscometer and " ring and ball "-penetration tests. These crumb rubber particles act as a rubber-aggregate into the mixture, varying sizes between 0.4 mm and 2 mm). in a first fraction, and 2 and 4 mm as second proportion. Ambient ground rubber with a specific gravity of 1.154 g/cm 3 is used. The rubber is free of loose fabric, wire and other contaminants. It was found optimal results in real beams and cylindrical specimens with each HMA mixture reducing the swelling effect. Different factors as temperature, particle sizes of rubber, number of cycles and pressures of compaction that affect the interaction process are explained.

3D data captured from archaeological excavations are frequently left to speak for themselves. 3D models of objects are uploaded to online viewing platforms, the tops or bottoms of surfaces are visualised in 2.5D, or both are reduced to 2D representations. Representations of excavation units, in particular, often remain incompletely processed as raw surface outputs, unable to be considered individual entities that represent the individual, volumetric units of excavation. Visualisations of such surfaces, whether as point clouds or meshes, are commonly viewed as an end result in and of themselves, when they could be considered the beginning of a fully volumetric way of recording and understanding the 3D archaeological record. In describing the creation of an archaeologically focused recording routine and a 3D-focused data processing workflow, this article provides the means to fill the void between excavation-unit surfaces, thereby producing an individual volumetric entity that corresp...

Coğrafya eğitiminin önemini taa orta çağ döneminde fark eden İbni Haldun bu durumu özetle "Coğrafya Kaderdir" der. Michael Palin ise "Coğrafya Geleceğimizin Anahtarını Elinde Tutan Branştır" der. Bizler de kader birliği yapmak, geleceğimizin anahtarını elinde tutacak olan disiplinin önemi kavratmak, yaşadığınız coğrafyanın önemini, vatandaşımıza benimsetmek ve içselleştirmek, doğal afetllerle uyumlu bir yaşam sürmek özetle "Yaşam İçin Coğrafya Eğitimi" demek için III. Uluslararası Coğrafya Eğitimi Kongresi düzenleme kurulu olarak bilim insanlarını, coğrafya öğretmenlerini ve farklı kurumlarda çalışan uzmanları kongreye katılımlarını sağlamak adına çağrıda bulunduk. Kongreye çağrımız, bilim insanları ve öğretmenler arasında büyük ilgi gördü. Kongreye dinleyici dahil 841 kişi kayıt yaptırdı. III. Uluslararası Coğrafya Eğitimine 227 bildiri gönderildi. Kongrede kör hakemlik sistemi uygulandı. Toplam 227 bildirinin 219 tanesi kabul edildi. Online olarak üç gün süre ile süren kongrede beş ayrı salonda 36 oturum gerçekleştirildi. III. Uluslararası Coğrafya Eğitimi kongresi tam bir bilim şenliği içerisinde yapıldı. Kongrede oturumların yanısıra bilim insanlarının ve öğretmenlerin mesleki gelişimlerini sağlayacak, günceli gündeme taşıyan 11 panel düzenlendi. Meslektaşlarımızın yabancı meslektaşlarımızla entegre olmasını sağlayacak 7 adet çağrılı konuşmacı kongreye davet edildi. Öğretmenlerimizin coğrafi ve teknoloji okuryazarlık düzeylerini geliştirecek 25 atölye çalışmasına da yer verildi. Bu vesile ile kongrenin coğrafya bilim dünyasına hayırlı olmasını temenni eder ve IV. Coğrafya Eğitimi Kongresi'ne buluşmak umuduyla … 28.12.

