Social Security Law

A obra procura abordar a temática das pessoas transgêneras e como daria sua proteção por meio do sistema de seguridade social brasileiro. O objetivo geral da pesquisa busca responder às indagações que vem surgindo com a chegada de pleitos de natureza previdenciária ao Poder Judiciário com relação à aplicação da legislação ao caso concreto e busca de soluções que garantam a segurança jurídica e evitem a judicialização. Traz uma análise das legislações e decisões no direito comparado e possibilidades de incorporação no direito pátrio com vistas e trazer referencial teórico a demandas de proteção previdenciária. Com relação aos objetivos específicos cuidou-se de questões relativas ao estabelecimento de regras de transição e oposição de condições ao reconhecimento dos direitos previdenciários de aposentadorias, pensões e benefícios por incapacidade. Na dimensão da assistência social propõe soluções de adequação das normas dos benefíciosexistentes para o pleito em favor dos transexuais e travestis em situação de vulnerabilidade e risco de morte precoce. Na nova edição traz análise jurisprudencial e casos célebres envolvendo pedidos de natureza previdenciária e a postulantes transgêneros.

Palavras chave: Transgêneros, Seguridade Social, Benefícios, Reconhecimento Identiário.

Sumário: 1. Introdução; 2. O direito ao ressarcimento por regresso; 3. Análise crítica do cabimento das ações regressivas previdenciárias ‒ 3.1. Sobre a (in)existência do direito de regresso; 3.2. Ausência de responsabilidade civil direta; 3.3. A inconstitucionalidade das ações regressivas como nova fonte de custeio da seguridade social; 3.4. Revendo a natureza da ação: de ações regressivas previdenciárias para ações de ressarcimento sui generis ‒ 4. Conclusões; 5. Referências.

Este trabalho tem o propósito de discutir analiticamente, com fundamento na Constituição da República e nos demais comandos infralegais, o sistema que rege a atuação dos profissionais do sexo, identificando propostas coerentes ao sistema legal brasileiro com vistas a despertar um entendimento mais moderno do Direito
do Trabalho englobado pelos direitos humanos fundamentais, não só em razão da complexidade do assunto, como também pelo aspecto jurídico de grande referência social do Projeto de Lei “Gabriela Leite”, elaborado por mulheres prostitutas organizadas politicamente, que tem como objetivo legalizar a prostituição e assegurar a efetivação dos direitos fundamentais dos profissionais do sexo. Para que a presente
missão adquira os contornos do possível, far-se-á uma breve digressão a respeito da amplitude da proteção das normas previdenciárias nos dias atuais, bem como os aspectos abordados pelo referido projeto de lei, por meio do método dedutivo, a partir de pesquisas bibliográficas sobre o tema. Descortina-se como finalidade a discussão sobre aspectos previdenciários de uma categoria não abarcada pelo Sistema de Seguridade Social.

The article examines features of a system of social benefits in Ukraine and some EU countries, its specific regulatory characteristics and provides a profound comparative analysis. On the basis of the research carried out by the scientist, some negative and positive features of the current system of social benefits in Ukraine were identified. In view of this, the suggestions were made for improving the national legal regulation of social benefits system. Taking into account the best foreign experience, the author designed a system of its possible adaptation to the Ukrainian system of social protection. 
Key words: social security benefits, vulnerable sectors of population, poverty eradication, the countries of the European Union.

Πρόκειται για σχολιασμό-κριτική της απόφασης 1/2018 του Ειδικού Δικαστηρίου άρθρου 88 Συντ. ("Μισθοδικείου") που αφορά στη νομολογιακή κατάφαση της αντισυνταγματικότητας:
α) των περικοπών στις συντάξεις των δικαστικών και εισαγγελικών λειτουργών, οι οποίες επιβλήθηκαν με το άρθρο 1 υποπαρ. Β.3. του ν. 4093/2012 και,
β) της προσωρινής θέσπισης ανώτατου ορίου ("πλαφόν") ύψους 2000 ευρώ για την καταβολή κάθε ατομικής μηνιαίας σύνταξης με το άρθρο 13 του ν. 4387/2016.

Ο παρών σχολιασμός δημοσιεύθηκε (με τη μορφή παρατηρήσεων στη νομολογία) στο τεύχος 8-9/2018 του περιοδικού "Θεωρία & Πράξη Διοικητικού Δικαίου" (σ. 770-776).

