Sorani Kurdish

The current research aims to investigate mood and modality in Sorani Kurdish within the Systemic Functional approach (Halliday and Matthiessen 2014). Specifically, the present study is an attempt to explore the nature of mood markers and the formalization of modality in Sorani Kurdish. The primary data has been collected using the Plank Questionnaire, administered to 442 participants. To explore mood-marking, the mood constituent in Kurdish clauses will be delineated, with the subject, finite, and mood adjuncts identified as the three main components of the mood constituent. Then, system of modality in Kurdish, modalization, and modulation will be discussed. Data analysis suggests that finite in Kurdish does not stand on its own and needs to be conflated with the predicate. The main grammatical categories used in Kurdish to represent modalization and modulation are modal verbs and pseudo-grammaticalized modal clauses. Statistical data also shows that mood adjuncts are only sporadically used in Kurdish to describe modality. Moreover, the morphological subjunctive mood will be analyzed as operative over verbal categories and hence not part of the mood constituent.

There is rich diversity in New Iranian nominal systems reflecting retentions from a common Old Iranian ancestor and many significant innovations. My primary aim is to engage in a discussion of the typological richness of inflection among these languages as comprehensively as possible. This work represents a combination of synchronic and diachronic linguistics, where a thorough theoretically anchored synchronic analysis feeds my otherwise diachronic study. I have divided the work into distinct sections that represent issues concerning the nominal morphology of the Iranian languages, focusing on those spoken in the Kurdish zone. These sections, taken together, demonstrate the breadth of issues concerning New Iranian nominal morphology. I begin with a typological overview of nominal systems in New Iranian languages focusing on the interaction of case, number, gender, and attribution marking. At the intersection of these features exist several patterns that establish the issues addressed in subsequent sections. Perhaps the most well-studied phenomenon in Iranian nominal morphology is the ezafe (attribution marker). Here, I break from previous work on the ezafe phenomenon by describing the syntactic combinatorics of the various attribution/possession strategies in New Iranian languages in a categorial framework (HTLCG). This analysis unifies two facts of Iranian languages: (1) adjectives are both attributive and substantive, and (2) nouns are the marked entity in attributive constructions. I use the principles established in my discussion of the ezafe to unify the analysis of the Iranian noun-phrase syntax and nominal morphology based on foundational assumptions of inferential–realizational morphology and Categorial Grammar. Additionally, I propose several novel solutions to issues in Iranian historical morphology.

http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1638313342357598
APA Style (7th edition)

This chapter focuses on the Iraqi Kurdish response to the rapid and devastating advance of ISIS. Of course, the Iraqi Kurdish response to the ISIS advance has been a multifaceted, complex, and evolving one that includes military strategy, pragmatic politics, and aspirations of independence. Leaving aside the fact that the ISIS advance has granted the Iraqi Kurds unprecedented access to Iraq’s rich oil reserves and the fact that the initial Kurdish reaction was to ramp up their rhetoric toward complete secession from Iraq, this chapter focuses on two further dimensions of the Iraqi Kurdish response. Firstly, it documents the Iraqi Kurdish seizure of the so-called “disputed territories,” especially
Kirkuk, and their stated intent to hold a referendum on the future of these
regions (effectively to force a resolution to Article 140 of the constitution). Secondly, the chapter documents the Iraqi Kurdish use of the ISIS advance as leverage to enhance Kurdish relations dramatically with the US and Europe via direct military support (including airstrikes and weapons supply) and to become the key launchpad
in the fight against ISIS planned for 2015. The chapter concludes by briefly assessing the efficacy and wisdom of the Kurdish strategy of leveraging the ISIS onslaught to advance their own interests.

