Urban Growth Management

Land Use and Development Control in Hawaii: a Preliminary Report. Plan 610 Seminar May, 1971, Pacific Urban Studies and Planning Program (PUSPP)  University of Hawaii, Honolulu. By: Harry Akagi, Clinton Effinger, Richard Harter, Charlotte Kirwood, Marla Hamilton, Faculty participants: Paul Schwind, John Holmstrom and Luciano Minerbi.

This draft is one of the very early planning practicum graduate courses by PUSPP.  It serves as baseline on land development controls (and lack of it) for the City and County of Honolulu, island of Oahu, State of Hawaii. Ch. 1 “Historical Perspective on Hawaiian Land Tenure” introduces the traditional communal land tenure and chiefly system of the Hawaiian Kingdom, the land reform for private land ownership and the change from subsistence to plantation agriculture with imported labor from Asia.  Ch. 2 “Forces Affecting the Demand for Land” describes land uses by major economic sectors, population growth and desirable community goals. Ch. 3 “Land Ownership and Private Development” reveals federal, state and county land holding as well as  those of large private corporate landowners and their activities. Ch. 4 “Government Land Use Guidance Mechanisms” documents explicit and implicit policies and other tools not yet exercised. Ch. 5 “Inadequacies Susceptible to Policy Control” explores the role of land use guidance in island planning. Ch. 6 “Recommendations” proposes comprehensive planning, citizen participation, and how to discourage urban sprawl by selecting appropriate urban growth patterns.  This draft anticipates planning issues that needed to be attended decades ago.  It addresses land conversion from agricultural export (sugar and pineapple) to diversified agricultural selfsufficiency for this island state.  It compares land need for the various economic sectors and calls for a land policy direction to meet the need of the the island people away from sprawl and congested commuting.  It reveals the oligopolistic control of the land and the speculative pressure for rezoning agriculture to urban uses.  It proposes land use guidance like zoning for redevelopment, land readjustment , cluster development, planned development, and the pertinent role of government agencies.  It identifies approaches not utilized yet like advance land acquisition, conditional zoning, and public participation to inform government decisions. It recognizes inadequacy in the system, mentioning the need to recapture the “unearned increment of land values” for the public good, the lack of interagency coordination, and lack of a human centered planning.  It concludes that the existing land market does not meet public welfare, and does not address ecological concern.  Comprehensive planning is needed, but with real citizen participation to resolve the dilemma between centralized planning and decentralized decision making in order to discourage urban sprawl and preserve land by considering the pattern and direction of urban growth, not just on the island of Oahu, but in the Hawaii archipelago.

Urban sprawl is a remarkable characteristic of cities of the Arabian Gulf region, including Muscat city, the capital of the Sultanate of Oman. The city has grown from discrete isolated settlements to a compact, dense urban metropolitan region across narrow coastal alluvial plain. This paper examines the specific implications and trends of urban land use dynamic in Muscat city in the last five decades. Urban land use patterns were traced and analyzed from different sources, including: Landsat, IRS, IKONOS, QuickBird, GeoEye, Aerial photos and Printed map. RS & GIS change detection techniques using Normalized Difference Building Index (NDBI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were used. The categorization of land used classes was mainly based on high resolution images (IKONOS, QuickBird and GeoEye). The results indicated that, residential, commercial and industrial land uses have shown large increase, basically at the expense of vacant and agricultural areas. The trend of urban land use patterns was largely filling the gap and empty areas, creating an urban structure of high density. The actual range of urban expansion might have been small, and the degree of change for the whole city region, might have been not remarkable because of the relatively new expansions of urbanization and industrial development in Muscat. However, the negative impacts of these changes might escalate in the future if a plan to regulate land development is not developed and implemented.

We are witnessing a rebirth of physical design, both in practice and the academy, spurred on by neo-traditional community
planning and neo-urbanism. This article attributes the sources of contemporary regional design to this renaissance. It also
traces its origins to classic regional planning, which has been a professional activity for over a century. Regional design shapes
the physical form of regions. It takes a regional perspective in guiding the arrangement of human settlements in communities.
It is a strategy to accommodate growth by providing a physical framework to determine or guide the most bene®cial location,
function, scale, and inter-relationships of communities within a region. This strategic function of regional design distinguishes
it from urban and regional planning, apart from its focus on physical form. Communities, the links among them, and their
environs are the three key physical components of regions that are the objects of regional design. Regional design strives to
connect these communities by transport, communication, and other links into regional networks. Keeping the fringes or
environs of the communities relatively sparsely settled is another aim. The article presents historic and contemporary
examples of regional design in the US and Europe, and outlines principles for regional design.

