Total Cholesterol

Fibrinogen IS an important risk factor for atherosclerosis, stroke and cardiovascular heart disease (CHD). This risk is increased when associated with a high serum cholesterol. Furthermore, it is also believed that not only fibrinogen concentration, but also the quality of fibrin networks may bean important risk factor for the development of CHD. CHD and stroke as a result of atherosclerosis, plus the related problems of hyperinsulinaemia,hyperlipidaemia and hypertensionare strongly related to diet. The "western" diet, defined by low fibre and high fat, sucrose and animal protein intakes, appears to be a major factor leading to death. It has been established that the water-soluble dietary fibre, pectin, significantly decrease the concentration of serum cholesterol levels. Evidence is also accumulating that a diet rich in fibre may protect against diseases associated with raised clotting factors. This investigation studied the possible effects of pectin on fibrinogenlevels and fibrin network architecture. Two groups of 10 male hyperlipidaemicvolunteerseach, received a pectin supplement ( 15g/day)or placebo ( 15rg/day) for 4 weeks. Lipid and fibrin network structure variables were measured at baseline and the end of supplementation. Pectin supplementation caused significant decreases in total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteincholesterol, , apolipoproteinA & B and lipoprotein (a). Significant changes in the characteristics of fibrin networks developed in the plasma of the pectin supplemented group indicated that networks were more permeable and had lower tensile strength. These network structures are believed to be less atherogenic. It is suspected that pectin modified network characteristics by a combinationof its effects on metabolism and altered fibrin conversion. This confirms the therapeutic possibilities of dietary intervention. Furthermore, this stud} also showed that changes in plasma fibrinogen need not be present to induce alterations in fibrin network architecture. 01997Elsevier

Human lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of cholesterol and is postulated to participate in the physiological process called reverse cholesterol transport. We have used transgenic mice (Tgm) expressing either both human apolipoprotein AI (apo AI) and human LCAT genes or only the human apo AI gene (HuAILCAT or HuAI Tgm, respectively) to assess the consequences of LCAT overexpression on serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles and on the ability of each serum to promote bidirectional flux of cholesterol between serum and Fu5AH hepatoma cells. Mean serum LCAT activity of HuAILCAT Tgm was 2-fold increased compared to the HuAI group (48 9 9 vs. 24 9 5 nmol/ml per h, PB 0.01 for HuAILCAT and HuAI Tgm, respectively) and the cholesterol esterification rates were not significantly different between the two groups of animals (66911 vs. 74918 nmol/ml per h for HuAILCAT and HuAI Tgm, respectively). HuAILCAT Tgm exhibited higher total cholesterol serum values (2.3-fold) due to an increase in both HDL-cholesterol (1.9-fold) and non-HDL-cholesterol (3-fold). The HDL particles from HuAILCAT Tgm were relatively phospholipid depleted and cholesterol enriched compared to HuAI mice. When cells were incubated for six hours with the mouse serum, the fractional efflux of radiolabeled cholesterol was slightly increased with the HuAILCAT Tgm (1.2-fold) but the increase in intracellular cholesterol content was also 2-fold higher than with the HuAI Tgm. Fu5AH can be viewed as a model for the evaluation of bidirectional flux of cholesterol in SR-BI-rich cells. In this model LCAT overexpression in mice, by increasing both HDL and non-HDL-cholesterol, mostly enhances the uptake of cholesterol by the cells, which would be of benefit for the last step of reverse cholesterol transport in hepatocytes.

The effects of the administration of 50 mg of guggulipid or placebo capsules twice daily for 24 weeks were compared as adjuncts to a fruit- and vegetable-enriched prudent diet in the management of 61 patients with hypercholesterolemia (31 in the guggulipid group and 30 in the placebo group) in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Guggulipid decreased the total cholesterol level by 11.7%, the low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) by 12.5%, triglycerides by 12.0%, and the total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio by 11.1% from the postdiet levels, whereas the levels were unchanged in the placebo group. The HDL cholesterol level showed no changes in the two groups. The lipid peroxides, indicating oxidative stress, declined 33.3% in the guggulipid group without any decrease in the placebo group. The compliance of patients was greater than 96%. The combined effect of diet and guggulipid at 36 weeks was as great as the reported lipid-lowering effect of modern drugs. After a washout period of another 12 weeks, changes in blood lipoproteins were reversed in the guggulipid group without such changes in the placebo group. Side effects of guggulipid were headache, mild nausea, eructation, and hiccup in a few patients.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the ghrelin, leptin, and fat levels in the foremilk and hindmilk and the possible relationship between these levels with the age and growth of term healthy infants. Sixty-two babies were subdivided (according to their nutrition) into breastfed (BF), formula-fed (FF), and BF plus FF (BF + FF) groups. The total and active ghrelin and tryglyceride levels and the total cholesterol levels in the foremilk and hindmilk were studied at the first and second visits (mean of the second and fifth months, respectively). At both visits, the total and active ghrelin and the total cholesterol levels were lower in the hindmilk than in the foremilk. However, the triglyceride levels were higher in the hindmilk than in the foremilk (p < 0.001). The leptin levels were also higher in the hindmilk, but this difference was not statistically significant. At the second visit, the mean total foremilk ghrelin (p < 0.01), leptin (p < 0.05), tryglyceride (p < 0.001), and cholesterol (p < 0.01) levels in the BF group were decreased compared with the levels at the first visit, whereas the active ghrelin levels increased (p < 0.001). At the second visit, we observed a 3.5% increase in the body mass index in BF infants, a 14.6% increase in FF infants, and an 11.8% increase in BF + FF infants (p < 0.01). The foremilk leptin levels were lower in the BF + FF group than in the BF group at both visits. In conclusion, at the first and second visits, the decreased ghrelin and increased tryglyceride and leptin levels in the hindmilk might be associated with the important role of self-control when feeding BF infants. The stable content of formulas might be associated with a lack of self-control during feeding and increased nutrition. Changing the breast milk ghrelin, leptin, and fat levels between the foremilk and hindmilk and between the first and second visits might explain the differences in the weight gain patterns of BF and FF infants.