KURDISH BELONGS to the Western Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family. The two principal branches of modern literary Kurdish are (1) Kurmanji, the language of the vast majority of Kurds in Turkey, Syria, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, the area designated by Kurdish nationalists as “North Kurdistan,” with an estimated fifteen to seventeen million speakers, and (2) Sorani, the language of most Kurds in Iraq (four to six million speakers) and Iran (five to six million speakers), the area designated as “South Kurdistan.” Although the two are closely related, Kurmanji and Sorani are not mutually intelligible and differ at the basic structural level as well as in vocabulary and idiom. Since Kurdish is fairly closely related to and has been massively influenced by Persian, the dominant literary and cultural language of the area for the last millennium, Kurdish is best approached with a basic knowledge of Persian.

Dil biliminde ve dil işleme çalışmalarında corpus kelimesi ile kastedilen, çok sayıdaki metnin düzenli ve yapısal olarak bir
arada bulunması durumudur. Corpuslar tek dilli veya çok dilli olabilir. Corpus yöntemiyle dil metinlerinin pek çok açıdan analizini
kolayca yapmak mümkün olmaktadır. Çevirisini yaptığımız bu makalede de Kürtçenin Kurmancî ve Soranî lehçelerinde yapılan
kıyaslama sonuçları üzerinde durulmaktadır.
Lehçe ve yazımdaki çeşitlilikle birlikte kaynak azlığı, Kürtçenin işleyişindeki iki ana sorundur. Bu çalışmada Kürtçenin iki ana
Lehçesi olan Soranî ve Kurmancî için (i)metin corpusu oluşturarak (ii)istatistiksel ve kurala dayalı bakış açılarıyla bu iki lehçe
arasındaki bazı imlasal, fonolojik ve morfolojik farklılıkların önemini vurgulayarak bu iki probleme değinmeyi amaçlıyoruz.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Sorani, Kurmanci, Corpus, Alfabe, Kürtçe, Karşılaştırma.

Similar is the construction involved in the idiom khaw-le kawtin-literally "for sleep to fall on (someone)"-'to fall asleep,' as in u ‫ـ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫وى‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ـ‬ ß ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫وت‬ kha-SUBSTANTIVES 23 wî le kawt 'he fell asleep,' u ‫ـ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫وم‬ ‫ـﻟ‬ ß ‫ـﻧ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫وت‬ khawim le nákawt 'I didn't/couldn't fall asleep.' In this construction the person upon whom sleep falls is expressed by a pronominal enclitic on khaw-; if a 3rd-person "subject" is expressed, the resumptive construction is used, as in ‫ﻛ‪y‬ﻪ‬ ‫ﰷن‬ ‫ﻪ‬u ‫و‪ã‬ن‬ ß‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫وت‬ kichakân khawyân le kawt the girls fell asleep (lit., "the girls-sleep fell upon them"). Wára, fełèkî le bikayn. C'mon, let's play a trick on him. ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑ?-ﻪ‬ ‫دى‬. Nábetà dî. May it not happen. SORANI KURDISH 32 ‫=ﻨﻪ‬ ‫داﺑﻨ‪í‬ﺸ‬ ‫وﻩ‬. Dâ-binîshinawa. Let them sit back down. (3) as complement to all verbs and constructions of wanting (see §20), ability (see §21), necessity, etc.

Bu çalışma Irak Türkmencesi Türkiye Türkçesi ve Kürtçe (Sorani Ağzı ) olmak üzere üç dilde karşılaştırmalı bir sözlük olarak hazırlanmıştır. Madde başı olarak seçilen sözcükler Irak Türkmencesine ait olup daha çok günlük dilde yer alan kelime ve kelime grupları alınmıştır. Sözcüklerin karşısında önce Türkiye Türkçesindeki daha sonra da Kürtçedeki karşılığı verilmiştir. Sözcüklerin karşılıkları yer yer kelime kelime çoğunlukla da açıklama şeklindedir. Madde başı sözcükler Irak Türkmencesinde yaşayan kelimeler olup çoğunlukla halk dilinden alınmıştır. Ayrıca edebî dilden alınan kelimelere de yer verilmiştir. Bir Türk dili olan Irak Türkmencesine ait kelimeler elbete Latin alfabesiyle yazılmış, ancak Latin alfabesinin özellikle Arapçadan alınma sözcüklerdeki  bir çok sesi karşılamaması nedeniyle transkripsiyona gidilmiştir. Kelimelerin Türkiye Türkçesindeki karşılıkları verilirken başta TDK’nın olmak üzere pek çok muteber kişi ve kurumun tarama, derleme ve genel Türkçe sözlükleri esas alınmıştır. Osmanlıcaya veya herhangi özel alana ait sözcük ve terimler için de yaklaşık  20 karşılaştırmalı sözlükten, bunun yanında  Osmanlıca ve terim sözlüklerinden de yararlanılmıştır.