During the past two decades, the Gulf countries have experienced the most rapid urban growth in the world. The traditional societies in this region have been guilelessly opened on the market economy and western lifestyle. In spite the progress realized at many levels, these societies became victims of its consumerist style. This article aims to present an overview of the urban development in Oman since it started its ‘modernization’. This study is not only interested in how the country has been developing since its “renaissance” in the 1970s, but also how does this development appear, compared to its traits in the neighboring Gulf countries. Based on the assumption that urban research is a tool of analysis that can enlighten future decisions and actions in the domain of urban development, this study is also a critical review of the published research about the urbanization in Oman since the 1970s. This research showed that, although it shares several aspects with what the other Gulf cities have witnessed, urbanization in Oman was slower, less drastic and relatively more controlled. The scrutiny of the published research on this topic also revealed that the urban studies about Oman, and the GCC countries in general, were insignificant before the rise of leading cities such as Dubai, then Doha, to the international scene. It concluded that even if these urban studies have progressively broadened in their topics, disciplines and case studies, their effect on the new orientations chosen for the future developments in these countries remains negligible.

RED 2017 documents a stylized fact with important implications for public
policies that seek to improve the development of Latin American cities and
the wellbeing of their inhabitants: cities in the region have a high population
density compared to cities in developed countries. It presents evidence based on data which was prepared especially for this report
using satellite images of nighttime luminosity. Chapter 2 confirms it based
on alternative sources of information.
The concept of accessibility is highlighted as a main goal. It summarizes the effects of economic and social interactions that take place in urban spaces on productivity and wellbeing. An accessible city reduces real distances between people and businesses and enhances the benefits of agglomeration. This can occur with high or low density levels. For example, accessibility can be lower in cities with high density if it
generates high congestion costs. For this reason, one of the main messages of this report is that the debate surrounding public policy should not necessarily focus on the need for more or less compact cities, but on promoting greater accessibility.
How to improve urban accessibility? One fundamental dimensions is land-use regulations, added to mobility and transport, and access to housing
and basic services. The way to ensure integration between these dimensions of policy in the metropolitan area is through governance schemes which consider the need for coordination at the territorial and sectoral levels.
Chapter 2 argues that a primary reason that most cities in Latin America have not been able to take advantage of their relatively high level of urbanization is inadequate infrastructure, both in transport and public services. Scarce infrastructure, coupled with restrictive land-use regulations, has not allowed cities in the region to absorb migratory flows by expanding their size in an orderly fashion and facilitating access to the economic opportunities they offer. In this context, population growth in Latin American cities has increased the incidence
of slums, where housing conditions are precarious and access to quality jobs and basic services is limited.
Indeed, many large cities in Latin America are characterized by high levels
of informality in the housing market and public transport, limiting access to
formal employment opportunities for a large percentage of the population.
This “triple informality” (in housing, transportation and employment) is largely responsible for the low levels of productivity and wellbeing observed in many Latin American cities.

Sustainable urban design offers a dynamic, creative and collaborative process strengthened by a number of different disciplines in order to generate ecologically responsive and environmentally responsible transformations in urbanized areas. Through thoughtful evaluation of viable alternatives and meaningful implementation of key design concepts, principles, and strategies the sustainability of urban areas can be tremendously improved. Sustainable design efforts should emphasize the importance of balancing conservation and new developments, minimize sprawl, integrate mixed-use infill re/developments, and allow for a multiplicity of mobility options for residents.

This study briefly explores the global landscape of Transit-Oriented Developments and presents a concise summary of the principles behind successful TOD projects worldwide. The research explores various definitions for Transit-Oriented Developments and focuses on a single definition that is most commonly cited.  A set of design and implementation principles for ecologically successful and sustainable transit developments is established based on the research and the  literature review. Transit-Oriented  Development is about  creating  and  exploiting “synergies between the community  and the region, between jobs and housing, between levels of density and levels of transit service, between people and a vibrant community life, and among different generations, income levels, and people” (Dittmar & Ohland, 2004).