Twelve flavonoids (1-12), isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra roots were evaluated for their pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitory activity in vitro. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Amongst all the compounds 7, 8, 10 and 11 showed strong inhibition against PL with IC 50 values of 7.3 M, 35.5 M, 14.9 M and 37.6 M, respectively. Molecular docking studies on the most active compound 7 revealed that it binds with the key amino acid residues of the PL active site. In silico absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) parameters were also computed on the active compounds to determine their preliminary pharmacokinetic properties. Further, investigations were carried out to determine the antiobesity and lipid lowering effects of 7 and 10 in high fat diet (HFD) fed male SD rats. In the rats supplemented with compound 7 the body weight increase was only 23.2 ± 3.6 g as compared to 64.2 ± 0.5 g in the HFD control group while in the rats treated with compound 10 showed 23.2 ± 3.6 g weight gain only. Compound 7 decreased the levels of plasma total cholesterol (TC) to 84.6 ± 1.4 mg/dl and plasma total triglycerides (TG) to 128.8 ± 6.0 mg/dl. Compound 10 also lowered the plasma TC and TG levels considerably. The results indicate the potential of the chalcone scaffold as a source of PL inhibitors for preventing obesity.

Besides hyperglycemia and hypertension, a recently recognized risk factor for diabetic retinopathy (DR) appears to be hyperlipidemia. While studies using earlier generation lipid lowering agents in DR were disappointing, a randomized trial using HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors has strong rationale, though hitherto not attempted. The aim of the present study was to compare the HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor, simvastatin, with placebo in patients having DR in a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Fifty patients with diabetes mellitus (Type 1 and 2) with good glycemic control and hypercholesterolemia and having DR (non-clinically significant macular edema and visual acuity 6/24 or better) in either or both eyes were randomized to simvastatin 20-mg per day or placebo, and were followed up for 180 days. On simvastatin therapy, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) decreased (P B0.001, respectively), and the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased (P B 0.001). VA improved in four patients using simvastatin, (not statistically different from placebo group) and worsening of VA occurred in seven patients in the placebo group and none in the simvastatin group (P = 0.009). Fundus fluorescein angiography and color fundus photograph showed improvement in one patient in the simvastatin group, while seven patients showed worsening in the placebo group (P = 0.009). The observations of the current study suggest that the HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor simvastatin significantly retards the progression of retinopathy in diabetic patients with hypercholesterolemia. The potential of this class of drugs for the primary prevention of DR and other microvascular complications needs to be explored further.

Low-fat cookies prepared by partial replacement of butter oil with different types of carbohydrate-based fat replacers were organoleptically evaluated. The best two types were selected to determine optimum fat replacement levels. The best four treatments as well as the control were evaluated in rats to ascertain their effects on serum lipids (total cholesterol, LDLcholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides), fatty acid composition of rat liver and kidney lipids, food intake, body weight, weight gain and organ weights. High quality, low-fat cookies were produced by partial replacement of butter oil of the control with 250 or 500 g/kg of N-Oil or N-Flate plus Firm-Tex (1:1). Feeding rats low-fat cookie diets prepared with either N-Oil or N-Flate plus Firm-Tex (1:1) at 250 or 500 g/kg fat replacement levels resulted in a significant decrease in total serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-cholesterol), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol) and triglycerides (TG) compared to rats fed the control diet. Liver and kidney lipids in rats fed the low-fat cookie diets had lower percentages of palmitic, stearic, myristic and palmitoleic acids compared to the control. In contrast, percent compositions of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were greater in rats fed low-fat cookie diets. Food intake, body weight and weight gain were not influenced by diets formulated with fat replacers. On the other hand, liver, spleen, and testa weights in rats fed the low-fat cookie diets were significantly higher than those fed the control diet.

Serum lipids were determined in 97 patients (56 men, 41 women; ages 42+ 15 years) undergoing long-term anticonvulsive treatment (longer than 6 months). The total group showed increased total cholesterol, decreased high-density lipoprotein HDL cholesterol, an increased ratio of total to HDL cholesterol, and decreased apolipoprotein AI and B values compared to population means. Considering males and females separately, all differences were significant (P<0.0i) in men, whereas in women only the differences in HDL cholesterol, ratio of total to HDL cholesterol, and apolipoproteins A1 and B reached the level of statistical significance. Considering the different anticonvulsant groups, cholesterol was significantly increased only in phenytoin-treated males; HDL cholesterol was significantly lowered and the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol significantly increased in all groups. Apolipoprotein A1 levels were significantly decreased in phenytoin-treated females and valproate-treated patients of both sexes. Apolipoprotein B levels were significantly decreased in all groups except carbamazepine-treated males. Especially in men treated with anticonvulsants these lipid levels may be considered a risk factor for atherosclerosis.

The role of the serum lipids (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol /HDL-C/, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol /LDL-C/, triglycerides /TG/) in the pathophysiology of the mood disorders is not clear. The aim of this study was to determine lipid profile in patients with affective disorders. The study included medication free female subjects: 41 patients with bipolar disorder (22 in a manic and 19 in a depressive phase), 34 patients with major depression and 50 healthy controls. Serum lipids levels were determined using standard laboratory tests. All patients had significantly lower HDL-C values than control subjects.

Purpose To investigate the correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-VD) concentrations and metabolic parameters in obese and non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods One hundred women with PCOS were divided into two groups, obese and non-obese, according to their body mass index (BMI). Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), Ferriman-Gallwey score, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium, 25-OH-VD, LH/FSH, total testosterone, and DHEAS were measured. Results The serum 25-OH-VD mean levels were 56.31% lower in the obese PCOS patients. There was an association of increased HOMA-IR, BMI, WHR, triglycerides, total testosterone, and DHEAS with decreased 25-OH-VD concentrations in the obese PCOS patients. Conclusion Low serum 25-OH-VD concentrations result from the presence of obesity and insulin resistance. However, the dependency between PCOS and hypovitaminosis D is questionable. Hypovitaminosis D should be kept in mind while managing obese women with PCOS.