The persistent poor performance of students in practical tests in chemistry has been blamed on poor choice of teaching methods and poor understanding of basic concepts in qualitative and quantitative analysis. The purpose of this study therefore was to investigate the effects of guided-inquiry laboratory experiments on Senior Secondary School students' academic achievement in Volumetric Analysis. The design for the study was a pre-test post-test control group quasi-experimental design. The instrument used for data collection was Volumetric Analysis Achievement Test. The statistical tools used for data analysis in the study were means, t-test and Analysis of Covariance. The findings from the study showed that guided-inquiry laboratory experiments have significant effect on students offering chemistry' academic achievement than the traditional teaching method since it motivated the students and this was positively reflected in their chemistry mean achievement scores. The findings also revealed that gender has no significant effect on academic achievement of students exposed to Chemistry through guided-inquiry laboratory experiments. This showed that males and females benefited significantly from the instructional approaches; since it was student-activity oriented which made them engaged in in-depth critical thinking and process skills. The findings of this study imply that guided-inquiry laboratory experiments had much more effect on students' academic achievement than the traditional teaching method. Chemistry teachers should therefore incorporate it into the teaching-learning process since it developed students scientific and practical skills, motivated the students and fostered the spirit of competitiveness among them; and its effectiveness is not being limited by gender. Cite This Article: Jack Gladys Uzezi, and Suleiman Zainab, " Effectiveness of Guided-Inquiry Laboratory Experiments on Senior Secondary Schools Students Academic Achievement in Volumetric Analysis.

Moisture damage in asphalt mixtures can occur within the mastic (cohesive fracture) or at the aggregate-mastic interface (adhesive fracture or failure). Whether or not a cohesive or adhesive failure occurs depends on the nature of the mastic and the relative thickness of the mastic. This report is part of a project that focused on fundamental understanding of the moisture damage process by carefully considering the micro-mechanisms that influence the adhesive interface between aggregate and asphalt and the cohesive strength and durability of the mastic. The first phase of the project focused on the validation of the surface energy measurements and the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of mastics through the evaluation of the moisture susceptibility of materials with known field performance. The results of the first phase of this project were documented in TxDOT report 0-4524-2. The second phase of the project, which is documented in this report, focused on the evaluation of the surface energy and moisture susceptibility of wide combinations of aggregates and asphalts. The analysis approach of moisture damage that was used for the evaluation of mastics in phase 1 was extended in phase 2 to analyze full asphalt mixtures. Also, the influence of binder modifications made by the manufacturer, aging of the asphalt binder, addition of liquid anti-strip agents to the asphalt binder, and changing of the pH of the water at the asphalt-aggregate interface on surface energy and moisture susceptibility was investigated. The energy ratio ER parameter developed under NCHRP 9-37 was used as a screening parameter for evaluating the compatibility of asphalt binders and aggregates in terms of the resistance to moisture damage. The ER combines the cohesive and adhesive bond energies into a single term. A comprehensive system was developed for the evaluation of moisture damage. The first step in the system is to examine the compatibility of an asphalt-aggregate combination by evaluating the surface energy components and the ER. The second step in the system is to conduct DMA of a mastic specimen made of the asphalt binder and fine aggregate portion of the mix. If the DMA results are favorable, the third step, which is the evaluation of the moisture susceptibility of the full mixture, is conducted in order to examine the suitability of mixture design and volumetrics in resisting moisture damage.

A maximum likelihood framework for the probabilistic assessment of cyclicallyinduced reconsolidation settlements of saturated cohesionless soil sites is described. For this purpose, over 200 case history sites were carefully studied. After screening for data quality and completeness, the resulting database is composed of 49 high-quality, cyclically-induced ground settlement case histories from 7 different earthquakes. For these case history sites, settlement predictions by currently available methods of Tokimatsu and Seed, Ishihara and Yoshimine, Shamoto et al., Wu and Seed are presented comparatively, along with the predictions of the proposed probabilistic model. As an integral part of the proposed model, the volumetric strain correlation presented in the companion paper is used. The accuracy of the mean predictions as well as their uncertainty is assessed by both linear regression and maximum likelihood methodologies. The analyses results revealed that i) Shamoto et al., Tokimatsu and Seed predictions are smaller than the actual settlements and need to be calibrated by a factor of 1.93 and 1.45, respectively, ii) Ishihara and Yoshimine, and Wu and Seed predictions are higher than the actual settlements and need to be calibrated by a factor of 0.90 and 0.98, respectively. Wu and Seed procedure produced the most unbiased estimates of mean settlements (i.e.: their calibration coefficient (0.98) is the closest to unity), but the uncertainty (scatter) of their predictions remains high as revealed by the second to last smaller R 2 value, or relatively higher standard deviation ( ε σ ) of the model error . In addition to superior model predictions, the main advantage of the proposed methodology is the probabilistic nature of the calibration scheme, which enables incorporation of the model uncertainty into mean settlement predictions. To illustrate the potential use of the proposed model, the probability of cyclically-induced reconsolidation settlement of a site after a scenario earthquake to be less than a threshold settlement level is assessed. CE DATABASE SUBJECT HEADINGS: Volume change, settlement, probabilistic methods, liquefaction. _____________________________________ 1 Assoc. Professor,