The neighborhood is the main base of urban body and the future of social life balance in the cities has much dependence to keep the unit of the neighborhood. It is the neighborhoods that make pleasant living in the large cities. During 20th century using the idea of residential neighborhood has been based for so many modern urban development theories and this idea has been welcomed to deal with various urban problems such as management issues, social and human relationships, health and welfare problems and also semantic and identity dimensions. Sardasht city is facing with various dilemmas regarding optimal management of spatial organization of the city. And the present approach in its major and centralized management has not led to sustainable urban development due to the lack relying on local building, public participation, and sustainable systems of local ecologic and thus meets the real needs of residents. Therefore, development of urban neighborhoods has known as the pilot point of developing sustainable management of the city. This study is focusing on this goal and testing the modern approach of sustainable neighborhood-oriented in the system of modern urban management in the Shabake 2 district. The method of the research is applied-development and the survey method is a way to doing it .statistical population of this research consists of all residents of Shabake 2 district of Sardasht which among Shirko Ahmadi, Rezgar Hamzeh pour, Mehdi Ehsasikhah ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS OF THE SUSTAINABLE NEIGHBORHOODS IN THE URBAN SETTLEMENTS-CASE STUDY: SHABAKE 2 NEIGHBORHOOD OF SARDASHT CITY, IRAN European Journal of Social Sciences Studies-Volume 2 │ Issue 3 │ 2017 28 them 320 persons selected as random sampling for statistical sample. The data has analyzed by SPSS software. Results indicate that the value of sustainability of the neighborhood in terms of residents is in the moderate level. Also, findings of research indicate that there is difference among various places of this neighborhood in terms of sustainability. According to findings of research seems that the most important implementation strategy for sustainability is applying coordinated organizing strategies and empowering the neighborhood at the national-regional and local level.

In a challenging world of exponentially increasing numbers, relationships, and complexities, the GIS-based technologies make possible the gathering, compilation, analysis, as well as representation of very large amounts of hypothetical and/or real-world data. The computational and representational capabilities offered by these technologies promise the ability to deal effectively with even greater complexities and challenges of maintaining sustainable urban patterns in the future. This study offers an introductory outline of prominent sustainability issues as they relate to the planning and design of urban areas, where growth and sprawl bring other major concerns. Due to their unprecedented computational and representational capabilities computers, programs, digital satellite imagery, remote sensing and numerous other GIS-based technologies are regularly employed in many processes supporting such urban planning and design processes. The GIS applications in sprawling urban areas typically involve tracking land uses, monitoring the specific changes in urban population, densities, construction, housing, roads, as well as services. The GIS-based technologies, tools, and methodologies reviewed in this study are particularly chosen because of their significance in measuring, monitoring, modeling, and analyzing urban sprawl. This study finds that some of the most common methodologies include the use of software such as ERDAS (Leica) and ArcGIS (ESRI), as well as data retrieved from sources such as Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+ and IRS LISS-III.

The chapter, Smart Growth: A Critical Review of the State of the Art, is part of the book, Companion to Urban Design.

The chapter discusses the complex picture of smart growth practices and point to successful efforts but also to continuing challenges in its implementation. About a dozen years after the introduction of smart growth into the lexicon of planning
and design practices, we can observe the following. First, the most effective smart growth measures tend to be regional in scale (such as at the county or even state
level), and certain states (such as Oregon, Maryland, and Florida) are much more
active in this regard then others. Second, policies labeled as smart growth have different types of effects and different degrees of effectiveness. Third, smart growth has its share of critics, such as libertarian think tanks (e.g. Cato Institute, Reason
Foundation), who claim that its policies increase the cost of land and development
and hinder the operation of a free market at the local level. Fourth, in order for smart
growth to become more than a vacuous platitude, there remains much critical analysis and on-the-ground implementation to be done. Effective implementation of
smart growth includes deployment as an effective tool for mobilizing communities,
creating political capital for elected officials, suggesting creative partnerships between developers and planners, and offering concrete design guidelines. Only then could smart growth become, over time, an effective strategy for the design of cities.

More information about the book can be found here:  https://www.routledge.com/Companion-to-Urban-Design/Banerjee-Loukaitou-Sideris/p/book/9781138776548

The paper reviews the notion of Land Value Capture (LVC), its advantages and disadvantages and relevance to for urban growth management. LVC encompasses a wide range of mechanisms, applied in very diverse contexts to monetize 'windfall' gains, accruing to landowners because of growth, infrastructure or place-making projects. Despite widespread conviction that a proportion of these 'unearned increments' should somehow be harvested for the wider public good, contention, legal and pragmatic challenges remain. As policy makers confront population pressures, transport needs and inequality, LVC can help bridge infrastructure funding gaps, accelerate housing provision and temper polarisation. Betterment taxes, Tax Increment Finance (TIF) or participatory instruments like land readjustment can target 'planning gains' capitalized into land and property values near stations, historic monuments or upgraded precincts. As well as flagging instrument diversity and variable contexts, the literature suggests LVC mechanisms work best in a joined-up policy context. Ironically, spatial LVC schemes like TIF are most likely to fail when the regeneration need is most acute. In America, inadequate governance, scrutiny or auditing undermined schemes to fund transport or improve the public realm. In Europe LVC exists in a variety of modalities but three European examples, suggests it remains underutilized. London megaprojects, UK regional housing schemes and French sprawl, illustrate that policy makers have yet to adequately capture unearned increments.