By the dawn of this modern era of science, the prime challenge of physician is cardiovascular diseases (CVD). According to World Health Organization (WHO), CVDs are the number one cause of death globally. An estimated 17.5 million people died from CVDs in 2005, representing 30% of all global deaths. Over 80% of CVD deaths take place in low-and middleincome countries like Bangladesh. By 2015, almost 20 million people will die from CVDs, mainly from heart disease and stroke and they will remain the single leading causes of death. 1 CVD is caused by disorders of the heart and blood vessels, and includes coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, peripheral artery disease, rheumatic heart disease,

Summary  We used a new and remarkably simple method to examine the extent of in vivo lipoprotein glycation in type II diabetic patients with atherosclerosis and diabetic patients with no complications. Serum glycated lipoprotein levels were determined by agarose gel film electrophoresis in 48 non-diabetic control subjects and 39 diabetic patients, of whom 26 had no complications and 13 had atherosclerotic

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the cholesterol-lowering mechanisms of corn fiber oil (CFO), ferulate phytostanyl esters (FPEs) and parent compounds of FPE, including sitostanol and ferulic acid, in hamsters. Method: Seventy male Golden Syrian hamsters were randomly assigned to six experimental diets for 4 weeks: (1) cornstarch-caseinsucrose-based control diet (control); and (2) control diet plus 0.1% (wt/wt) cholesterol (cholesterol-control). The remaining four groups were given cholesterol-control diet with: (3) 10% (wt/wt) CFO; (4) 0.5% (wt/wt) sitostanol; (5) 0.23% (wt/wt) ferulic acid; and (6) 0.73% (wt/wt) FPE. At the end of dietary intervention, total plasma cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were determined. Parameters of cholesterol kinetics, including cholesterol absorption and synthesis, as well as mRNA expression of sterol transporters such as Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1), ATP-binding cassette G5 (ABCG5) and ABCG8, were assessed. Results: Supplementation with CFO decreased (Pb.0001) plasma total cholesterol levels by 29% as compared with the cholesterol-control group, while FPE and sitostanol reduced (Pb.02) cholesterolemia by 15% and 14%, respectively. CFO and sitostanol decreased (Pb.05) cholesterol absorption by 24% compared to the cholesterol-control group. Dietary intervention did not alter the intestinal gene expression of ABCG5, ABCG8 and NPC1L1. Conclusion: The present results show that the CFO-induced and sitostanol-induced decrease in cholesterol absorption is independent of intestinal enterocyte sterol transporters such as ABCG5, ABCG8 and NPC1L1 in hamsters.

The fruit of Indian Eugenia jambolana have been shown to have therapeutic properties, but because the therapeutic potential of a plant is related to the geographic region in which the plant was grown and to the part of the plant used, we investigated Brazilian Eugenia jambolana fruit using the same preparation and experimental methods as have been used in India. The well-established metabolic cage model was used to evaluate the physiological and metabolic parameters associated with streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats (n = 10) which had been administered, by gavage, 50 mg per day of lyophilised Eugenia jambolana fruit-pulp extract for 41 days. We found that, compared to untreated controls, rats treated with the lyophilised fruit-pulp showed no observable difference in body weight, food or water intake, urine volume, glycaemia, urinary urea and glucose, hepatic glycogen, or on serum levels of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol or triglycerides. No change was observed in the masses of epididymal or retroperitoneal adipose tissue or of soleus or extensor digitorum longus muscles. This lack of any apparent effect on the diabetes may be attributable to the regional ecosystem where the fruit was collected and/or to the severity of the induced diabetes.

A systematic literature search was conducted to investigate the cardiovascular issues related to hypogonadism and testosterone therapy. Vascular cells contain sex steroid hormone receptors. Testosterone can exert effects on the vascular wall, either by itself or through aromatization as estrogen. Hypogonadism is associated with central obesity; insulin resistance; low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL); high cholesterol levels; and high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, fibrinogen, and plasminogen activator-1. Some observational studies show a correlation between low testosterone and cardiovascular disease (CVD), and others show no correlation. Interventional studies do not reveal a direct long-term relation between testosterone therapy and CVD. Short-term data suggest cardiovascular benefits of testosterone. Testosterone therapy has beneficial and deleterious effects on cardiovascular risk factors. It improves insulin sensitivity, central obesity, and lowers total cholesterol and LDL. In some studies, testosterone therapy has an HDL-lowering effect, and in other studies this effect is insignificant. This should not be assumed to be atherogenic because it might be related to reverse cholesterol transport and effects on the HDL 3 subfraction. The cardiovascular effects of testosterone therapy may be neutral to beneficial. There is no contraindication for testosterone therapy in men with CVD and diagnosed hypogonadism with or without erectile dysfunction. Caution should be exercised regarding occasional increases in hematocrit levels, especially in patients with congestive heart failure. Conversely, evidence does not support testosterone therapy in aging men for the purpose of cardiovascular benefit, despite claims to this effect. Further research on the cardiovascular benefits and risks of testosterone is strongly recommended. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. (Am J Cardiol 20052005;96[suppl]:67M-72M)

Pinus roxburghii commonly known as Chir pine contains a substance turpene in abundance and is known for several medicinal properties. The needles were investigated for antidyslipidemic activity in high fat diet (HFD) fed hyperlipidemic Golden-Syrian hamsters. The alcoholic extracts of P. roxburghii needle showed a significant decrease in lipid profile at the dose of 100 mg/kg. Further extraction with different solvents showed increased lipid lowering profile in hexane soluble and Nbutenol soluble fractions. Antioxidant activity of all the fractions was assessed and found to be significant in alcoholic extract and N-butenol insoluble fractions as capacity to scavenge the ABTS + radical cation. In vitro.

