Population Studies

The law of 11 February 2005 modifying public policy for people with disabilities has been described as introducing significant disruption in defining disability. This article demonstrates that legislators strengthened administrative control in defining the population concerned by this government policy by applying the same label and a scattering of identical measures to a set of individuals, as well as by their inclusion in the same “local world of production of rights.” This sector, like many others, has deeper roots in the instruments structuring relationships between actors than it has in an explicit, objective, and commonly accepted definition of the limits to the sphere of activity and the principles to be applied. This instrumentalist construction of the sector has led to a lack of clarity in defining the boundaries of the population concerned, a lack of clarity affecting both the individuals declared to be eligible for these rights, as well as the internal arrangements of structuring relations between these actors.

La loi du 11 février 2005, réformant l’action publique à destination des personnes handicapées, a été décrite comme introduisant une rupture importante dans la définition du handicap. Cet article cherche à montrer que le législateur, à travers l’application à un ensemble d’individus d’un même label, d’instruments épars mais identiques et en inscrivant ceux‑ci dans un même monde local de production de droits, a contribué à renforcer l’emprise administrative sur la définition de la population ciblée par cette action publique. Par ailleurs, ce secteur – à la manière de beaucoup d’autres – repose davantage sur les instruments qui ont charpenté les relations entre les acteurs plutôt que sur une définition explicite, objective et communément admise des limites du champ d’action et des principes qui lui sont appliqués. Cette construction instrumentale du secteur a pour effet de laisser la définition des frontières des populations concernées dans un flou qui a des effets sur les individus déclarés éligibles à ces droits ainsi que sur les modalités internes de structuration des relations entre ces acteurs.

The current study analyses the impact of religion, education, and development on the spatial pattern of fertility in West Bengal, where different religions groups live together. Using the data from Fertility Tables of Census of India, 2011, it has considered the parameters of 'parity progression ratios', 'projected parity progression ratios',' TFR', 'age-order specific fertility rates', and 'cumulated order-specific fertility rates' and accordingly analysed. Multiple regression analysis has been used to determine the impact of development and use of contraceptive on fertility in West Bengal, while logistic regression analysis to understand the impact of religion and education on fertility. West Bengal has the lowest total fertility rate (TFR, 2.42) in the country (TFR, 2.89) and its spatial pattern shows that its four southern districts (Haora, Kolkata, South 24 Parganas and Purba Mednipur) and four eastern districts (Burdwan, Nadia, North 24 Parganas and Hugli) have
lower TFR.

Diabetes is associated with increased fracture rates but the effect size, time course and modifying factors are poorly understood. This study was undertaken to assess the effect of diabetes on fracture rates and possible interactions with age, duration of diabetes and comorbidity. A retrospective, population-based matched cohort study was performed using the Population Health Information System (POPULIS) for the Province of Manitoba, Canada. The study cohort consisted of 82,094 diabetic adults and 236,682 non-diabetic matched controls. Diabetes was subclassified as long term, short term, and newly diagnosed. Number of ambulatory diagnostic groups (ADGs) was an index of comorbidity. Poisson regression was used to study counts of combined hip, wrist and spine (osteoporotic) fractures (5691 with diabetes and 16,457 without diabetes) and hip fractures (1901 with diabetes and 5224 without diabetes). Independent effects of longer duration of diabetes (p-for-trend < 0.0001) and number of ADGs (p-for-trend < 0.0001) were observed on fracture rates. Newly diagnosed diabetes showed a reduction in osteoporotic fractures (rate ratio [RR] 0.91 [95% CI, 0.86-0.95]) and hip fractures ). Long-term diabetes showed an increase in osteoporotic fractures (RR 1.15 [CI,) and hip fractures ). We conclude that long-term diabetes is associated with increased fracture risk, whereas newly diagnosed diabetes shows a reduction in fractures. It is hypothesized that the opposing effects of overweight/obesity and diabetes-related complications contribute to the observed biphasic fracture risk, though causality cannot be proven from this observational study.