Volets essentiels de la mise en place d'une stratégie de développement de l'écosystème urbain: intelligence urbaine, ingénierie urbaine et prospective urbaine.

BEREZOWSKA-AZZAG E., (2011), "Programmation stratégique, prospecter pour façonner le devenir de la ville", in revue Vies de Villes, Architecture, Urbanisme & Société, Hors Série n°2, Juin 2011, "Programmation urbaine, socle d'un développement spatial durable maîtrisé", Editions ALUR, Alger, 76 p., pp.72-76, ISSN 1112-5284,  www.viesdevilles.net

In North America, metropolitan growth management (MGM) has been significantly influenced by what I term communicative regionalism. The latter concept is rooted in communicative planning theory, and thus stresses dialogue and consensus in problemsolving. To explore the impact of communicative regionalism on actual growth management outcomes, this dissertation investigates a case study on the implementation of communicatively-informed regional plans in metropolitan or GreaterVancouver, Canada, as they have impacted three employment nodes in suburban Burnaby. The dissertation applied a three-part methodology, involving the collection of empirical data on outcomes, analysis of plan development against communicative planning criteria, and the critical application of an Actor Network Theory (ANT) lens to better examine the relationships and interactions of key government agencies during MGM plan development and implementation. The analysis suggested mixed results in terms of goal outcomes. Notably, it found that longstanding goals for attracting office employment to a designated Regional Town Centre had not been achieved to the desired degree. In explaining how this occurred, the analysis supplied empirical evidence of recent critiques made against communicative planning theory. Such results appear to support calls made by other theorists for the development of a postcommunicative approach to theory and practice. The dissertation concludes with recommendations for five areas of more concerted research to help in this regard. First, researchers interested in planning processes would be wise to make more in-depth explorations of the link between power and action. Second, the presence and degree of instability in any given network of actors participating in growth management can create constraints or opportunities for this process. The role of instability needs to be better reflected and appreciated in communicative and/or post-communicative regionalism. Third, there must be greater recognition of differentiated stakeholder needs for consultation, as well as place-specific receptivities to consultation short cuts. Fourth, more detailed work is needed to develop best practices for the information-sharing aspects of growth management.

The present paper has as main objective to analyze the construction of the regional dimension as a process of interactions between a set of human settlements and a set of environment, politic, legal, historic, economic and functional around an specific space, in recognition of the territorial interdependence. With the conception that urban agglomeration is intrinsically regional, the paper studies three cases: the Randstad in Netherlands, the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona and the Regional Planning Table Bogotá – Cundinamarca as configurations that allows basic coordinate agreements for an integrated approach of urban management. By the particularities of each case, comparisons are made with the view that the regional agreements are influenced by a political exercise and also by a specific land use. Building upon the comparison, the text establishes some instructions for the regional process in Colombia as an achievement of local empowerment of democracy.

In today’s increasingly complex urban environments the concepts of urban growth and sprawl are particularly relevant to the long-term sustainability of urban areas.  Development  and  use  of  effective  urban  design  methods  to  measure,  monitor  and  manage  urban  growth  as  well  as  to  minimize  sprawl requires an equally complex set of methods and technologies in place. Within the larger context of regional and city planning, one can easily observe that a wide array of geographic information system (GIS) methods are under rigorous research and development to be utilized in vital decision-making processes  of  ecological  and  sustainable  urban  design.  This  study  reviews  and closely  examines  a  number  of  articles  on  GIS-based  methods  proposed and/or applied in urban areas throughout the world.

There is a growing recognition of the worsening problems of accessibility in Africa's major urban centres and cityregions. Yet, research assessing differential accessibility in these contexts is limited, partly because of the lack of population and land-use data at granular spatial resolutions. In this paper, we contribute to addressing the existing challenges by presenting a geospatial modelling approach that combines historical urban physical development data extracted from Landsat satellite images, travel time data from Openrouteservice and Google Maps API services, and relevant transport infrastructure data. We apply the approach to analyse place-based (100 m 2) accessibility in the Greater Kumasi city-region of Ghana. The analysis reveals a strong coevolutionary relationship between physical development and geographical accessibility, with an estimated 83% of the emergent physical development located within half-a-kilometre distance of a primary road. First-andlast-mile accessibility in terms of walking time to public transport stations and public transport service routes are quantified. We reveal huge first-and-last-mile accessibility deficits, with an estimated 14% and 33% of the cityregion's built-up area having a 5-minute and 10-minute walking time reachability to a public transport station, as a critical node of accessibility. Differential accessibility by car and public transport is analysed, focusing on the city-region's most important functional centre (i.e. CBD). The results show that the CBD is within 15 min and nearly 30 min reach by car and public transport respectively, for only 1% of the city-region's built-up area. This implies that overall accessibility is poor regardless of mode choice, due to congestion. The findings underscore the need for integrative urban development and accessibility planning in the city-region for equitable transport and mobility outcomes.