Swim training for 6 weeks significantly decreased body weight gain, adipose tissue mass, and adipocyte size in both sexes of genetically obese db/db mice compared with their respective sedentary controls. Swim training also caused significant decreases in serum levels of free fatty acids, triglycerides, and total cholesterol in both sexes of obese mice. Concomitantly, hepatic mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor a (PPARa) target enzymes responsible for mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid b-oxidation were significantly increased by swim training. Moreover, mRNA levels of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in liver were also markedly increased by swim training. In conclusion, these results suggest that swim training-induced transcriptional activation of hepatic PPARa target enzymes and UCP2 may effectively prevent body weight gain, adiposity, and lipid disorders caused by leptin receptor deficiency in both sexes of mice.

Baleares presenta indicadores desfavorables de morbimortalidad cardiovascular. Por ello se planteó estimar la prevalencia de los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRC) y de la enfermedad cardiovascular diagnosticada entre la población de 35 a 74 años de las islas.

The clinical decision to treat hypercholesterolemia is premised on an awareness of patient risk, and cardiac risk prediction models offer a practical means of determining such risk. However, these models are based on observational cohorts where estimates of the treatment benefit are largely inferred. The West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS) provides an opportunity to develop a risk-benefit prediction model from the actual observed primary event reduction seen in the trial.

Several studies show a relationship between abdominal obesity and cardiovascular diseases, partially mediated through an altered metabolism of dyslipidemia. The present study was aimed at testing the robustness of this association across three contrasted populations and at assessing the performances of abdominal obesity as a screening tool for dyslipidemia. Data were drawn from three population health surveys recently conducted in two regions of a developed country (Switzerland, mostly of Caucasian origin, n ϭ 2650) and in a less developed country (Seychelles, Indian Ocean, mostly of black descent, n ϭ 806). Dyslipidemia was defined as a ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC-HDL) greater than 5. Two anthropometric circumference measurements, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist circumference (WC), were used to define abdominal obesity either as WHR у 0.9 in men and WHR у 0.8 in women or as WC у 94 cm and WC у 80 cm, respectively. A consistent direct association between abdominal obesity and dyslipidemia (odds ratios varying from 1.85 to 4.56) was found in the three populations, independently of gender, age, body mass index, blood pressure, and smoking. This consistency across ethnicities and environments strengthens the hypothesis of a common etiopathological mechanism. The sensitivity for detecting dyslipidemia was generally higher for abdominal obesity, based on either WHR or WC, than for criteria based on the other risk factors under study. In addition, the sensitivity was higher in the study populations with a low prevalence of dyslipidemia (Swiss women and Seychellois of both sexes) than in the others. These findings support that WHR and WC may be useful as simple and inexpensive screening tools to select individuals eligible for more sophisticated and costly serum lipid determinations, especially in developing countries.

Purpose: To evaluate the correlation of lipid profile and clinical presentation of macular edema in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. Materials and Methods: The study included 20 patients with chronic diabetic macular edema and plaque-like hard exudates (Group 1), 20 patients with diabetic macular edema (Group 2), and 20 DM patients but without retinopathy (Group 3). Diabetic retinopathy was classified according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study grading system. Sample t test was used to evaluate the association between the fasting serum lipid [total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL)], glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose, creatinine levels, and the clinical findings. P values b.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: There was no difference between fasting serum lipids and HbA1c levels. Duration of diabetes was shorter in Group 3 than in Groups 1 and 2. Patients in Group 1 had longer duration of diabetes than others (Pb.05). Creatinine levels in Group 1 were higher than in other groups (Pb.05). Although there was no correlation between fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels, HbA1c was higher in all three groups from the baseline-normal limits (Pb.05). Conclusion: No correlation was found between serum lipid levels and macular edema severity, but the duration of diabetes was demonstrated as a significant factor in the progression of macular edema. High HbA1c levels in all patients highlight the importance of intense glycemic control in diabetic patients.

We examine the effect of systematic bias and random error, quality control, and intraperson biological varia- tion on the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) clinical classifications for reported lipid mea- surements. We consider misclassification to occur if a true lipid homeostatic set point is within a desirable range but the reported lipid value is in a high-risk range, or if

Experimentally, we demonstrated the beneficial effects of L-arginine on regulation of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in experimental diabetes, in addition to a positive anti-aggregating effect in platelets in animals and humans. Here, the effect of L-arginine on foot ulcers from diabetic patients was studied. Three groups of diabetic patients were included: 11 patients without ulcer received neither treatment and served as controls. Eleven patients with diabetic ulcer received the standard treatment, this group served as diabetic control with diabetic ulcer. Eleven remain patients with diabetic ulcer received 10 mM L-arginine subcutaneously on the site of the wound. Biopsy with punch number 5 on wound site comprising both ulcerative and contiguous undamaged skin were performed in all patients with ulcerative lesions before any treatment. Patients with intact skin had biopsy performed with punch number 5 on external malleolar region of right lower limb. Biopsies were examined by light and confocal microscopy utilizing histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Initial and final blood samples were collected to determine glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ), low (LDL), and high density lipoproteins (HDL). Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed between initial and final serum glucose levels for treated patients, and initial serum glucose levels between treated and control patients without diabetic ulcer. Glycated hemoglobin, triglycerides, cholesterol, and lipoprotein levels showed no significant changes. Eight patients treated with L-arginine reached total wound healing and the remaining three who abandoned the study because of change of residence showed relevant improvement. Histochemistry and immunohistochemistry methods have shown vascular impairment in both patients with diabetic ulcer (prior to treatment) and control patients without diabetic ulcer. Our observations strongly support efficacy of L-arginine for successful wound healing of diabetic ulcers.