The study reflects on housing as a factor of quality of life in aging, from the approach of environmental gerontology. Likewise, theories about the relationship between the environment and aging are explored, with references to the spatial experience and the environmental context of aging in the place, such as housing and the neighborhood. The risks of aging in housing, especially falls, are also discussed. In addition, the need to generate a culture of prevention associated with policies aimed at promoting environmental adaptation strategies and fostering friendly environments for the elderly is stressed.
El estudio reflexiona sobre la vivienda como factor de calidad de vida en el envejecimiento, desde el enfoque de la gerontología ambiental. Asimismo, se exploran las teorías sobre la relación entre el ambiente y el envejecimiento, con referencias a la experiencia espacial y al contexto ambiental de envejecer en el lugar, como la vivienda y el barrio. También se discute sobre los riesgos de envejecer en la vivienda, especialmente las caídas. Además, se subraya la necesidad de generar una cultura de la prevención asociada con políticas encaminadas a fomentar estrategias de adaptación ambiental y propiciar entornos amigables para las personas de edad.

This paper aims to capture the importance of demographic dimension in thesustainable development process of the rural space. From a series ofstatistics data we realized an analysis of demographic indicators, which ithelped us to trace the development trends characteristic for our area ofstudy. To understand the evolution in time and the implications of humanresource in the process of development it was necessary referencing themwith national or local historical events. Demographic dimension analysishighlights the development stage of rural space and help the formulation ofthe future local policies that regard the sustainable development.

Médecins du Monde (MdM), France, undertook a pilot project in Lahore in partnership with the Population Welfare Department (PWD) of Punjab to improve the quality of the family planning (FP) services for vulnerable communities and empower them to raise their voice and access their SRH rights (SRHR).
This report presents end-line evaluation findings of the pilot project titled “To contribute to the Achievement of FP2020 Contraceptive Prevalence Rate Objectives of Pakistan, in Punjab Province.”, referred to as FP2020-CPROP (CPR Objective in Punjab) which took place from November 2017 to March 2020 in Lahore district in partnership with the PWD at its six low-performing centers -- one Family Health Clinic (FHC) and five Family Welfare Centers (FWC) -- that serve over 55,000 low-income households of Shalamar Town in North Lahore. The evaluation covers FP2020-CPR-OP three components:
• Demand generation through an innovative male-led community mobilization approach
• Capacity building and technical assistance to PWD field staff and counselors at FWCs, and
• Common advocacy for SRHR in Punjab province.
And, based on the lessons learned, makes recommendations for scaling up the project.

A reduction of plasma fibrinogen has been suggested as one mechanism through which physical activity would protect against coronary heart disease (CHD). Therefore, we investigated the association of conditioning leisure time physical activity (CLTPA), assessed quantitatively by a 1Zmonth history, and maximal oxygen uptake (V,,,) with plasma fibrinogen concentration in eastern Finnish men aged 42-60 years. A high mean intensity of CLTPA (standardized multivariate regression coefficient /3 -0.059, p = 0.020) and a high maximal oxygen uptake (/I -0.163, p < 0.001) were associated with reduced plasma fibrinogen when adjusting for the strongest covariates. The adjusted relative difference in plasma fibrinogen concentration was 6.6% between men with a mean CLTPA intensity of < 4 and > 8 METS and 9.1% between the extreme quartiles of Vo,_ (< 2.21 vs >2.96 l/min). The association between the mean intensity of CLTPA (p = 0.030 for interaction) and V,,, (p = 0.033) and plasma fibrinogen was stronger for smokers than for non-smokers. These data indicate that a reduction of plasma fibrinogen concentration may be one mechanism through which moderate to high intensity CLTPA and high cardiorespiratory fitness reduce the risk of CHD.

Los orígenes y consolidación de la demografía en América Latina están indisolublemente ligados al nombre de Carmen A. Miró, pionera de los estudios de población en la región. En esta antología se encuentran sus principales contribuciones en los campos de las políticas de población yd esarrollo, la transición demográfica en América latina y sus implicaciones económicas y sociales, así como algunos de sus escritos en torno a Panamá y al Canal de Panamá

This study provides a comparative investigation of the onset of the Demographic Dividend (DD) in Ghana, Sierra Leone and The Gambia. The paper examines the onset of the window of opportunity for harnessing the first DD in the three countries to inform relevant policy actions to reap its benefits. The study uses the National Transfer Accounts Approach, which measures at the aggregate level how individuals at each age acquire and use economic resources by examining the demographic transition alongside economic development in each country. The goal is to determine the commencement of the DD and its implications for policy action. While the window of opportunity of harnessing the labour DD of Ghana started in 1980s and expected to end in 2025, that of The Gambia and Sierra Leone began in 2000 and 2003 respectively, estimated to end by 2050. Sierra Leone and The Gambia have thirty years to make good use of this window of opportunity. Ghana on the other hand according to the data used has...

