Visual Quality

The influence of ultraviolet (UV-C) light (1.4-13.7 kJ m −2 at 254 nm) on the quality and microbial populations of fresh-cut watermelon [Citrulus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai] was investigated and compared to that of common sanitizing solutions used for fresh-cut produce. Dipping cubes in chlorine (40 L L −1) and ozone (0.4 L L −1) was not effective in reducing microbial populations and quality was lower in cubes receiving these aqueous treatments compared to UV-irradiated cubes or control. In commercial trials, exposing packaged watermelons cubes to UV-C light at 4.1 kJ m −2 produced >1 log reduction in microbial populations by the end of the product's shelf life without affecting juice leakage, color and, overall visual quality. In further experimentation, lower UV-C dose (1.4 kJ m −2) reduced microbial populations to a lower degree and only when complete surface exposure was ensured. Higher UV-C doses did not show any difference in microbial populations (6.3 kJ m −2) or result in quality deterioration (13.7 kJ m −2). Spray applications of hydrogen peroxide (2%) and chlorine (40 L L −1), without subsequent removal of excess water, failed to further decrease microbial load of cubes exposed to UV-C light at 4.1 kJ m −2. When properly utilized, UV-C light is the only method tested in this study that could potentially be used for sanitizing fresh-cut watermelon.

We develop a new filter which combines spatially adaptive noise filtering in the wavelet domain and temporal filtering in the signal domain. For spatial filtering, we propose a new wavelet shrinkage method, which estimates how probable it is that a wavelet coefficient represents a "signal of interest" given its value, given the locally averaged coefficient magnitude and given the global subband statistics. The temporal filter combines a motion detector and recursive time-averaging. The results show that this combination outperforms single resolution spatio-temporal filters in terms of quantitative performance measures as well as in terms of visual quality. Even though our current implementation of the new filter does not allow real-time processing, we believe that its optimized software implementation could be used for real-or near real-time filtering.

The analysis of the relationships between landscape visual quality and landscape structural properties is an active area of environmental perception research. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between landscape spatial pattern and the rating of visual aesthetic quality. Eight landscape photographs were evaluated for 11 visual attributes by 98 respondents. The scores obtained for these 11 attributes were subjected to principal components analysis in order to summarize the qualities used by the respondents and thus determine their visual preferences. For each photograph, three window sizes were defined (with respect to a landcover map) to cover the different areas corresponding to the visual field (foreground, mid-ground and background). The landscape spatial structure for each window was analyzed using spatial metrics. The correlation between each dimension and the spatial pattern indices of the landscape were then calculated. Positive correlations were obtained...

Visual simulation of natural erosion on terrains has always been a fascinating research topic in the field of computer graphics. While there are many algorithms already developed to improve the visual quality of terrain, the recent simulation methods revolve around physically-based hydraulic erosion because it can generate realistic natural-looking terrains. However, many of such algorithms were tested only on low resolution terrains. When simulated on a higher resolution terrain, most of the current algorithms become computationally expensive. This is why in many applications today, terrains are generated off-line and loaded during the application runtime. This method restricts the number of terrains which can be stored if there is a limitation on storage capacity.

ABSTRACT An important component of shrimp quality evaluation is determination of visual attributes by trained inspectors. This is subjective, time con-suming, and difficult to quantify. An automated device was developed for repeatable, objective measurement of visual quality of shrimp. ...

The research presented here evaluated viewer preferences for a road corridor in southern Utah that is managed in part by the USDA Forest Service, and in part by the National Park Service. Because philosophical differences per agency can lead to visible differences in ...

This study, made in the cities of Adapazarı, Duzce, and Bolu, has three fundamental goals. The first one is the evaluation of visual quality and strength of each tree form, second is the determination of visual quality and strength of different tree forms next to each other, and the third goal of this study is determining the effects of personal characteristics to the perception of tree forms. To reach these three goals the semantic differential method was used to evaluate graphical visions of tree forms. According to the findings, trees with pyramid forms have the most effective visual quality and strength. Pyramid-formed tree combinations have higher visual quality and strength than mixed combinations do. At the same time personal characteristics are effective on the visual perception of tree forms. A strong relationship between the amount of area per person in the cities the participants live in and their visual perception of tree forms has been found. r