3D data captured from archaeological excavations are frequently left to speak for themselves. 3D models of objects are uploaded to online viewing platforms, the tops or bottoms of surfaces are visualised in 2.5D, or both are reduced to 2D representations. Representations of excavation units, in particular, often remain incompletely processed as raw surface outputs, unable to be considered individual entities that represent the individual, volumetric units of excavation. Visualisations of such surfaces, whether as point clouds or meshes, are commonly viewed as an end result in and of themselves, when they could be considered the beginning of a fully volumetric way of recording and understanding the 3D archaeological record. In describing the creation of an archaeologically focused recording routine and a 3D-focused data processing workflow, this article provides the means to fill the void between excavation-unit surfaces, thereby producing an individual volumetric entity that corresponds to each excavation unit. Drawing on datasets from the Kaymakçı Archaeological Project (KAP) in western Turkey, the article shows the potential for programmatic creation of volumetric contextual units from 2D point cloud datasets, opening a world of possibilities and challenges for the development of a truly 3D archaeological practice.

Semiflexible pavement (SFP), a composite pavement, is formed by filling into a very open porous asphalt skeleton a specifically designed water consistency fluid mortar with a very high early and 28-day strength. The amalgamation of both components will produce a SFP where it will replace the conventional wearing course. The main goal of this investigation is to study the effect of various aggregate gradations towards producing SFP. These include determining the optimum binder, volumetric properties, and durability and strength of each aggregate gradation. The final results were statistically analyzed and two factor variance analyses (ANOVA) were performed to check on the significance at certain confidence limits. The results confirmed that different aggregate gradations significantly affect the properties mentioned. © 2014 Nadiah Md. Husain et al.

http://www.hindawi.com/journals/amse/2014/529305/abs/

A novel design of a piezoelectric silicon micropump is proposed, which provides a constant flow rate over a wide backpressure range of up to 30 kPa. This highly appreciable feature is based on a new serial arrangement of two active valves and relies on both an appropriate electrical actuation sequence of the piezo-actuators and an immanent limitation of the membrane deflection by the valve seats. The design is optimized for the low flow regime ranging from 0.1 to 50 µl min −1 . A detailed lumped-parameter model is derived in order to reveal the physics behind this pumping principle and to identify the optimum control scheme. For the fabrication of our device, a comparably simple and robust 2-wafer process is utilized. A thorough experimental investigation demonstrates the high performance of the micropump. The backpressure independence of the flow rate enables high-resolution volumetric dosing within the aforementioned flow range. The stroke volume and hence the resolution of the micropump is adjustable via the upstroke voltage of the actuator between 50 and 200 nl. Depending on this setting typical actuation frequencies range from 0.05 to 5 Hz and the flow rate scales proportional to the frequency within that frequency range.