The question of whether people who stutter are generally more anxious than people who do not stutter has not yet been resolved. One major methodological barrier to determining whether differences exist has been the type of stuttering sample used. Studies investigating anxiety levels of those who stutter have mostly assessed people referred to stuttering therapy clinics, which is arguably a biased sample. To date, no studies have been published that have measured the anxiety levels of people who stutter in the community using random selection procedures. Such a sample is more likely to be representative of the population of people who stutter. The present study involved a random selection and telephone interview of people in 4,689 households. The telephone respondent was given a description of stuttering and asked if any person living in their household stuttered. If yes, a number of corroborative questions were asked, and permission was requested to tape the speech of the person believed to stutter over the telephone. A definite case of stuttering was based on (a) a positive detection of stuttering from the tape and (b) at least one of the corroborative questions supporting the diagnosis. A total of 87 people were identified as definite cases of stuttering across all ages, and 63 participants who were 15 years or older completed a trait anxiety questionnaire over the telephone. Mean trait anxiety levels were significantly higher than levels generally found in society, though differences were not large. Implications of these results are discussed.

TÜRKİYE’NİN DEĞİŞEN NÜFUS YAPISI
NEDENLER, DEĞİŞİM, SONUÇLAR ve GELECEK
Bütün toplumların sosyo-ekonomik ve sosyo kültürel yapıları değiştikçe nüfus yapıları da farklılaşmaktadır. Türkiye’de de 1950’den sonra özellikle de 1975’ten sonra sosyo-ekonomik ve sosyo-kültürel yapının hızla değişmesi ile birlikte demografik yapıda önemli değişimler meydana gelmiştir. Bugün gelinen nokta nihai durum olmayıp bu değişim gelecekte de devam edecektir.
Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de nüfus yapısının değişimine etki eden faktörler değerlendirilecek, verilere bağlı olarak nüfus yapısının son 40 yıldaki değişimi ortaya çıkarılacaktır. 1975 yılından sonraki eğilime ve ilgili kurumların geleceğe yönelik projeksiyonlarına bağlı olarak, nüfus yapısının gelecekteki durumu ve bu durumun neden olabileceği muhtemel sonuçlar üzerinde durulacaktır.
Türkiye’de başta hızlı kentleşme olmak üzere, eğitim seviyesinin yükselmesi, kişi başına düşen gelirin artması, sağlık koşullarının iyileşmesi, aile yapısının değişmesi, aile kurumunun zayıflaması, kadının çalışma hayatına daha fazla katılmaya başlaması, boşanma oranının artması gibi çok sayıda faktör nüfus yapısını etkilemiştir. 1950 öncesinde yüksek olan bebek ölüm hızı ve doğum oranı ile düşük olan ortalama ömür gibi değişkenler sonraki süreçte yeni gelişmelere bağlı olarak farklılaşmıştır. Neticede Türkiye’de 1950’den sonra bebek ölüm oranı azalmaya başlamış, hayat standardı ve ortalama ömür ise yükselmiştir. 1960’lı yıllardan itibaren toplam doğurganlık hızı da azalmaya başlamıştır. Bu faktörlere bağlı olarak 1975’ten günümüze kadar olan süreçte çocuk nüfusun toplam nüfus içindeki payı önemli ölçüde azalmış, çalışma çağı ve yaşlı nüfusun toplam nüfus içindeki payı ise artmıştır. Türkiye’nin demografik yapısının değişmesi bazı problemleri ve fırsatları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada demografik yapıdaki değişimin neden olduğu kriz ve fırsatlar ele alınacak ve bu değişimden en iyi şekilde nasıl yararlanılabileceği sorusuna cevap aranacaktır.