Are  the  urban design and planning  strategies  of  the prominent environmental  performance  assessment  systems appropriate methodologies to not only reverse the accumulating degradation in the natural environment but also to restore the deterioration caused by the multiplying human colonization? This study briefly reviews the literature that compares various environmental assessment goals, limitations, criteria, indicators, certification and results found in a number of  assessment and rating systems. It briefly discusses the need for  sustainable environmental design and planning strategies to address regenerativeness and restorativeness. Transforming  sustainable or green design goals into regenerative or restorative ones appears to require a higher degree of conceptual and practical commitment to facilitate such a shift in a timely manner.

The core intent of this study was to find out how effectively the urban growth boundary prevents the typical  urban sprawl  from  happening in a  given area. In trying to substantiate a method  for analyzing and evaluating the effectiveness this study aimed to  quantitatively represent how the Portland Metro Area might  have developed if the Urban Growth  Boundary was not implemented. Through the use of advanced computer modeling of the publicly available historic and current population and Geographic Information System (GIS) data the analyses were instrumental in providing satisfactory answers to a series of questions regarding the effectiveness of an urban growth boundary. The findings indicated that, without the urban growth boundary, the urban land area could have sprawled into more than 130,000 acres, which could have included more than 97,000 acres of agricultural and grazelands, 19,000 acres of open lands, and 13,000 acres of forests and natural ecosystems  could have been adversely impacted in the process from 2000 to 2010. The urban sprawl could have added more than 450 miles of roads, infrastructure, and other services to the urban fabric of the region.

ÖZET

Amaç: Kentlerin alansal olarak büyümesi yeni yerleşim alanları ve istihdam olanakları oluşturulması açısından avantajlı görünse de, her büyüme kararının yerel özelliklerle uyumlu olduğu veya gerekli ölçüde planlandığı söylenememektedir. Birçok ülkede yönetimsel kararlar, piyasa eğilimleri ve şehir planları ile kentsel yayılma tetiklenmekte ve yayılmanın özellikle kent çeperlerindeki yaşam ve doğal kaynaklar üzerindeki olumsuz sonuçlarını azaltmada yetersiz kalınmaktadır. Ekolojik sürdürülebilirlik yaklaşımı ile doğal kaynakları korumanın en önemli tartışma konularından biri olduğu günümüzde bazı kentlerde ise fiziksel olarak yavaş büyümenin, büyümemenin ve hatta küçülmenin önerildiği alternatif yöntemler uygulanmaya başlanmıştır. Akıllı büyüme stratejileri, kentsel yayılmanın olumsuz sonuçlarını ortadan kaldırmak ve iklim değişikliği karşısında kentlerin daha dayanıklı, sağlıklı ve sürdürülebilir hale gelmesini sağlamak için önemli bir araç olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, akıllı büyüme yaklaşımı çerçevesinde uygulanan stratejileri belirlemek ve bu stratejilerin çevresel koruma, iklim değişikliği etkilerinin azaltılması, enerji etkinliği ve yaşam kalitesi bakımından avantajlarını açıklamaktır.

Yöntem: Çalışma kapsamında kentsel yayılma ve çevresel etkileri konusunda literatür araştırması yapılmış, yayılmanın olumsuz sonuçlarını azaltmaya yönelik yaklaşımlar incelenmiş, kontrolsüz büyüme ile akıllı büyüme karşılaştırılmıştır. Akıllı büyüme yönteminin kavramsal özellikleri açıklanmış, bu yöntem doğrultusunda uygulamalara yön veren stratejiler farklı kentlerde ve çeşitli planlama düzeylerinde değerlendirilmiştir.

Bulgular ve Sonuç: Araştırmada, akıllı büyüme yaklaşımı kapsamında kentsel alanı sınırlandırma, imar hakkı transferi, transit-yönelimli gelişme, öncelikli finansman alanları, kentsel güçlendirme, kentsel dolgu ve işlevini yitirmiş alanların dönüşümü stratejileri incelenmektedir. Stratejilerin ortak amaçları, yalnızca belirlenen alanlarda gelişmenin teşvik edilmesi, arazi kaynaklarının verimli kullanımı, açık alanların korunması, enerji tüketiminin azaltılması, karma kullanımların desteklenmesi ve yürünebilir mahalleler tasarlanmasıdır. Araştırma sonucunda bu stratejilerin, kent çeperindeki doğal alanlar üzerindeki yapılaşma baskısının önlenmesinde, sürdürülebilir yaşamın ve biyoçeşitliliğin desteklenmesinde, rekreasyon olanaklarının arttırılmasında, doğal risklerin azaltılmasında, yaya hareketliliğinin ve toplu taşımanın teşvik edilmesinde, toplumda yüzyüze ilişkilerin geliştirilmesinde ve bunlara bağlı olarak yaşam kalitesinin iyileştirilmesinde etkili araçlar olduğu ifade edilebilmektedir.