Background The nutritional composition of the dietary intake could produce specific effects on metabolic variables and inflammatory marker concentrations. This study assessed the effects of two hypocaloric diets (legume-restrictedvs. legume-based diet) on metabolic and inflammatory changes, accompanying weight loss. Methods Thirty obese subjects (17 M/13F; BMI: 32.5 ± 4.5 kg/m 2 ; 36 ± 8 years) were randomly assigned to one of the following hypocaloric treatments (8 weeks): Calorierestricted legume-free diet (Control: C-diet) or calorierestricted legume-based diet (L-diet), prescribing 4 weekly different cooked-servings (160-235 g) of lentils, chickpeas, peas or beans. Body composition, blood pressure (BP), blood biochemical and inflammatory marker concentrations as well as dietary intake were measured at baseline and after the nutritional intervention. Results The L-diet achieved a greater body weight loss, when compared to the C-diet (-7.8 ± 2.9% vs. -5.3 ± 2.7%; p = 0.024). Total and LDL cholesterol levels and systolic BP were improved only when consuming the L-diet (p \ 0.05). L-diet also resulted in a significant higher reduction in C-reactive protein (CRP) and complement C3 (C3) concentrations (p \ 0.05), compared to baseline and C-diet values. Interestingly, the reduction in the concentrations of CRP and C3 remained significantly higher to L-diet group, after adjusting by weight loss (p \ 0.05). In addition, the reduction (%) in CRP concentrations was positively associated with decreases (%) in systolic BP and total cholesterol concentration specifically in the L-diet group, independent from weight loss (p \ 0.05). Conclusion The consumption of legumes (4 servings/ week) within a hypocaloric diet resulted in a specific reduction in proinflammatory markers, such as CRP and C3 and a clinically significant improvement of some metabolic features (lipid profile and BP) in overweight/ obese subjects, which were in some cases independent from weight loss.

Macrostemonoside A, a newly found compound, is derived from Allium macrostemon Bung. However, investigation into its nature is lacking. In this study, the effects of macrostemonoside A on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, visceral fat accumulation, and related enzyme activities in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6 mice are examined. The results showed that mice fed with a high-fat diet had a significant increase in fasting blood glucose, liver glycogen, serum total cholesterol, and visceral fat accumulation, but were mildly or moderately inhibited by macrostemonoside A at a dose of 4 mg/kg/d after 30 days of treatment. This hypoglycemic effect might be associated with the potential increase in insulin sensitivity and visfatin expression, although it needs further validation in future studies. Its anti-obesity effect might be associated with elevated total lipase activity in visceral adipose cells. The up-regulation in the expression of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma 2 might be responsible for the increased lipase activity in visceral adipose cells. Furthermore, we supposed that its action mechanisms might promote energy metabolism in muscles. Macrostemonoside A, with its steroid-like structure, has no significant cortisone-like side effects on the immune system but has potential cardiovascular protective effects. These results suggested that a potential compound to treat hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and visceral obesity could be developed. However, its underlying mechanisms need further investigation in future studies.

Background The nutritional composition of the dietary intake could produce specific effects on metabolic variables and inflammatory marker concentrations. This study assessed the effects of two hypocaloric diets (legume-restrictedvs. legume-based diet) on metabolic and inflammatory changes, accompanying weight loss. Methods Thirty obese subjects (17 M/13F; BMI: 32.5 ± 4.5 kg/m 2 ; 36 ± 8 years) were randomly assigned to one of the following hypocaloric treatments (8 weeks): Calorierestricted legume-free diet (Control: C-diet) or calorierestricted legume-based diet (L-diet), prescribing 4 weekly different cooked-servings (160-235 g) of lentils, chickpeas, peas or beans. Body composition, blood pressure (BP), blood biochemical and inflammatory marker concentrations as well as dietary intake were measured at baseline and after the nutritional intervention. Results The L-diet achieved a greater body weight loss, when compared to the C-diet (-7.8 ± 2.9% vs. -5.3 ± 2.7%; p = 0.024). Total and LDL cholesterol levels and systolic BP were improved only when consuming the L-diet (p \ 0.05). L-diet also resulted in a significant higher reduction in C-reactive protein (CRP) and complement C3 (C3) concentrations (p \ 0.05), compared to baseline and C-diet values. Interestingly, the reduction in the concentrations of CRP and C3 remained significantly higher to L-diet group, after adjusting by weight loss (p \ 0.05). In addition, the reduction (%) in CRP concentrations was positively associated with decreases (%) in systolic BP and total cholesterol concentration specifically in the L-diet group, independent from weight loss (p \ 0.05). Conclusion The consumption of legumes (4 servings/ week) within a hypocaloric diet resulted in a specific reduction in proinflammatory markers, such as CRP and C3 and a clinically significant improvement of some metabolic features (lipid profile and BP) in overweight/ obese subjects, which were in some cases independent from weight loss.

Aronia melanocrpa fruit juice (AMFJ) used in our experiment was very rich in phenolic substances (709.3 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 ml juice). Anthocyanins (106.8 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents/100 ml juice) were the main flavonoid group. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of AMFJ on plasma lipids and lipoprotein profile, and histopathology of liver and aorta in rats with dietary-induced hyperlipidemia. AMFJ was administered by gavage for 30 days at doses of 5, 10 and 20 ml/kg body weight to rats fed a standard diet (SD) or a 4% cholesterol-containing diet (4% ChD). The 4% ChD caused a significant elevation of plasma total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG). AMFJ did not significantly influence plasma lipids in rats fed the SD and significantly hindered the elevation of plasma TC, LDL-C and TG in rats fed the 4% ChD. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were not significantly influenced either by...