Clustering algorithms have successfully been applied as a digital image segmentation technique in various fields and applications. However, those clustering algorithms are only applicable for specific images such as medical images, microscopic images etc. In this paper, we present a new clustering algorithm called Adaptive Fuzzy-K-means (AFKM) clustering for image segmentation which could be applied on general images and/or specific images (i.e., medical and microscopic images), captured using different consumer electronic products namely, for example, the common digital cameras and CCD cameras. The algorithm employs the concepts of fuzziness and belongingness to provide a better and more adaptive clustering process as compared to several conventional clustering algorithms. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses favour the proposed AFKM algorithm in terms of providing a better segmentation performance for various types of images and various number of segmented regions. Based on the results obtained, the proposed algorithm gives better visual quality as compared to several other clustering methods. 1 .

Texture mapping is a fundamental feature of computer graphics image generation. In current PC based acceleration hardware, MIP-mapping with bilinear and trilinear filtering are commonly used filtering techniques for reducing spatial aliasing artifacts. The effectiveness of these techniques in reducing image aliasing at the expense of blurring is dependent upon the MIP-map level selection and the associated calculation of screen space to texture space pixel scaling. This paper describes an investigation of practical methods for per pixel and per primitive level of detail calculation. This investigation was carried out as part of the design work for a screen space rasterization ASIC. The implementations of several algorithms of comparable visual quality are discussed and a comparison is provided in terms of per primitive and per pixel computational costs.

ABSTRACT The locations and the relationships between locations that have emerged with urbanization and the growth of cities have placed considerable pressures on city dwellers. In recent times, city dwellers have been seeking comfort both inside and outside their homes. The search for comfort outside of homes, in particular, has increasingly focused on satisfying both the physical and psychological eeds of city dwellers. To satisfy such demands, efforts should be made to create locations with aesthetic and functional qualities. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the relationships between the visual quality of urban recreational areas and the structural and vegetation landscape elements of these areas with regards to the preferences of visitors and users. One-on-one interviews using photo- questionnaires were conducted in the study areas with 409 individuals. Based on our findings, it was observed that the water surface area, the widths of pedestrian walkways, the function of recreational areas, plant composition, plant color composition, and plant species diversity can positively affect the visual quality of a landscape area. Furthermore, it was determined that a lack of bush-type plants within the plant composition can have a negative effect on visual quality.

Digital Image enhancement provides a multitude of choices for improving the visual quality of radiographic images. When the details of radiographic image are lost due to various reasons, image enhancement has been applied. Many algorithms have been proposed for image enhancement in the past decade. Contrast improvement algorithms are used to enhance image contrast and some algorithms come with undesired drawbacks like the loss of tiny details, enhancement of image noise, occasional over enhancement and unnatural look of the processed images. This paper proposes new algorithms for contrast enhancement of radiographic images in spatial domain based on edge operators. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithms provide a flexible and reliable way for contrast enhancement over the traditional high pass filter.

Measurement of visual quality is crucial for many image and video processing applications. Traditionally, quality assessment (QA) algorithms predict visual quality by comparing a distorted signal against a reference, typically by modeling the Human Visual System (HVS). In this paper, we adopt a new paradigm for video quality assessment that is an extension of our previous work on still image QA. We propose an information fidelity criterion that quantifies the Shannon information that is shared between the reference and the distorted videos relative to the information contained in the reference video itself. We use Natural Scene Statistics (NSS) modeling in concert with an image degradation model and an HVS model. We demonstrate the performance of our algorithm by testing it on the VQEG Phase I dataset, and show that the information-fidelity framework is competitive with state of the art quality assessment methods.

In this paper, a new spatiotemporal filtering scheme is described for noise reduction in video sequences. For this purpose, the scheme processes each group of three consecutive sequence frames in two steps: 1) estimate motion between frames and 2) use motion vectors to get the final denoised current frame. A family of adaptive spatiotemporal -filters is applied. A recursive implementation of these filters is used and compared with its nonrecursive counterpart. The motion trajectories are obtained recursively by a region-recursive estimation method. Both motion parameters and filter weights are computed by minimizing the kurtosis of error instead of mean squared error. Using the kurtosis in the algorithms adaptation is appropriate in the presence of mixed and impulsive noises. The filter performance is evaluated by considering different types of video sequences. Simulations show marked improvement in visual quality and SNRI measures cost as well as compared to those reported in literature.