Anahtar kelimeler: Kentsel Büyüme, Akıllı Büyüme Stratejileri, Ekolojik Sürdürülebilirlik.

ABSTRACT

Aim: Although the spatial growth of cities seems advantageous in terms of creating new residential areas and employment opportunities, all growth decisions cannot be said as convenient with the local characteristics or planned to the required extent. Urban sprawl has been triggered by administrative decisions, marketization trends and urban plans in many countries and there has been insufficiency to reduce the negative consequences of sprawl especially on life and natural resources at fringe areas. Ecological sustainability and conservation of natural resources have been one of the most important discussion topics on the agenda and some cities have begun to implement alternative growth methods such as slow-growth, no-growth and even urban shrinkage. Smart growth strategies are recognized as an important tool to eliminate the negative consequences of urban sprawl and make cities more resilient, healthy and sustainable in the face of climate change. This research aims to define the strategies implemented within the framework of smart growth approach and to explain the advantages of these strategies in terms of environmental protection, reduction of climate change impacts, energy efficiency and quality of life.

Method: The research contains the literature review on urban sprawl and its environmental effects, approaches to reduce the negative consequences of urban sprawl and comparison of uncontrolled growth and smart growth. The conceptual features of the smart growth method are explained and the strategies that direct the implementations in line with this method are evaluated in different cities and various planning levels.

Findings and Results: Urban containment strategies, transfer of development rights, transit-oriented development, priority funding areas, urban consolidation, intensification, infill and brownfield regeneration strategies are examined within the scope of smart growth approach. The common objectives of the strategies are to encourage growth only in designated areas, provide efficient use of land, protect open spaces, reduce energy consumption, support mixed-use areas and design walkable neighborhoods. As a result of research, it is expressed that smart growth strategies are effective tools in preventing the construction pressure on natural areas at the urban fringe,  supporting sustainable life and biodiversity, increasing recreation opportunities, reducing natural risks, promoting pedestrian mobility and public transportation. These strategies are also effecient on development of face-to-face relationships in the society and accordingly in improving the quality of life.

Keywords: Urban Growth, Smart Growth Strategies, Ecological Sustainability.

We analyze the role of landscape ideology in the recent Ontario Greater Golden Horseshoe (GGH) Greenbelt Plan. Focusing on the “Protected Countryside,” the major land-use designation in the Plan that structures the Greenbelt framework, we explore tensions between abstract ideals of countryside used by policy makers to elicit support for the Plan and people's lived experience of material landscapes of the peri-urban fringe. Approaching “countryside” from the combined perspectives of landscape studies and political ecology, we show how the abstract ideals used to build support for the protection of countryside in the high-level political arena are in tension with existing material landscapes as people experience them. When implementing the Greenbelt Plan, the abstract ideals have to be applied at the landscape level through negotiation with municipalities, property owners, and other interests. In addition to drawing upon more conventionally legitimate explanations for landscape protection based on environmental science and land-use planning principles, the designation of Protected Countryside and the strategies used to implement the Protected Countryside designation at the local level suggest a tentative commitment to recognizing landscape values and collaborative environmental management processes in policy-making. As with any such normative land-use plan, the success of the Greenbelt Plan hinges on the long-term agreement between planning agencies and diverse publics. We demonstrate the usefulness of approaching environmental management challenges at the urban–rural interface by bringing the perspectives of landscape studies and political ecology into implementation processes for land-use management strategies like the Greenbelt. We argue that public participants deserve legitimate collaborative roles in negotiating just and desirable land uses based on their experiences, and provide observations on ways to bring contested goals and tools for achieving them into reflexive negotiations about how landscapes are and should be produced.

The approach of American preservationists differs from European heritage management by remaining primarily locally regulated while many European cities practise an area-based approach. Growth management and historic preservation are intrinsically linked but the connections between the two are not fully understood. Local authorities alone do not sufficiently meet the needs to regulate the process of demolition by neglect (DBN). This paper seeks to understand if area-based approaches directly or indirectly affect DBN, expanding on these principles by comparing amounts of neglect in historic
urban boroughs with differing amounts of peripheral preserved farmlands. The research compares two historic urban boroughs in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, a leading region for sprawling development, historic preservation and agricultural preservation in the USA. The results indicate that, as the amount of preserved farmland increases, rates of DBN tend to decrease, but only indirectly.