Ciò che in questo contributo si è tentato di analizzare è in particolare l’impatto derivante per l’Italia dai sostanziali cambiamenti nelle quote percentuali di popolazione attiva sulla performance economica, confrontando la situazione demografica del passato con quella di oggi e possibilmente del futuro. Negli ultimi trent’anni anni e stando alle simulazioni per il prossimo cinquantennio i dati e le previsioni nazionali fanno prefigurare, così come per la maggior parte dei paesi occidentali, una dinamica sfavorevole nella composizione per fasce di età, con una riduzione della quota di popolazione attiva – derivante in particolare dal calo delle nascite – ed effetti negativi sulla crescita economica nelle sue diverse componenti. La relazione che può instaurarsi tra variabili demografiche e sistema economico è, di fatto, di grande urgenza anche se tuttora non popolare nel dibattito pubblico per le scelte di lungo periodo che imporrebbe e, dunque, spesso purtroppo sottostimata nelle opzioni di policy a causa della scarsa rendita in termini elettorali.

The  challenges  that  official  migration  statistics face in the 21st century are manifold. In line with intensifying globalisation processes, and new patterns  and  types  of  migration,  new  routes  and new  migrant  identities  have  been  emerging. However,  the new trends also  offer  new, potentially usable data sources, tools, and methods for
the measurement of this changing phenomenon. Attempting to  provide  an  overview  of  the Hungarian migration statistical system, the aim of this paper  is  to  promote  interdisciplinary  scientific dialogue  on
migration  and share  some  of  the most  important  figures  and  trends  of  international  migration  in  Hungary,  highlighting  its  remarkable  geographical  aspects  in  the  European context,  and  the  peculiarities,  challenges,  and opportunities of its measurement.

В данной статье освещена методика расчета прогноза численности трудоспособного населения в трудоспособном возрасте. В ней с помощью нескольких методов и способов вычисления проанализирована численность трудоспособного населения определяющее трудовой потенциал страны, а также ее величина в будущем как одного из важнейших факторов социально-экономического развития.

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Резюме: В последните години ЕС възлага или подкрепя редица изследвания, свързани с мястото на културата и креативността в процесите на развитие. Усилията са насочени към изравняване на възможностите на развиващите се с развитите страни и една от тенденциите е да се започне от по-малките единици като общини, региони и провинции в зависимост от устройството на съответната страна. Затова специално внимание се отделя на мястото и приноса на културната политика за развитието на населените места.

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Israel’s influential role in the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification since the agreement’s inception is explored.  Several factors can explain the country’s successful diplomatic interaction. A combination of: low international interest and competition for expertise about the issue; Israel’s unique, achievements in combatting desertification as part of its agricultural and forestry activities ; and Professor Uriel Safriel’s extraordinary stature in the field -- contribute to its exceptional involvement.  The case constitutes a “proof of concept” for Israel’s potential to be effectively engaged in other UN programs. This will require greater government commitment and contribution to international initiatives, along with a willingness to authorize experts and academics to represent the country in additional global frameworks.

Unplanned spatial development, unregulated migration, and changing energy consumption patterns are likely to increase the vulnerability to climate change of populations inhabiting in urban areas. This study aims to estimate urban exposure level and examine the inequalities in the availability of infrastructure and the provision of services in million-plus cities in India. Using data from Census 2011 for 40 million-plus cities, this study measured urban exposure through the urbanicity scale ranging from 0 to 70 points. The urbanicity scores revealed a transparent gradient in the level of urban exposure across these 40 million-plus cities, with the scores ranging from 45.59 (the lowest, in Meerut) to 61.47 (the highest, in Delhi). The economic activity scores were similar for all the million-plus cities, whereas the health infrastructure scores showed a wide variation from 1.0 to 8.8 points. Population, health, educational infrastructure, and built environment contributed the most to ...

Integration of the demographic dimension and absorbing the core of age-structure-transition in formulating national development strategies and plans in Arab countries received a great thought during the past view years. The reductions in infant, child and maternal mortality and decreases in fertility rates during the post-half of the last century have reshaped the population pyramids of Arab countries and led to an unprecedented “youth bulge”. Many studies dealt with the issue of youth bulge (Assaad, 2007 and UN, 2011). They showed that youth bulge is a demographic gift, represents a unique window of opportunity to more investment, rapid social and economic development and reduce poverty. Consistently, the window of opportunity associate with increasing in the absolute numbers of older persons. Although Arab Countries is still in the early stage of ageing process, but these challenges should to be early explained, met, and planed.

The above introduction explains the importance of developing a conceptual framework for understanding the effects of age‐structural transitions in achieving the internationally agreed development goals.