The analysis of the relationships between landscape visual quality and landscape structural properties is an active area of environmental perception research. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between landscape spatial pattern and the rating of visual aesthetic quality. Eight landscape photographs were evaluated for 11 visual attributes by 98 respondents. The scores obtained for these 11 attributes were subjected to principal components analysis in order to summarize the qualities used by the respondents and thus determine their visual preferences. For each photograph, three window sizes were defined (with respect to a landcover map) to cover the different areas corresponding to the visual field (foreground, mid-ground and background). The landscape spatial structure for each window was analyzed using spatial metrics. The correlation between each dimension and the spatial pattern indices of the landscape were then calculated. Positive correlations were obtained between visual aesthetic quality and a number of landscape pattern indices. The results suggest that landscape heterogeneity might be an important factor in determining visual aesthetic quality.

Term “super-resolution” is typically used for a high-resolution image produced from several low-resolution noisy observations. In this paper, we consider the problem of high-quality interpolation of a single noise-free image. Several aspects of the corresponding super-resolution algorithm are investigated: choice of regularization term, dependence of the result on initial approximation, convergence speed, and heuristics to facilitate convergence and improve the visual quality of the resulting image.

We describe TopoLayout, a feature-based, multilevel algorithm that draws undirected graphs based on the topological features they contain. Topological features are detected recursively inside the graph, and their subgraphs are collapsed into single nodes, forming a graph hierarchy. Each feature is drawn with an algorithm tuned for its topology. As would be expected from a featurebased approach, the runtime and visual quality of TopoLayout depends on the number and types of topological features present in the graph. We show experimental results comparing speed and visual quality for TopoLayout against four other multilevel algorithms on a variety of data sets with a range of connectivities and sizes. TopoLayout frequently improves the results in terms of speed and visual quality on these data sets.

Fractals have experienced considerable success in quantifying the complex structure exhibited by many natural patterns and have captured the imagination of scientists and artists alike. With ever widening appeal, they have been referred to both as "fingerprints of nature" and "the new aesthetics." Our research has shown that the drip patterns of the American abstract painter Jackson Pollock are fractal. In this paper, we consider the implications of this discovery. We first present an overview of our research from the past five years to establish a context for our current investigations of human response to fractals. We discuss results showing that fractal images generated by mathematical, natural and human processes possess a shared aesthetic quality based on visual complexity. In particular, participants in visual perception tests display a preference for fractals with mid-range fractal dimensions. We also present recent preliminary work based on skin conductan...

Most digital still cameras acquire imagery with a color filter array (CFA), sampling only one color value for each pixel and interpolating the other two color values afterwards. The interpolation process is commonly known as demosaicking. In general, a good demosaicking method should preserve the high-frequency information of imagery as much as possible, since such information is essential for image visual quality. We discuss in this paper two key observations for preserving high-frequency information in CFA demosaicking: 1) the high frequencies are similar across three color components, and 2) the high frequencies along the horizontal and vertical axes are essential for image quality. Our frequency analysis of CFA samples indicates that filtering a CFA image can better preserve high frequencies than filtering each color component separately. This motivates us to design an efficient filter for estimating the luminance at green pixels of the CFA image, and devise an adaptive filtering approach to estimating the luminance at red and blue pixels. Experimental results on simulated CFA images as well as raw CFA data verify that the proposed method outperforms the existing state-of-the-art methods both visually and in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio, at a notably lower computational cost.

Abstract -This paper presents a novel Lossless Secure data embedding algorithm in which the vital information can be embedded into the cover image while preserving the quality of cover image and maintaining the security of the data to be embedded. The cover image quality and embedded data security are two main issues that need to be considered during the process of the data embedding. Our SDEM-DCT (Scramble Data Embedding in Mid-frequency range of DCT) Algorithm consists of three major security levels that can be used to hide Credit Card Numbers of many customers inside the bank LOGO. In the first security level the credit card number (16 digits) of each customer is obtained from a data file and then scrambled with the M-K (Malakooti-khederzadeh) Randomize Key Generator. In the second security layer the scrambled credit card numbers will be XOR with the keys generated by M-K Randomize key generator to encrypt the scrambled data and increase the security. In the third security level the bank cover image (LOGO) will be divided into blocks of size 8 x 8 and then the encrypted scrambled data regarding to each credit card will be hidden inside the midfrequencies of the DCT. Thus we can insure that credit card numbers or any other bank vital information can obtained from a file and then be embedded inside the LOGO using our algorithm without losing much information and providing the security while transferring bank transaction over the internet or over many other communications facilities