Avenida Colombo, 5790 CEP 87020-900 Maringá -Paraná -Brasil (44) 3011-5091 RESUMO: A colonização de Maringá teve início no final da década de 30 a partir do plano de desenvolvimento da Companhia de Terras Norte do Paraná para a ocupação do território, sendo escolhida para ser uma das cidades pólo para o desenvolvimento da região Norte do Paraná. O presente estudo aborda a aplicação da gestão territorial praticada em Maringá ao longo de sua história, os atores e os marcos regulatórios que nortearam a gestão e o redesenho da cidade, a partir da análise de documentos históricos e da legislação publicada. Verificou-se que a gestão do território em Maringá teve quatro períodos importantes: de 1938, quando surgiram os primeiros assentamentos até a emancipação do município em 1951; da criação dos poderes executivo e legislativo, em 1951, até a publicação da Lei Municipal 380/65; deste último até a aprovação da Lei de Diretrizes Viárias em 1980; e por fim, do período que se estendeu da década de 80 até a aprovação do Estatuto das Cidades em 2001. A sociedade foi um dos atores de maior importância na definição das diretrizes que resultaram na configuração da cidade que Maringá é hoje. Mantém até o presente a participação ativa de representantes da sociedade local nas ações de planejamento e desenvolvimento por meio da Associação Comercial e Industrial de Maringá (ACIM), desde 1953, e do Conselho de Desenvolvimento Econômico de Maringá (CODEM), a partir de 1997, que junto à administração municipal, desempenham papel fundamental no desenvolvimento socioeconômico regional e na garantia da sustentabilidade ambiental e da qualidade de vida de seus habitantes. Código del Eje Temático: 31 Eje Temático: Ciudades y desarollo económico

The negative impacts of land take on natural components and economic resources affect planning choices and territorial policies. The importance of land take monitoring, in Italy, has been only recently considered, but despite this awareness, in the great part of the country, effective monitoring and containment measures have not been started, yet. This research proposes a methodology to map and monitor land use changes. To this end, a time series from 1985-2010, based on the multi-temporal Landsat data Thematic Mapper (TM), has been analyzed in the Vulture Alto-Bradano area, a mountain zone of the Basilicata region (Southern Italy). Results confirm a double potentiality of using these data: on the one hand, the use of multi-temporal Landsat data allows going very back in time, producing accurate datasets that provide a phenomenon trend over time; on the other hand, these data can be considered a first experience of open data in the field of spatial information. The proposed methodology provides agencies, local authorities and practitioners with a valuable tool to implement monitoring actions. This represents the first step to pursue territorial governance methods based on sustainability, limiting the land take.

In the last seventy years, countries in the Global South, including Ghana, have experienced high levels of urbanization. Rapid urbanization manifests in two ways. Firstly, the phenomenon is evidenced by the large concentration of population in urban areas. Secondly, in spatial terms, urbanization results in the utilization of land for various uses including housing, infrastructure and economic activities, which can be monitored over time through land-cover transitions from non-built-up to built-up areas. Built-up area expansion trends, in turn, shape the physical size of cities and leave lasting impacts on the natural environment and livelihoods. The urbanization process therefore has serious implications for urban growth management and sustainable development. This chapter focuses on the interface between urbanization and spatial planning. It explores urbanization trends globally as well as trends in Ghana. Using remotely sensed data, this chapter presents historical analyses of spatio-temporal settlement expansions trends for major metropolitan regions in Ghana. The various tools and strategies that could be deployed through the spatial planning system to achieve sustainable growth management outcomes in urban areas in Ghana are also identified.