Introducción on varias las respuestas que se han formulado a la pregunta de qué es la historia y para qué sirve: a conocer algunas de ellas hemos dedicado nuestros primeros años entre los claustros universitarios. No queremos aquí mencionar todas, ni siquiera muchas de esas respuestas. Sólo queremos hacer referencia a aquella que llega ahora a la memoria y que consideraba que los historiadores debían cumplir la función social de recordar lo que las instituciones o la comunidad van llevando al olvido. Este último fenómeno -el olvido -S Diacronie Studi di Storia Contemporanea  www.diacronie.it N. 12 | 4|2012 Sulle tracce delle idee 11/ El Censo Nacional de 1960 en Argentina La distribución de la población como herramienta de la historia política Carlos Fernando HUDSON * La morfología de la Argentina de la primera mitad de la década de 1960 se nos presenta con una distribución de la población que consolida fuertemente la visión de la ciudad líder que se transforma en un escenario desproporcionadamente pequeño para el procesamiento de los conflictos políticos de un espacio más amplio y diverso de lo que salta a la vista mirando las dinámicas políticas. En este trabajo analizamos, con base en la lectura analítica del Censo Nacional de Población de 1960, efectuado durante el gobierno de Arturo Frondizi, cómo se refractan en él los orígenes e identidades que configuran la morfología del país que entrará en una profunda crisis política a partir del derrocamiento de este presidente y la asunción del Dr. José María Guido. El Censo Nacional de 1960 en Argentina.La distribución de la población como herramienta de la historia política Diacronie. Studi di Storia Contemporanea 2 puede tener diversos grises, desde la negación hasta el vacío involuntario, pasando por las distintas pérdidas, confusiones o cambios en los detalles 1 . Lo concreto es que al recordar diferentes "hitos" que nos sirven para ordenar lo diacrónico y lo sincrónico en nuestra percepción del pasado, corremos el riesgo de perder de vista lo común, lo que no se destaca, lo que cambia lentamente, lo que no es un mojón 2 . También podemos llevar nuestra imaginación hacia ciertos colores y formas del pasado; hay, sin embargo, aspectos que pasamos por alto en esas figuraciones. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar las características de la población de la Argentina a lo largo de la década de 1960 para complementar las formas de * El autor Carlos Fernando Hudson es profesor en Historia, UNMdP, Argentina. Becario doctoral de CONICET, ha publicado diversos artículos académicos en torno a lo que es su investigación actual, el gobierno de José María Guido. Es coeditor del libro Figuraciones del siglo XIX. Libros, escenarios y miradas (Mar del Plata, Finisterre editores, 2007). URL: < http://studistorici.com/progett/autori/#Hudson > Per citare questo articolo: HUDSON, Carlos Fernando, «El Censo Nacional de 1960 en Argentina.La distribución de la población como herramienta de la historia política», Diacronie. Studi di Storia Contemporanea: Sulle tracce delle idee, 29/12/2012, Diritti: gli articoli di Diacronie. Studi di Storia Contemporanea sono pubblicati sotto licenza Creative Commons 2.5. Possono essere riprodotti a patto di non modificarne i contenuti e di non usarli per fini commerciali. La citazione di estratti è comunque sempre autorizzata, nei limiti previsti dalla legge.

The chapter argues that Malthus’s ethics was a rather traditional kind of Christian morality, far from the ‘new morality’ announced by Bentham.
He argued for consistent application of traditional virtues as the keystone of a new moral and political construction that was called forth to limit and control most evils arising from the principle of population; what is new in Malthus’s approach to ethical issues is instead something almost opposite to Bentham’s spirit. Its mark is modesty, an awareness that there are indeed virtues and moral precepts but there are also greater and lesser evils, and the moral and political science is indeed a moral science not only in the sense that is science of man but also in the sense that it is a applied moral theology, and yet, in so far as it applied, it cannot turn out to be abstract moralizing, the highest the value preached the better. On the contrary Malthus insists that there are indeed consequences of lines of action and policies, and there greater and lesser evils, and policies should be designed for a world made of human beings as they are, not as they ought to be.

La France dispose d’un atout avec la mégapole parisienne. Mais le futur de Paris est-il plein d’avenir ? Pour répondre à cette question, il convient d’analyser les atouts et les handicaps de la ville-lumière.
[France has an advantage with the Parisian metropolis. But the future of Paris is it bright future? To answer this question it is necessary to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the City of Lights.]