Aggression and violent acts have been linked with impulsive responding. We investigated whether impulsive personality trait, especially suggestive of dysfunctional impulsivity (i.e. fast and inaccurate responding where this is non-optimal), is associated with a history of seriously violent behaviour and specific brain deficits in schizophrenia. Twenty-four male participants with schizophrenia, of whom 10 had a history of serious physical violence, and 14 healthy male participants were assessed on impulsiveness (dysfunctional impulsivity), venturesomeness (functional impulsivity), and empathy. All participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging. The results revealed that participants with schizophrenia and a history of violence showed elevated impulsiveness but had comparable scores on venturesomeness and empathy dimensions. Impulsiveness scores correlated negatively with reduced orbitofrontal grey matter volume in both the patient and healthy control groups, and with hippocampal volume in the patient group. Our findings suggest that dysfunctional, but not functional, impulsivity is elevated in patients with schizophrenia with a propensity for repetitive violence, and this in turn appears to be associated with reduce volumes of both the orbitofrontal cortex grey matter and the hippocampus. Violence risk prediction and management strategies in schizophrenia may benefit from including specific measures of dysfunctional impulsive traits.

Grouted Macadam composite pavement (GMCP) is generally a composite pavement which is manufactured by preparing a highly workable fluid mortar which is specially designed with a very high early and 28 day strength (1 day - 45 MPa, 28 day - 105 MPa) by filling the flowing fluid mortar into a very open porous asphalt skeleton (25-32% Voids in Mix - VIM). The combination of both components will produce a semi-rigid pavement or GMCP which has the best features of both rigid concrete and flexible bituminous pavement where it will replace the conventional wearing course. This paper will investigate the significance difference of GMCP produced by the 3 different aggregate gradations by Road Engineering Association of Malaysia (REAM) in volumetric properties, durability and strength. The best quality fluid grout was chosen to fill the porous asphalt skeleton and GMCP was subjected for compression test, VIM and indirect tensile test (IDT) to check on its performance. The results show that the 3 different aggregate gradations significantly affect the volumetric properties, durability and strength. Furthermore it will also help in reducing pollution and helps with the current environmental problems. © 2010 IEEE.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5653996

This paper aims to quantify the effect of modified mixture volumetrics and compaction effort on surface characteristics of asphalt pavements. Specimens were prepared using PG 64-10 asphalt binder mixed with crushed limestone aggregate. Three types of asphalt modifiers were added; Crumb Tire Rubber (CTR), Microcrystalline Synthetic Wax (MSW) and Nano Silica (NS). In addition, specimens were adjusted at 4% air void and were compacted at Design Number of Gyrations (Ndes) = 119 and 82 to simulate high and low levels of traffic, respectively. Research findings revealed that Air Voids Volume (V a) and Effective Binder Volume (V be) exert a significant effect on the surface frictional properties. Additionally, the ratio of V a to V be , expressed as P v , was also investigated to study the combined effect of V a and V be on surface friction results. It was concluded that P v has a considerable role in the evaluation process. It was also shown that increasing the level of compaction would result in a positive effect on British Pendulum Number (BPN) measurements and the opposite is true in terms of macrotexture measurements. Furthermore, CTR-modified mixtures exhibited the highest values of friction and macrotexture followed by NS-modified mixtures. MSW-modified and unmodified mixtures exhibited the least fractional characteristics. ARTICLE HISTORY

Objective: This paper describes an algorithm which resulted in a practical method for estimating an enclosed volume using three-dimensional ultrasound. It was tested in vitro on thin-walled phantoms. Method." Data was acquired with a standard mechanical sector transducer which was tilted through a given angle (26 °, 51 ° or 88 °) by a motorized mechanical holder. A total of 81 frames was captured, stored digitally on a Unix workstation, and scanned and converted into a three-dimensional volumetric data set. Planar contours were drawn manually to indicate an enclosing volume. From the given set of contours, a polyhedron was reconstructed and the volume calculated. Four different principles of manual contour indication; outside, inside, center, and leading edge to leading edge, were investigated. The volume estimation method was tested on a condom filled with water with varying volume. Results: The experiments demonstrated lowest error for the center edge contour indication, mean difference -0.47 ml ± 2.15 ml (mean ± 2 S.D.) in the volume range 1.15-45.90 ml. An inter-observer error of 0.60 ± 5.00 was found using the center edge contour indication. The error for leading edge contour identification was similar, 0.78 ml ± 2.65 ml. Both inside and outside contour identification gave much larger errors. Conclusion: It was concluded that this volume estimation method was accurate, contributed to low inter-observer error, and that the results from the different tracing indications demonstrated the necessity to standardize these procedures for thin-walled organs.