درباره­ی تعاریف و تمایزات میان اصطلاحاتی نظیر زبان، گویش و لهجه توافق جامعی میان پژوهشگران حوزه‌های زبان‌شناسی و جامعه‌شناسی زبان وجود ندارد. برخی از پژوهشگران در خصوص مطالعه و بررسی رابطه­ی میان زبان و اجتماع، از واژه‌های جامعه‌شناسی زبان و یا زبان‌شناسی اجتماعی استفاده می­کنند و بین واژه‌ها و اصطلاحات مذکور تمایز قائل می­شوند؛ در حالی که برخی دیگر آنها را یکی می‌پندارند. این مسأله در خصوص تقسیم‌بندی زبان کردی نیز وجود دارد و بیشتر پژوهشگران زبان کردی هم درباره­ی شاخه­ها، گویش‌ها و لهجه­های آن و تعداد و شمار آنها نه تنها اختلاف نظر دارند، بلکه مبنای تقسیمات آنها بیشتر محل و سکونت جغرافیایی و نه مشخصات و عناصر زبانی است. مطالعه­ی پیش رو، نخست به اختصار به بررسی تاریخی و جغرافیایی زبان کردی می­پردازد و طبقه‌بندی و تقسیماتی را که از سوی محققین حوزه­ی زبان­شناسی ارائه شده است، مورد بررسی و نقد قرار می­دهد. در پایان، نتیجه­گیری می­شود که این نوع طبقه­بندی دارای ایرادها و اشکالات فراوانی است. همچنین، پیشنهادهایی برای تقسیم­بندی نوین در زبان کردی و شاخه­های آن آورده می­شود.

By forging false, fake entities, Freemasons trigger what looks like a fratricidal war, which in reality is not fratricidal properly speaking, but it consists in the true, normal reaction of two or more distinct elements that have been arbitrarily portrayed as one and drawn together. Even worse for the trickery of the Orientalist Freemasonic ateliers, these distinct elements – ingredients of explosive fake states were presented under alien ideological terms and unacceptable philosophical conditions (those declared at the times of the so-called Enlightenment) that could never make of these elements one entity.

.......................... 

Finally, if there is an independent Kurdistan, it will soon be turn out to be a … Suicidistan. This means that the curse of God has fallen on all those materialistic, bribed and besotted people of the regional political microcosm and that they will all soon vanish as per the Judgment of God. Constantly across History, God used an evil to punish a good person or nation that went astray.
https://megalommatis.wordpress.com/2014/09/05/there-is-no-kurdish-nation-it-is-a-freemasonic-colonial-orientalist-hoax/

Kermanshahan Province is linguistically characterized by a triad of Kurdish, Gurāni, and Persian within a multifaceted areal-tribal-social setting. These are supplemented by Neo-Aramaic, which, until lately, was spoken in pockets by area Jewry, as well as an isolated Turkic dialect spoken in the Sonqor valley.

Resource scarcity along with diversityboth in dialect and script-are the two primary challenges in Kurdish language processing. In this paper we aim at addressing these two problems by (i) building a text corpus for Sorani and Kurmanji, the two main dialects of Kurdish, and (ii) highlighting some of the orthographic, phonological, and morphological differences between these two dialects from statistical and rule-based perspectives.

Abstract: Despite having a large number of speakers, the Kurdish language is among the less-resourced languages. In this work we highlight the challenges and problems in providing the required tools and techniques for processing texts written in Kurdish. From a high-level perspective, the main challenges are: the inherent diversity of the language, standardization and segmentation issues, and the lack of language resources.