Phase unwrapping arises as a key step in several imaging technologies, from which we emphasize remote sensing applications like terrain analysis and generation, topographic mapping, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (ISAR). Due to various decorrelation factors, there is much noise in phase images. Phase noise degrades the visual quality of images and interferograms, increases the errors of results derived from the ISAR interferogram, and obstruct phase unwrapping. Hilbert transform (HT) as a phase unwrapping techniques was recently proposed, and its behavior in presence of noise is unknown. In this paper, one-dimensional (1-D) HT phase unwrapping algorithm is proposed to detect and eliminate phase discontinuities in N-dimensional (N-D) noisy phase arrays. The behavior of this method in presence of different noise levels is studied and compared with the other approach of phase jump detection. The phase noise filtration problem and its effect on proposed algorithm behavior are considered. Tests of method presented illustrate the validity and effectiveness of proposed algorithm for difficult problems with noisy and discontinuous original phases.

This paper presents an efficient solution for digital images sharpening, the Adaptive Directional Sharpening with Overshoot Control (ADSOC), a method based on a high-pass filter able to perform a stronger sharpening in the detailed zones of the image, preserving the homogeneous regions. The basic objective of this approach is to reduce the undesired effects. The sharpening introduced along strong edges

In these last years the applications involving 3D data are quickly increasing in number and many efforts to obtain 3D models by direct acquisition or modeling have been deployed. Additionally, the computer graphics power reached by personal computers and Internet have incremented the diffusion of this new media. For these reasons, the interest in developing techniques to provide IPR protection of 3D models is increasing. Watermarking technology has been successfully used for this purpose for other kinds of media such as images and video, but, a lot of work is again necessary to reach robustness and industrial applicability for 3D watermarking algorithms. In this paper we treat a specific aspect of 3D watermarking technology: the visual quality of the watermarked models. In particular, after a panoramic on 3D watermarking technology we present some ideas about this issue and we propose a method based on multiresolution analysis to improve this aspect in future watermarking algorithms.

... Landscape and Urban Planning Volume 69, Issue 1, 15 July 2004, Pages 115-125. ... An application based on two Mediterranean rural areas in Andalusia in Southern Spain is ... exist between landscape components and the scenic preferences of observers (Palmer, 1983, Daniel ...

The H.264/AVC is the newest video coding standard recommended by ITU-T and MPEG. Compared with all existing video coding standards, H.264 can achieve superior performance by using many advanced techniques. Intra mode selection is an important feature in H.264 standard and can reduce the spatial redundancy in intra-frame significantly. An efficient rate distortion optimization (RDO) technique is employed in H.264 to choose the best mode for each MB, but the computational cost increases drastically. In this paper, a fast intra-mode selection algorithm is introduced. By using a fast edge detection method which is based on non-normalized Haar transform (NHT), edge for each sub-block can be extracted. Based on the local edge information, only few intra-modes are chosen as mode candidates. A fast RDO algorithm is also proposed in this paper which is based on accurate rate-distortion estimation model and the fast intra-mode RDO method. By combining these two methods, computational load is reduced remarkably. Experimental results show that this fast intra-mode selection scheme can lessen the encoding time significantly with little loss of bit-rate and visual quality.

Although three-dimensional (3D) displays enhance visual quality more than two-dimensional (2D) displays do, the depth information required for 3D displays is unavailable in the conventional 2D content. Therefore, converting 2D videos into 3D ones has become an important issue in emerging 3D applications. This work presents a novel algorithm that automatically converts 2D videos into 3D ones. The proposed algorithm utilizes the edge information to segment the image into object groups. A depth map is then assigned based on a hypothesized depth gradient model. Next, the depth map is block-based assigned by cooperating with a cross bilateral filter to generate visually comfortable depth maps efficiently and also diminish the block artifacts. A multiview video can be readily generated by using a depth image-based rendering method.