In this work, experimental measurements of isobaric heat capacity as well as speed of sound were performed in the compressed liquid phase of n-undecane from 303.15 to 373.15 K and for pressures ranging up to 60 MPa. These results were used to estimate various thermophysical properties such as density, isentropic compressibility and isochoric heat capacity in the same ranges of pressure and temperature. All these sets of data allow checking the thermodynamic consistency between calorimetric, acoustic and volumetric properties.

Background: In chronic schizophrenia, the P300 is broadly reduced and shows a localized left temporal deficit specifically associated with reduced gray matter volume of the left posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG). In first-episode patients, a similar left temporal P300 deficit is present in schizophrenia, but not in affective psychosis. The present study investigated whether the left temporal P300-left posterior STG volume association is selectively present in first-episode schizophrenia.

The detrimental effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the developing brain include structural brain anomalies as well as cognitive and behavioral deficits. Initial neuroimaging studies of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed previous autopsy reports of overall reduction in brain volume and central nervous system (CNS) disorganization, with specific structural abnormalities of the corpus callosum, cerebellum, caudate, and hippocampus. Advances in neuroimaging techniques have allowed detection of regional increases in cortical thickness and gray matter volume along with decreased volume and disorganization of white matter in individuals with FASD. In addition, functional imaging studies have found functional and neurochemical differences in those prenatally exposed to alcohol. Behavioral alterations noted in individuals with FASD are consistent with the findings noted in the brain imaging studies. Continued neuroimaging studies are needed to further advance understanding of the neuroteratogenic effects of alcohol.

This study investigated the relationship between cortisol secretion and hippocampal volume in first-episode psychosis and healthy controls. Hippocampal volume was measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 24 first-episode psychosis patients and in 18 healthy controls, together with diurnal cortisol levels. Twelve patients received a second MRI scan at 3-month follow-up. Diurnal cortisol levels were inversely correlated with left hippocampal volume in patients, both at baseline and at follow-up, while no correlation was found in controls. Our findings suggest that smaller hippocampal volume in first-episode psychosis can partly be explained by stress-related processes in the brain, as measured by cortisol hyper-secretion. contributed to the recruitment of the subjects, collection of the data and writing of the manuscript. Alessandro D'Albenzio contributed to measuring hippocampal volume in all the subjects. Andrew Papadopoulos contributed to the analysis of the cortisol samples, interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript.

Four years after the signing of the 2016 Peace Agreement that ended the longest armed conflict in the history of the Americas, violent struggles over territory continue apace in many parts of rural Colombia. Official and academic explanations for this ongoing violence tend to link the problem to unequal land access, meaning that political solutions have tended to focus on rural land redistribution. However, we argue that shifting from a planar to a volumetric anal- ysis of the problem reveals how the state and private capital have dramatically reconfigured territorial access in the post-Peace Agreement era. Drawing evidence from the department of Cesar, in the northeast of the Colombian Caribbean, we show how biophysical and social inter-connections, as well as legal disconnections between the land, subterranean, and atmosphere, shape the daily lives of rural people and their expectations in the context of political transition.