In this paper we highlight the main challenges in building a lexical database for Kurdish, a resource-scarce and diverse language. We also report on our effort in building the first prototype of KurdNet – the Kurdish WordNet– along with a preliminary evaluation of its impact on Kurdish information retrieval.

In this paper we highlight the main challenges in building a lexical database for Kurdish, a resource-scarce and diverse language. We also report on our effort in building the first prototype of KurdNetthe Kurdish WordNet-along with a preliminary evaluation of its impact on Kurdish information retrieval.

Despite having a large number of speakers, Sorani -one of the two principle branches of the Kurdish language-is among the less-resourced languages. This paper reports on the outcomes of a project aimed at providing the essential resources for processing Sorani texts. The primary output of this project is Pewan, the first standard Test Collection to evaluate Sorani Information Retrieval systems. The other language resources that we have constructed in this project are: (i) a light-stemmer, (ii) a list of affixes, and (iii) a list of stopwords.

In his article "The Kurdish Question: A Challenge to the Sovereignty and integrity of Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria" {published in the collective volume "Humanitarian, Preemptive, Punitive and Political Intervention and State Sovereignty: Varying Political, Moral and Legal Standpoints" (based on the proceedings of an homonymous international seminar) edited by Naveed Ahmad Tahir, Area Study Centre for Europe, University of Karachi in collaboration with The Hanns Seidel Foundation, Islamabad, B.C.C. & T. Press, University of Karachi, 2010, p. 65-80), Prof. Ishtiaq Ahmad (p. 71, note 5) presents the main points of my argumentation on this topic that I first published in my article "There cannot be an Independent Kurdistan" in 2007.

My article can be found here:
https://www.academia.edu/24271487/There_cannot_be_an_independent_Kurdistan_-_by_Prof._Muhammad_Shamsaddin_Megalommatis

I have published extensively on the topic, and this is the reason I also mention here my most recent article on the said topic:
https://www.academia.edu/24272352/There_is_no_Kurdish_Nation_it_is_a_Freemasonic_Colonial_Orientalist_Hoax

Prof. Ishtiaq Ahmad's article (and the entire volume) can be found here: http://www.ishtiaqahmad.com/downloads/chapter_kurdish.pdf

Resource scarcity along with diversity -in both dialect and scriptare the two primary challenges in Kurdish language processing. In this paper we aim at addressing these two problems by building stemmers for the two main dialects of the Kurdish language (i.e. Sorani and Kurmanji) and investigate their effectiveness on Kurdish Information Retrieval. More specifically, we build Jedar, the first rule-based stemmer for both Sorani and Kurmanji. We also implement GRAS -as a state-of-the-art statistical stemming technique-and apply it to both of the Kurdish dialects. We then conduct a comprehensive experimental study to compare the effectiveness of these stemmers. Our experimental results show that stemming can significantly -up to %35-improve the retrieval performance on Kurdish documents. Furthermore, they indicate that the gains from the rule-based and the statistical approaches are comparable.

Despite having a large number of speakers, the Kurdish language is among the less-resourced languages. In this work we highlight the challenges and problems in providing the required tools and techniques for processing texts written in Kurdish. From a high-level perspective, the main challenges are: the inherent diversity of the language, standardization and segmentation issues, and the lack of language resources.

اسلام در تاریخ سنتی قوی از رواداری و آزادی اندیشه و بحث دارد حتی در خصوص
مبانی و اصول دین. بحث از دین و حتی خود باور و عقیده ی دینی ضرورتاً مستلزم بیاناتی
است که ممکن است برای بقیه اهانت آمیز باشد یا کفر تلقی شود. پاسخ اسلام به تحریک
مبتنی است بر معنویت، عزت و کرامت و بخشش. این سنت گشودگی و سخاوت امروز
سخت نیازمند احیاء در کشورها و جامعه هایی با اکثریت مسلمان است، به ویژه با توجه به
میزان هول ناک خشونتی که از نابردباری و تعصب دینی زاییده می شود.