Urban growth and access to opportunities: A challenge for Latin America Urbanization without development The process of long-term development implies structural changes within countries, amongst which the increase in urban population stands out. As a matter of fact, to many social scientists, urbanization is the distinctive hallmark of economic development. The relationship between economic development and urbanization is partially explained by industrialization. Technological progress implies, for example, an increase in agricultural productivity and large-scale production of goods and services in cities. These processes release workers from the rural sector, drawing them to the cities. By reducing the distance between people and firms-improving the matching between skilled labor and good jobs-, enabling access to suppliers, inputs, and markets for the manufactured goods, as well as facilitating the diffusion of ideas and knowledge, cities are able to increase their productivity and wages beyond what might be accounted for exclusively by industrialization. The existence of these agglomeration economies enables cities to become engines of economic growth and productivity. To illustrate the point, by the end of the previous decade, the largest 600 cities of the world produced over half of the global gross domestic product (GDP), with less than a quarter of the world's population. Urban growth, however, is also associated with congestion costs, such as traffic jams, higher levels of pollution, housing costs and crime rates to name a few. Furthermore, migration of low-income rural families in search of better opportunities, increases poverty and inequality within cities. Fast urban growth is often coupled with the appearance of slums with limited access to public services and precarious property rights. It is estimated that nearly 900 million people currently live in such settlements. While somewhat over 10% of the global population lives in these conditions, the rate is two to three times higher in Latin America. A city's ability to improve the wellbeing of its inhabitants depends to a large extent on public policy and its ability to capitalize the economic benefits of urbanization while minimizing its social costs. This is precisely the main challenge of modern cities: how to increase the profits derived from agglomeration economies whilst keeping a check on congestion costs. This challenge, conceptualized in the RED 2017 as accessibility, is particularly relevant to Latin America, the most urbanized region after North America and the one with greatest urban population growth in the last few decades.

New Urban Management discusses how the logic of economic flows poses a challenge to local governments throughout the world. The book argues that the increased fluidity in economic life must have its reflection in local economic development policy. The analysis begins with the idea of space of flows, but this goes much further than available literature in urban political analysis. The starting point is the observation that metropolitan governments' ability to maintain their economic vitality depends on their ability to attract flows of values through their assets. Such assets are, however, symbolic rather than physical, which implies the relevance of city branding. On that basis, this book builds a coherent picture of how flow analysis can be utilised in brand-oriented economic development policy.

This paper attempts to examine how the processes of
urbanisation have impinged on components of the natural environment of this ancient city. Obviously, there are copious ecological problems that need to be diagnosed in the city in order to design for sustainability of the habitat. What is the nature and trend of city growth in Kano now? How does it differ
from the past? What is the extent of the Ecological costs? What is the extent of the Ecological costs? How can a city with an estimated number of three million inhabitants cope with the problem or reverse it?

Cities have become important actors on the global scene. Metropolitan governments are ‘glocal’ players sharpening their global influence strategy and improving the management of their brand. International city branding has its undeniable challenges, however. One of them is the fact that cities must utilize their collective symbolic capital—the resources and influence afforded to them through a perceived value—in an increasingly decentralized, fluid, and media-shaped environment. This implies weak control over ones’ brand. In this paper I take a closer look at how branding can benefit local economic development and how to cope with the many factors that wrest control of the brand from its masters.

Rural-urban interface never vanishes but only slides outwards from the city core as the city grows. This interface, so-called "peri-urban area", is characterised by "dynamism" and "diversity" as it acts like the place where movements of people, commercial goods and capital take place. As a consequence, peri-urban area becomes the zone of coexistence of rural and urban areas, and constitutes a strong linkage between the two words. The Ecocity project in Cenaia aims to reorganize the expanding urban structure by giving a new identity to the margins of the city. The goal of the project is to valorize the urban fringe through an experimental co-farming/housing habitat and utilize peri-urban agriculture as its principle function. Furthermore the peri-urban area is revitalised by touristic, recreational and commercial activities. The aim of this paper is to point out the role of peri-urban agriculture that offers a symbiosis between urban and rural worlds.

Australian cities have undergone profound reforms over recent decades, as politicians, decisionmakers and planners have sought to ensure our built environments remain liveable and can adapt to new lifestyles and demographic trends. Urban consolidation is one of these reforms. 1 Urban consolidation is a growth management policy that aims to direct growth away from green-field sites at the metropolitan periphery by increasing density in existing built environments, through smaller suburban lots and higher density dwellings– ...

In view of the wide-ranging and long-lasting implications of population change, Australia should adopt a population policy.
• Changing the total number of permanent migration visas issued is the key policy lever though which the Federal Government may influence population trends.
• The implementation of changes to Skilled migration numbers should be phased over time and integrated with changes to education and training policy.
• The growth of the population sizes of the largest cities presents a more challenging prospect than national population growth. A wider dispersal of immigrant settlement should be a priority population policy goal.
• Population ageing could create opportunities for achieving a wider dispersal of migrant settlement.
• Enhancing family wellbeing, and not birth rate change, should be the primary concern of fertility policy.

The greatest challenges of the 21st century will presumably require tremendous shifts in the way cities, neighborhoods and buildings are formed, designed and shaped. While the regulations and constrains predicated primarily by environmental concerns steadily rise the role of planners, urban designers, architects and engineers in shaping metropolitan cities and urban areas of the future will, more than likely, remain in the forefront of providing unparalleled vision and innovation.