In this paper, a method is proposed that uses an artefact assembled in situ and exploiting the on-machine probing capability to perform a rapid volumetric distortion assessment of a five-axis machine. The 3D reconfigurable uncalibrated master ball artefact (RUMBA) is an assembly of the machine pallet and an adjustable number of master balls located within the machine working and probing envelop. The artefact design philosophy allows flexibility in the number and positions of the balls thus conferring the reconfigurability attribute. Reconfigurability allows adaptation of the artefact to the machine topology and geometry and its construction around a fixture and workpiece to reduce disruption to machine production. On the down side, the artefact is uncalibrated as its construction concept hinders precise knowledge of its geometry. During a test, combinations of all the machine axes are used to move and probe the master balls. A mathematical model is developed in order to identify the setup errors of each master ball and the probe. Simultaneous identification of the rotary axes' linear offset with the setup errors is proposed to improve the parameter estimation and volumetric distortion prediction. The machine contribution to the volumetric distortion is then computed from the ball centre data excluding the setup errors. Tests are conducted in a laboratory on a horizontal machining centre. The results show that the proposed mathematical procedure is capable of removing the influence of the uncalibrated artefact geometry, excluding scale, and that the proposed design is suited to the machine environment.

Intentionality, or Theory of Mind, is the ability to explain and predict the behaviour of others by attributing to them intentions and mental states and is hypothesised to be one of several social cognitive mechanisms which have impacted upon brain size evolution. Though the brain activity associated with processing this type of information has been studied extensively, the neuroanatomical correlates of these abilities, e.g. whether subjects who perform better have greater volume of associated brain regions, remain to be investigated. Because social abilities of this type appear to have evolved relatively recently, and because the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was the last brain region to develop both phylogenetically and ontogenetically, we hypothesised a relationship between PFC volume and intentional competence. To test this, we estimated the volume of four regional prefrontal subfields in each cerebral hemisphere, in 40 healthy adult humans by applying stereological methods on T1-weighted magnetic resonance images. Our results reveal a significant linear relationship between intentionality score and volume of orbital PFC (p = 0.01). Since this region is known to be involved in the processing of social information our findings support the hypothesis that brain size evolution is, at least in part, the result of social cognitive mechanisms supporting social cohesion.

This article reviews the evidence for changes in the structure and function of the brain in subjects at high risk of schizophrenia for genetic reasons during the genesis of the disorder. We first highlight the structural and functional abnormalities in schizophrenia and whether any similar or lesser abnormalities are apparent in unaffected relatives. There is good evidence for subtle abnormalities of hippocampal and ventricle volume in relatives that are not as marked as the deficits in schizophrenia. In addition, the functional imaging literature suggests that prefrontal cortex function may deteriorate in those at risk who go on to develop the disorder. We then review the findings from longitudinal imaging studies of those at high risk, particularly the Edinburgh High-Risk Study, which report gray matter density reductions in medial and lateral temporal lobe because people develop schizophrenia, as well as functional abnormalities which precede onset. We conclude by quoting our own and others' imaging studies of the associations of genetic and other risk factors for schizophrenia, including stressful life events and cannabis use, which provide mechanistic examples of how these changes may be brought about. Overall, the literature supports the view that there are measurable changes in brain structure and function during the genesis of the disorder, which provide opportunities for early detection and intervention.

Background. African-Caribbean and black African people living in the UK are reported to have a higher incidence of diagnosed psychosis compared with white British people. It has been argued that this may be a consequence of misdiagnosis. If this is true they might be less likely to show the patterns of structural brain abnormalities reported in white British patients. The aim of this study therefore was to investigate whether there are differences in the prevalence of structural brain abnormalities in white and black first-episode psychosis patients.

A plain, didactically convenient formulation of the electron balance and of the proton balance equations, suitable for complicated redox titration systems with redox, acid-base, precipitation and complexation side-reactions is discussed. Two typical examples, the standardisation of a permanganate solution by titration of iron(II), and the standardisation of a iodine solution by titration of sodium arsenite, are presented.

Objective: The role of dopamine in the addictive process (loss of control and compulsive drug intake) is poorly understood. A consistent finding in drug-addicted subjects is a lower level of dopamine D 2 receptors. In cocaine abusers, low levels of D 2 receptors are associated with a lower level of metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex. Because the orbitofrontal cortex is associated with compulsive behaviors, its disruption may contribute to compulsive drug intake in addicted subjects. This study explored whether a similar association occurs in methamphetamine abusers.