To verify the efficacy of a patented proprietary combination of nutraceuticals containing natural hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant agents as red yeast rice extract, policosanols, coenzyme Q 10 , astaxanthin, and folic acid in the following subgroups of hyperlipidemic subjects: fertile (F) versus menopause (M) women, adults versus elderly ([65 years), lunch versus dinner administration time. A randomised, multicenter study in 411 Italians units compared Armolipid-Rottapharm|Madaus (ARM) one tablet/day plus diet versus diet alone (D) for 16 weeks in hyperlipidemic patients [serum total cholesterol (tot-C) [200 mg/dL or LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) [150 mg/dL at admission]. Efficacy parameters were measured at baseline and every 4 weeks. In 2,408 eligible subjects, 1,665 adults and 743 elderly, total and LDL-cholesterol were likewise reduced by ARM ? D in both age classes and significantly versus D. In 1,246 cases, 302 F and 946 M, tot-C gradually and significantly decreased up to 18.7 and 16.8% in F and M treated groups versus 9% in D group. Similar reduction was observed in LDL-C. In 907 cases, the time of administration of ARM was detailed: 733 received ARM ? D at dinner and 174 at lunch. Cholesterolemia improved equally in the two groups. The association of ARM with an appropriate diet is more effective than diet alone in reducing abnormal cholesterolemia, independently from age classes and administration time during the day, supporting its positive use for controlling hypercholesterolemia with a positive impact on CHD prevention in all categories of subjects.

In a study of 20 patients with hypercholesterolemia (type IIa) the effects of lovastatin (20-80 mg/ day) on various clotting and thrombosis parameters were monitored for 12 months. On 11 occasions various cholesterol fractions and clotting parameters were determined in each patient. In additon, the clotting inhibitors AT III, protein C, protein S, and C 1-esterase inhibitor and the fibrinolysis parameters plasminogen and a2-antiplasmin were examined. Platelet function was monitored on the basis of spontaneous and induced (collagen, ADP, epinephrine, ristocetin) aggregation. Lovastatin in the above dosage brought about a 66 mg/dl (from 320 ___ 12.6 to 254 _+ 12.0 mg/dl) reduction in the total cholesterol level and a 56 mg/dl (from 244 + 11.4 to 188 _+ 12.1 mg/dl) reduction in LDL cholesterol at the end of the study. Fibrinogen showed a significance decrease during the study period, whereas PT and aPTT remained unaffected. The initial slopes of the ADP-induced platelet aggregation revealed a significant decrease. C-reactive protein and platelet count remained within the normal range, indicating no significant change. Thrombin clotting time, AT III, Cl-esterase inhibitor, plasminogen, and ~t2-antiplasmin were not modified. Protein C and S behaved in a contradictory way, but remained within the normal range. Long-term treatment with lovastatin was associated with a significant reduction of fibrinogen levels and platelet aggregation induced by ADP in type-II a hypercholesterolemic patients. These alterations, as well as their role in cardiovascular disease, should be the subject of further investigations.

This study observed the effect of a dietary re-education plus regular physical activity on body composition, risk factors and physical test performance of sedentary overweight/obese women and to correlate these variables one with each other. Fifty women (36 ± 10 yrs; 31 ± 6 body mass index (BMI, kg/m2)) volunteered for the study. Body compositions were obtained by anthropometry and bioimpedance and some body indexes were established. One-repetition maximum (1-RM) and treadmill VO2max tests were carried out and blood samples were obtained for lipid, glucose and uric acid analyses before (T1) and after two months of intervention (T2). Diet was established by indirect calorimetry. Body fat, glucose, uric acid, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and systolic blood pressure were significantly reduced. The 1-RM and VO2max tests were significantly increased. Neck circumference (NC) was correlated with body composition, back muscle 1-MR, HDL and LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL ratio,...

Strobilanthes crispus (Acanthaceae) has been used traditionally as antidiabetic, diuretic, antilytic, and laxative and has been proven scientifically to possess high antioxidant activity, anti-AIDS, and anticancer properties. It is commonly consumed in the form of herbal tea. The ethnopharmacological value of this plant, such as the development of nutraceutical S. crispus herbal tea (fermented and unfermented) and assessment of their antihyperglycemic properties were investigated. The antidiabetic properties of S. crispus fermented and unfermented tea was carried out in normal and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemic rats for 21 days. Glucose and lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol) were determined at day 0 (baseline), day 7, and day 21. The results showed that the hot water extract of both fermented and unfermented S. crispus tea reduced blood glucose in hyperglycaemic rats. S. crispus unfermented tea also reduced glucose level in normal rat. Both fermented and unfermented S. crispus tea also showed to improve lipid profile. Antioxidant and polyphenol content that present in the extracts might contribute to the antihyperglycemic and antilipidemic properties. Further study is needed to be carried out in pre-clinical and clinical environment to prove its efficacy in human.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of sesame on lowering serum lipids and enhancing antioxidant capacity in 21 hyperlipidemic patients. Subjects were instructed to consume their regular diet for 2 weeks before starting the experimental diet. The experimental diet with 40 g roasted sesame was consumed for 4 weeks and the regular diet followed for another 4 weeks. Body weights and fasting blood were determined at weeks 0, 4, and 8. The results showed that the diet with sesame significantly decreased the levels of serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. The time for erythrocyte hemolysis and the lag phase of LDL oxidation were significantly increased by sesame ingestion. A diet containing sesame slightly reduced the levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in LDL. The beneficial effects of sesame disappeared when patients returned 0271-5317/$ -see front matter D (C. Tsai).

Seabuckthorn (SBT) seed oil is a rich source of unsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, carotenoids and flavonoids, which are known to have significant anti-atherogenic and cardioprotective activity. The anti-atherogenic activity of supercritical CO 2 extracted SBT seed oil was evaluated in white albino rabbits fed on high cholesterol diet for 60 days.