Video stabilization is an important video enhancement technology which aims at removing annoying shaky motion from videos. We propose a practical and robust approach of video stabilization that produces full-frame stabilized videos with good visual quality. While most previous methods end up with producing smaller size stabilized videos, our completion method can produce fullframe videos by naturally filling in missing image parts by locally aligning image data of neighboring frames. To achieve this, motion inpainting is proposed to enforce spatial and temporal consistency of the completion in both static and dynamic image areas. In addition, image quality in the stabilized video is enhanced with a new practical deblurring algorithm. Instead of estimating point spread functions, our method transfers and interpolates sharper image pixels of neighboring frames to increase the sharpness of the frame. The proposed video completion and deblurring methods enabled us to develop a complete video stabilizer which can naturally keep the original image quality in the stabilized videos. The effectiveness of our method is confirmed by extensive experiments over a wide variety of videos.

Desert palaces in Jordan are unique pieces of art scattered in the desert as standing symbols of ancient civilizations. Due to their location, these palaces witness different environmental conditions which affect their status and sustainability. This raises the need to have a 3D documentation system reporting all spatial information for each palace, which can be used later for monitoring purposes. Digital photogrammetry is a generally accepted technique for the collection of 3D representations of the environment. For this reason, this image-based technique has been extensively used to produce high quality 3D models of heritage sites and historical buildings for documentation and presentation purposes. Additionally, terrestrial laser scanners are used, which directly measure 3D surface coordinates based on the run-time of reflected light pulses. These systems feature high data acquisition rates, good accuracy and high spatial data density. Despite the potential of each single approach, in our opinion, maximum benefit is to be expected by a combination of data from both digital cameras and terrestrial laser scanners. By these means the efficiency of data collection as well as the geometric accuracy and visual quality of the collected textured 3D models can be optimized. Within the paper, a 3D documentation system for Umayyad desert palaces in the Jordan desert will be presented using digital photogrammetry and laser scanning. The approach is demonstrated by generating high realistic 3D textured models for Amra and Kharanah palaces.

This article reviews literature from the health field investigating the characteristics of environments that support or hinder physical activity. This literature shows that physical activity is associated with objective and subjective measures of accessibility to recreational facilities and local destinations, as well as with neighborhood safety and visual quality. Walking and biking emerge as prominent forms of physical activity and occur primarily in neighborhood streets and public facilities, suggesting that building walkable and bikable communities can address health as well as transportation concerns. The studies help advance environment-behavior research related to urban and transportation planning. They identify behavioral and environmental determinants of physical activity and employ rigorous data collection methods and theoretical frameworks that are new to the planning field. The article concludes that multidisciplinary research will likely yield promising results in identifying the aspects of environments that can be modified to encourage physical activity and physically active travel.

Abstract—By taking into account the properties and limitations of the human visual system (HVS), images can be more efficiently compressed, colors more accurately reproduced, prints better rendered, to mention a few major advantages. To achieve these goals it is necessary to build a computational model of the HVS. In this paper we give an introduction to the general issue of HVS-modeling and review the specific applications of visual quality assessment and HVS-based image compression, which are closely related. On one hand, ...

In this paper we introduce a new subdivision operator that unifies triangular and quadrilateral subdivision schemes. Designers often want the added flexibility of having both quads and triangles in their models. It is also well known that triangle meshes generate poor limit surfaces when using a quad scheme, while quad-only meshes behave poorly with triangular schemes. Our new scheme is a generalization of the well known Catmull-Clark and Loop subdivision algorithms. We show that our surfaces are C 1 everywhere and provide a proof that it is impossible to construct a C 2 scheme at the quad/triangle boundary. However, we provide rules that produce surfaces with bounded curvature at the regular quad/triangle boundary and provide optimal masks that minimize the curvature divergence elsewhere. We demonstrate the visual quality of our surfaces with several examples.

Using coarse meshes with textures and/or normal maps to represent detailed meshes often results in poor visual quality along silhouettes. To tackle this problem, we introduce silhouette texture, a new data structure for capturing and reconstructing the silhouettes of detailed meshes. In addition to the recording of color and normal fields in traditional methods, we sample information that represents the original silhouettes and pack it into a three dimensional texture. In the rendering stage, our algorithm extracts relevant information from the texture to rebuild the silhouettes for any perspective view. Unlike previous work, our approach is based on GPU and could achieve high rendering performance. Moreover, both exterior and interior silhouettes are processed for better approximation quality. In addition to rendering acceleration, our algorithm also enables detailed silhouette visualization with minimum geometric complexity.