¿Describe apropiadamente "La explosión demográfica" -expresión que de tanta aceptación goza- la realidad demográfica de los siglos XIX y XX? En modo alguno, por cuanto el crecimiento demográfico de los dos últimos siglos no es la consecuencia de un fenómeno "repentino" e "incontrolado", sino de una progresiva evolución originada por la acción humana. Mediante innovaciones económicas, y con los adelantos de la medicina, dichos siglos han aportado a la humanidad una novedad inédita en el curso de su historia: la ostensible regresión de la mortalidad, que, en los países más desarrollados, lleva aparejada una duplicación, incluso una triplicación de la duración de la vida humana.
El conocimiento de los mecanismos demográficos permite efectuar un balance objetivo de las evoluciones de la población mundial en la historia contemporánea. Este balan- ce nos capacita para una aproximación prospectiva que conduce a diferentes modelos de futuro. De esta manera, es posible preguntar- se si el de "la implosión demográfica" puede ser excluido, sobre todo por los países industriales con baja fecundidad. En base a las diversas hipótesis asumidas, existe una gran elasticidad en los resultados. No obstante, la prospectiva ofrece un vistazo del porvenir que autoriza a subrayar distintos aspectos cuasi-seguros en la visión del futuro y, en consecuencia, ilumina la acción presente.
[L'expression "explosion démographique" est entrée dans le langage courant dès les années 1960. Un livre de prospective paru en 1968 notait déjà que l'on était entouré de "chiffres effarants, de statistiques explosives, de formules effrayantes". La même année, le 28 août très exactement, le président de l'Association américaine de Sociologie, à l'occasion de la réunion annuelle de cette association, expose que le monde est devenu une "société de chaos", en raison de "l'explosion de la population". Mais deux autres facteurs sont à prendre en compte, "l'implosion démographique" et la displosion démographique, que l'on peut traduire par la diversification démographique.]

La démographie est une science dont l’objet est l’étude des populations humaines. Il importe de spécifier les caractéristiques spécifiques de cette science qu'est la démographie.

[Demography is a science whose object is the study of human populations. It is important to specify the specific characteristics of this science, which is demography.]

Projections of the future size, composition, and distribution of the populations of the Arctic states and regions are useful for policy
makers in planning. This paper presents and analyzes the most
recent population projections done for the Arctic states and regions. Global population growth is projected to continue increasing from the current total of 7.4 billion to 10 billion in 2055. The population of the Arctic, as defined here, is projected to have little change with a projected population increase of just 1%. However, there will be considerable variation in growth rates among Arctic regions. Alaska, Yukon, Nunavut, Iceland, Troms, the Khanty-Mansiy Okrug, and Chukotka are projected to have a substantial population increase of more than 10% over the
projection period. Nordland, Finnmark, North Ostrobothnia, and
Nenets Autonomous Okrug are projected to have more modest
growth of between 5% and 10%. Kainuu in Finland, Karelia, Komi,
Arkhangel’sk, Murmansk, and Magadan in Russia are projected to
have population declines of more than 5%. Common trends seen in
nearly all Arctic regions in the future are aging populations, more
balanced gender ratios between men and women, increased
population concentration into larger urban settlements, and the
depopulation of smaller settlements.

Izmir province has experienced a tremendous increase in population such as other metropolitan cities of Turkey due to migration issues in last 30 years. Land use and land cover (LULC) of Izmir was affected from this unplanned population increase in province scale, natural ecosystems were destroyed by settlement, and agricultural activities of that doubled population. The aim of this study was determining LULC changes in Izmir and 30 m spatial resolution Landsat images were used as the main data along with geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) procedures. Satellite images from 1986 to 2015 were used to investigate LULC change patterns and a transition matrix was created. Object-based image classification technique was used for creating segments before classification. Segments, created by multi-resolution segmentation approach, were classified by visual analysis by the help of old maps, high-resolution imagery, Google Earth, and Landsat images. GIS-RS based hybrid method provided a very high accuracy (about 93%) in satellite image classification and maintained a transition matrix of changing dynamics. The results showed that increased impervious surfaces and decreased natural areas such as forests and meadows were the main features of LULC change in study area.