Background Prolactin (PRL) has been proposed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of obesity. To further elucidate the relationship between PRL and obesity-related metabolic disturbances, we performed a large crosssectional study and also reassessed serum PRL levels in a subsample~1 year after gastric bypass surgery. Methods In the cross-sectional part of the study, we assessed basal serum PRL levels in 344 obese subjects (68% women; BMI mean ± SD, 44.3±6.6 kg/m 2 ; range 27.0-67.0 kg/m 2 ) along with measurements of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDLcholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, high sensitive (hs) C-reactive protein, and fat mass assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. In 38 patients, we reassessed PRL levels~1 year after they have undergone a gastric bypass operation. Results Women displayed higher basal PRL levels than men (9.0±4.8 vs. 7.9±3.6 μg/l, P=0.03). Basal PRL levels were neither significantly correlated with the BMI of the subjects (r=−0.05, P=0.77) nor with any other of the assessed variables (all r<0.16, P>0.06) even after adjusting for the influence of sex. After massive surgically induced weight loss that on average almost approached 50 kg, basal serum PRL levels remained completely unchanged (before vs. after, 9.1±6.0 vs. 9.2±4.6 μg/l, P=0.86). However, preoperative PRL levels significantly correlated with that assessed after the operation (r=0.47; P=0.005).

Diabetes mellitus is the most common and serious metabolic disorder among people all over the world. Many plants have successfully been used to overcome this problem. Costus speciosus is widely used in Indian medicine to treat various diseases including diabetes. Bioassay guided fractionation was followed to isolate costunolide from the hexane extract of C. speciosus root. The structure was elucidated using X-ray crystallography. Costunolide was administered to streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg bw)-induced diabetic male wistar rats at different doses (5, 10, 20 mg/kg bw) for 30 days to assess its effect on fasting plasma glucose and cholesterol levels. It was found that plasma glucose was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in a dose-dependent manner when compared to the control. In addition, oral administration of costunolide (20 mg/kg bw) significantly decreased glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ), serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol and at the same time markedly increased plasma insulin, tissue glycogen, HDL cholesterol and serum protein. Also costunolide restored the altered plasma enzyme (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotrasferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase) levels to near normal. Costunolide might have stimulated the beta islets to secrete insulin by inhibiting the expression of nitric oxide synthase. The results of this experimental study indicated that costunolide possessed normo-glycemic and hypolipidemic activity and hence it could be used as a drug for treating diabetes.

Recently, polyphenols have been found to affect blood lipids in animals in a similar manner as soluble dietary fibre. The aim was to assess whether an insoluble dietary fiber very rich in polyphenols has a beneficial effect on serum lipids in humans. In a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical study with parallel arms, 88 volunteers with hypercholesterolemia were randomly assigned to consume daily either, fiber with insoluble 84% polyphenols 4 g twice a day (n=43) or placebo (n= 45). Serum total, LDL and HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were assessed at baseline and after 4 weeks. The insoluble polyphenols consumption reduced the total cholesterol by 17.8±6.1% (p<0.05), LDL cholesterol by 22.5±8.9% (p<0.001), LDL: HDL cholesterol ratio by 26.2±14.3% (p<0.001) and triglycerides by 16.3±23.4% (p<0.05) at the end of the study compared with baseline. No significant differences were found during the study time in the placebo group for the lipid profile. The consumption of fiber very rich in insoluble polyphenols shows beneficial effects on human blood lipid profile and may be effective in prevention and treatment of hyperlipemia.

To review the effectiveness of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in patients with coronary heart disease. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was undertaken. Databases such as MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched up to March 2003. Trials with 6 or more months of follow-up were included if they assessed the effects of exercise training alone or in combination with psychological or educational interventions. RESULTS: We included 48 trials with a total of 8940 patients. Compared with usual care, cardiac rehabilitation was associated with reduced all-cause mortality (odds ratio [OR] ϭ 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.68 to 0.93) and cardiac mortality (OR ϭ 0.74; 95% CI: 0.61 to 0.96); greater reductions in total cholesterol level (weighted mean difference, -0.37 mmol/L [-14.3 mg/dL]; 95% CI: -0.63 to -0.11 mmol/L [-24.3 to -4.2 mg/dL]), triglyceride level (weighted mean difference, -0.23 mmol/L [-20.4 mg/dL]; 95% CI: -0.39 to -0.07 mmol/L [-34.5

The quantity and quality of fats consumed in the diet influence the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although the effect of diet on plasma lipids and lipoproteins is well documented, less information exists on the role of fats on blood pressure (BP). Objective: The objective was to evaluate the effects of different types of dietary fat on BP in healthy subjects. Design: Healthy subjects (n ҃ 162) were randomly assigned for 3 mo to follow 1 of 2 isoenergetic diets: 1 rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA diet) and the other rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA diet). Each group was further randomly assigned to receive supplementation with fish oil (3.6 g nҀ3 fatty acids/d) or placebo. Results: Systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) decreased with the MUFA diet [Ҁ2.2% (P ҃ 0.009) and Ҁ3.8% (P ҃ 0.0001), respectively] but did not change with the SFA diet [Ҁ1.0% (P ҃ 0.2084) and Ҁ1.1% (P ҃ 0.2116)]. The MUFA diet caused a significantly lower DBP than did the SFA diet (P ҃ 0.0475). Interestingly, the favorable effects of MUFA on DBP disappeared at a total fat intake above the median (37% of energy). The addition of nҀ3 fatty acids influenced neither SBP nor DBP. Conclusions: Changing the proportions of dietary fat by decreasing SFAs and increasing MUFAs decreased diastolic BP. Interestingly, the beneficial effect on BP induced by fat quality was negated by the consumption of a high total fat intake. The addition of nҀ3 fatty acids to the diet had no significant effect on BP.