The use of 3D laser scanner in documenting heritage sites has increased significantely over the past few years. This is maily due to advances of such systems which allow for the fast and reliable generation of millions of 3D points. Despite the considerable progress of these approaches, the highest possible degree in efficiency and flexibility of data collection will be possible, if other techniques are combined during data processing. Within the paper the potential of combining terrestrial laser scanning and close range photogrammetry for the documentation of heritage sites is discussed. Besides improving the geometry of the model, the integration aims on supporting the visual quality of the linear features like edges and cracks in the historical scenes. Additionally, we present an effective approach for projective texture mapping from photographs onto triangulated surfaces from 3D laser scanning. By these means, the effort to generate photorealistic models of complex shaped objects can be reduced considerably. In order to handle the resulting problem of occlusions, the visibility of the model areas in the respective images has to be established. For this purpose an efficient algorithm addressing the image fusion and visibility is used. The investigations and implementation of the experiments are based on data from Al-Khasneh, a well-known monument in Petra, Jordan. 'Photogrammetric Week 05' Dieter Fritsch, Ed. Wichmann Verlag, Heidelberg 2005.

Increasing concerns about the possible formation of carcinogenic compounds and the emergence of new, more tolerant pathogens, have raised questions on the use of chlorine in fresh-cut produce. There is a growing need to investigate the efficacy of new commercial sanitizing and other alternative technologies. In the present study, the effectiveness of chlorine and other commercial sanitizer agents (Sanova, Sanoxol 20, Tsunami 100, Purac FCC 80, Citrox 14W and Catallix) was evaluated on epiphytic microorganisms and their influence on the sensory quality of freshcut escarole and lettuce. Different sanitizer concentrations (manufacturer's recommended dose and half of this dose) and application systems (submersion and spray) were also compared. The antimicrobial efficacy of the treatments was evaluated, initially after washing, and after 8 days of storage simulating a commercial shelf-life (3 days at 4 • C + 5 days at 8 • C). All the tested washing solutions were more effective in reducing the microbial load than water washes, particularly in fresh-cut escarole. However, the microbial load of fresh-cut escarole and lettuce after 8 days of storage was very similar for most of the treatments despite the different application systems and concentrations of the sanitizers. Clearly epiphytic microorganisms of fresh-cut escarole and lettuce were able to grow rapidly during storage under low temperature, reaching similar or higher values than the unwashed fresh-cut produce at the day of production. The overall visual quality of fresh-cut salad leaves was scored as good or very good (≥6) after 8 days of storage, except for the product washed with Purac. Thus, despite the high number of mesophilic bacteria present in the product, between 6 and 8 log cfu g −1 , it was not associated with a detrimental quality. Therefore, the determination of the initial epiphytic reductions of fresh-cut products after washing with different sanitizing agents provides little information about the microbial or sensory quality of the product at the time of consumption.

The use of 3D laser scanner in documenting heritage sites has increased significantely over the past few years. This is maily due to advances of such systems which allow for the fast and reliable generation of millions of 3D points. Despite the considerable progress of these approaches, the highest possible degree in efficiency and flexibility of data collection will be

Methods: Patient group (PG) included 9 patients (12 eyes) who had clinically successful PKP in our department. The control group (CG) included 12 people (18 eyes) who had no ocular disease other than refractive errors. Those with a visual acuity level less than 20/25 were not included in the study. Contrast sensitivity levels and light threshold values of the central retina were measured; scanning-slit corneal topography-pachymetry and aberrometric analysis were performed.

There has always been a demand for real estate with the aim of accommodation and/or making investments. The real estate is also vital for a country's economy as urban land value is determinative in both urban planning and real estate activities in economies of today's world. Knowing the factors affecting the urban land values is an important advantage in identifying the future of urban development and anticipating probable changes. The study aims to discuss urban and spatial factors which affect the urban land values in residential areas and based on this discussion to propose an original model with reference to Istanbul, a world metropolis. In studies determining the effective factors for urban land values, the structural variables both at dwelling and building level, the variables of neighborhood unit, natural and built environment and the socio economic characteristics of built environment have been considered. There are many factors affecting the urban land values. Among...