This chapter argues against the received view of "pre-Malthusian" demographic thought as blindly optimistic and ignorant or dismissive of natural limits to growth. Setting aside the optimism/pessimism binary and the focus on radical Enlightenment attitudes toward demographic growth that often shape historical studies of Malthus, it focuses instead on the conceptual structure of English demographic thinking over the long term. It argues that a complex and evolving combination of providential and naturalistic thinking characterized much English writing on population in the early modern period, supplying the context for demographic quantification ("political arithmetic") in the seventeenth century and for new thinking about the scope of effective political intervention in demographic processes in the eighteenth. Closing with an examination of successive editions of Malthus's Essay on the Principle of Population, it argues that the Malthus's key departure from this early modern tradition (in contrast to his disagreements with Condorcet, Price and other eighteenth-century radicals) was not his naturalism, pessimism, or awareness of limits, but rather his application of Smithian political economy to the problem of human interaction with the forces of nature.

The work is an attempt to map the population of Bhubaneswar urban agglomeration and its out-growths which is growing exponentially after topping the potential list of smart cities. The city is a major hub of IT and education sector attracting a chunk of migrants from other districts of the state as well as the neighbouring states of Jharkhand, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh. The potential area for expansion and increasing credibility to facilitate a growing population is an unique characteristic of the district with the capital city as its heart. Work is based on Walter Isard's methods in a simplistic manner.
1. ARITHMATICAL INCREASE METHOD OF PROJECTION
2. GEOMETRIC INCREASE METHOD
3. INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD

The ethnic structure of Serbia present the complex process of demographic development of different national communities. In spite of trends in different natural increase of different ethnic communities, whose continuity determinate unevenly demographic development in Serbia, the influence of migrations, as a result of bad economic and political situation, was important factor in creating contents of recent ethnic map. According to final results of Census in 2002, the total number of population in Serbia was 7.498.001 (82.86% are Serbs). According to same results there were 28 different ethnic communities with share of 14.7% in total population. The largest national community were Hungarians, whose mostly lives in Vojvodina province, then following Bosniaks/Muslims, Gypsies, Yugoslavs, Croats and others.

Keywords: nationality, demographic development, census, natural increase, migrations

Rural-urban migration plays an important role in poverty reduction and economic development. In Bangladesh rural-urban migration is the most important factor for rapid urbanization with urban slums being a popular destination for poor rural-urban migrants. More than 15 million people live in the slums of six divisional cities of Bangladesh. Capital Dhaka alone contains about 3.4 million people in 4966 slums. Focusing on the two largest slums of Dhaka, the study reveals that predominantly migrants came from the northern and southern parts of the country and carried with them dreams of prosperity. This study evaluates the migration objectives, status and the fulfillment of their migration objectives based on a survey of 373 randomly selected temporary and permanent migrants. It was found that 82% of the migrants perceived that their migration objectives as had been either totally fulfilled or on the way of fulfillment. It was also discovered that although 68.10% of the migrants were satisfied with the socio- economic attainment of their migration objectives and wanted to come back to their place of origin after saving enough money, so that they could live the rest of their life out of poverty, they could not do so. The rural lack of earning
opportunities did not permit them to reverse the rural-urban migration trend.

Songkhla Lake Basin (SLB) is an important basin of the southern region of Thailand. The population of the SLB is increasing every year. Generally, population growth affects the demand for housing and utilities, which leads to an increase in the amount of construction and the use of construction aggregates. Almost current constructions are using construction aggregate as the main material, so the development of the system dynamics model for studying the influence of population on aggregate consumption will allow us to estimate the demand of aggregate in SLB by scenario simulations. The population growth and construction aggregate consumption in SLB in the last ten years (2007-2017) revealed that the average rate of population growth was about 0.48 percent per year and the average consumption of aggregate was about 1.23 million tonnes per year. The initial system dynamics model in this study for estimating the relationship between population and aggregate demand in SLB in the next five years (2018-2022) are separated into 3 scenarios based on the last ten years data: (1) the lowest population growth rate situation, the population in 2022 will be about 1.79 million people and the construction aggregate demand will be about 0.78 million tonnes (2) the average population growth rate situation, the population will increase to about 1.81 million people and the aggregate demand will be about 1.26 million tonnes and (3) the highest population growth rate situation, the population will increase to about 1.82 million people and the construction aggregate demand will increase to 2.47 million tonnes.