The present study examines patterns and socioeconomic and demographic correlates of adult height among Sri Lankan adults. Data were available for height and socio-demographic factors from a nationally representative cross-sectional sample of 4477 subjects above 18 years. Recruitment was between 2005 and 2006. Mean age of all subjects was 46.1 ± 15.1 years. Mean height of males and females were 163.6 ± 6.9 cm and 151.4 ± 6.4 cm respectively. Mean height showed a significant negative correlation with age (p < 0.001, r = −0.207). Highest mean height in females 154.0 ± 5.9 cm and males 165.6 ± 6.9 cm were observed in those born after 1977. Rural females (151.4 ± 6.2 cm) were significantly taller than the urban (151.3 ± 7.2 cm). However, this was not observed in males. In multivariate analysis, year of birth, level of education and household income were significantly associated with height. Height demonstrated a significant negative correlation with systolic blood pressure (r = −0.032), presence of diabetes (r = −0.069), total cholesterol (r = −0.106), HDL cholesterol (r = −0.142) and LDL cholesterol (r = −0.104). Height was associated with household income and level of education in Sri Lanka and demonstrated a distinct increasing trend over successive generations.▶ The present study examines patterns and socioeconomic and demographic correlates of height among Sri Lankan adults. ▶ Mean height showed a significant negative correlation with age. ▶ A distinct secular trend in height was observed and highest mean height in females and males were observed in the youngest age group. ▶ In multivariate analysis, year of birth, level of education and household income were significantly associated with height. ▶ Height demonstrated a significant negative correlation with systolic blood pressure, presence of diabetes, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.

The aim of this study was to assess and compare dietary intake and nutritional status of vegetarian and omnivorous preschool children and their parents. Fifty-six omnivores (28 children and 28 parents) and 42 vegetarians (21 preschool children with 18 lacto-ovo-vegetarians and 3 ovovegetarians; 21 parents with 16 lacto-ovo-vegetarians, 2 ovo-vegetarians, 1 lacto-vegetarian, and 2 vegans) were recruited. Anthropometric measurements were taken; body mass index and weightfor-height index (WHI) were calculated. Nutrient intake was recorded using 3-day dietary records. Fasting venous blood samples were obtained to estimate hematologic and vitamin status parameters. Height, weight, body mass index, WHI, and triceps skinfold thickness value differences between omnivores and vegetarians in both parent and child groups were not found. Both omnivorous parents and their children had significantly higher fat and lower fiber intakes than vegetarian parents and children. Omnivorous children had significantly higher protein and lower vitamin C intakes than vegetarian children, whereas omnivorous parents had significantly lower vitamin A and iron intakes than vegetarian parents. Vegetarians and omnivores in both parent and child groups had mean calcium consumption less than 75% of the Taiwan dietary intakes. All mean hematologic and biochemical nutrient status indices were within the reference range in any groups. However, both vegetarian parents and children had significantly lower mean total cholesterol and serum ferritin concentrations than those of omnivorous parents and children. Our vegetarian and omnivorous preschool children had normal growth and adequate nutritional status. However, both parents and children had inadequate calcium intakes, which may potentially affect bone health, especially for preschool children in the growing stage.

Studies on the biological activities of chitosan and its oligomers have been increasing, as no single type of chitosan or its oligomers exerts all of the above bioactivities. Moreover, different chitosan derivatives and enzymatic products have different structures and physicochemical properties, which may result in novel bioactivities or novel findings in known bioactive compounds. Chitosan oligosaccharides also have been shown to induce various plant defense-related cellular responses and possess by themselves antimicrobial properties against a wide spectrum of phytopathogens . The biological activity of COS is known to depend on their structure. Chitosan derivatives have a wide scope of application and regulate the immune system of plants and induce the excretion of resistant enzymes. Moreover, chitosan not only activates the cells, but also improves its disease and insect resistant ability. There is a great concern about the consequences of utilization of chemicals on health and environment, so other means of controlling diseases have become a vehement necessity. There are other well-known problems in agriculture sector, such as: disease resistance to bactericides, fungicides and high costs to develop new products, so the scientists are interested in biological control agents and naturally occurring fungicides. Keeping in view the important role of chitosan and COS in agriculture, this review is aimed at investigating the efficacy of chitosan and its derivative on crop protection.

The present study was carried out to observe the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of petroleum-ether, ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions isolated from ethanolic extract of the leaves of Coccinia cordifolia Linn. (150 mg/kg body weight) on normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats for one day experiment. Single doses (150 mg/kg, i.p.) of C. cordifolia extracts were given to normal and diabetic rats. The fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum triglyceride (TG) and serum total cholesterol (TC) levels were investigated in normal and STZ-diabetic rats on 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 16, and 24 th hours. In normoglycemic rats the pet-ether and ethyl acetate fractions of C. cordifolia reduced blood glucose level significantly (39.66% and 40.68% at 16 th and 24 th hour respectively). In the STZ-diabetic rats pet-ether and ethyl acetate fractions also reduced blood glucose level significantly (50.39% and 50% at 10 th and 24 th hour respectively). Ethyl acetate fraction is most effective which reduced total cholesterol level by 31.04% and 36.69% in normal and STZ-diabetic rats respectively. Ethyl acetate fraction reduced triglyceride level by 43.82% and 42.01% in normal and STZ-diabetic rats respectively. Our results indicate that pet-ether and ethyl acetate fractions of C. cordifolia have potentiality against diabetes.

Poultry supplemented with ginger and garlic improved growth and feed conversion ratio and decreased mortality rate. Garlic supplementation also responsible for enhancing the activity of pancreatic enzymes and provides an environment for better absorption of nutrients. Dietary fermented garlic supplementation in poultry ration can increase the intestinal villus height, villus area, cell area and cell mitosis in the intestine and results in better feed conversion efficiency. The inclusion of ginger root powder at levels 0.5% and 1% in the diet had no significant (P>0.05) effect on Hb, PCV, RBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC percentage. The combined effect of garlic and ginger mixtures has greater influence as an anti-hypercholesterolemic agent that successfully reduced the cholesterol in the serum and also been used to prevent high blood pressure, high cholesterol level and cholesterol oxidation which are the primary causes of atherosclerosis, the precursor of cardiovascular diseases in poultry. It has been confirmed that garlic supplementation enhances immune system in poultry chicken due to rich aromatic oils which enhance digestion of birds due to modulation of intestinal microbiota. So, Japanese quail feed supplemented with ginger and garlic has resulted better production performance in terms of feed conversion ratio, body weight gain, disease resistant with enhanced immunity for better consumption by human being and animals.