Povzetek: V sredo, dne 29. 1. 2020, je državni zbor z 32 glasovi »za« in 51 glasovi »proti« zavrnil predlog Zakona o spremembah in dopolnitvah Zakona o zdravstvenem varstvu in zdravstvenem zavarovanju (ZZVZZ-O), ki je predvideval ukinitev sistema doplačil in dopolnilnega zdravstvenega zavarovanja kot zavarovanja za kritje razlike do polne vrednosti storitev zdravljenja in stvari iz obveznega zdravstvenega zavarovanja. Neuspešen predlog je odražal nedavno več mesecev trajajočo razpravo o ukinitvi do-plačil in prostovoljnega zavarovanja za doplačila, kot ga v jedrnih značilno-stih poznamo vse od ustanovitve specializirane zavarovalnice na podlagi uveljavitve Zakona o zdravstvenem varstvu in zdravstvenem zavarovanju (ZZVZZ-C) iz leta 1998. Zdi se, da je ob vnovičnem neuspehu pobudnikov ukinitve sistema doplačil in dopolnilnega zavarovanja napočil trenutek za ponovno razpravo o pravnosti in smotrnosti, nenazadnje pa tudi socialni pravičnosti (ne)ukinitve.

В посібнику викладено питання правового регулювання соціального захисту усіх категорій інвалідів та громадян, що постраждали внаслідок Чорнобильської катастрофи. Розкрито основні поняття категоріального апарату права соціального забезпечення; викладена загальна характеристика соціального захисту інвалідів та соціального захисту постраждалих в результаті катастрофи на ЧАЕС; приділено увагу видам та формам соціального захисту вказаних осіб, порядку отримання соціально-забезпечувальних благ; викладено основі проблеми соціального захисту інвалідів та громадян, що постраждали внаслідок Чорнобильської катастрофи.
Посібник розрахований на широке використання студентами, аспірантами, викладачами, науковцями, юристами-практиками, фахівцями, діяльність яких пов’язана зі здійсненням соціального захисту, а також безпосередньо інвалі- дами та громадянами, які постраждали внаслідок Чорнобильської катастрофи.
Посібник містить питання для самоконтролю та алфавітно-предметний покажчик для полегшення роботи із матеріалом.

Constitution-making is a ubiquitous but poorly understood phenomenon. There is much speculation but relatively little evidence about the impact of different design processes on constitutional outcomes. Much of the debate reduces to the question of who is involved in the process and when. We consider two central issues in this regard. The first is the problem of institutional self-dealing, or whether governmental organs that have something to gain from the constitutional outcome should be involved in the process. The second has to do with the merits of public involvement in the process. Both of these concerns have clear normative implications and both are amenable to straightforward social scientific analysis. This article surveys the relevant research on constitution-making, describes the conceptual issues involved in understanding constitution-making, reviews the various claims regarding variation in constitution-making processes, and presents a set of baseline empirical results from a new set of data on the content and process of constitution-making. 201 Annu. Rev. Law. Soc. Sci. 2009.5:201-223. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY -Law Library (Chicago Campus) on 11/09/10. For personal use only.

Examines, following the Supreme Court ruling in R. (on the application of DA) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, the use of the “manifestly without reasonable foundation” test in domestic judicial review challenges. The application of this benchmark in a series of human rights based challenges to social welfare reforms – such as the high profile “bedroom tax” and “benefit cap” policies – has been pivotal to their outcome. This paper argues that the application of the test is problematic as it is a formulation derived from the margin of appreciation doctrine and does not transpose to domestic application. In the alternative – even if it is the correct test to apply in some circumstances – it is to be applied far more flexibly than currently and that a “very weighty reasons” benchmark applies for some classes of discrimination.

Pension provision in Ukraine and Belarus: the history of formation and the prospects of development: edited by: Mykhailo Shumylo, Irina Komotskaya. Kyiv: Nika-Center, 2018. – 516 р.

The monograph is devoted to a number of topical problems of retirement provision in Ukraine and Belarus. The research is based on three main issues: the history of formation, the problems of law enforcement and the prospects of development of pension legislation of the two countries.
The research reveals the history of the formation of pension legislation in the territory of modern Ukraine and Belarus, and covers the historical periods when these lands were part of other states (Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empire, The Second Polish Republic), the Soviet period and the development of pension systems after the proclamation of independence.
The authors are researching modern renovation of pension systems of both countries. They are disclosing the practical questions of law enforcement of pension legislation and responsibility for violation of the right to a pension. The book contains studies on the implementation of the right to a pension by internally displaced persons. The authors of the book critically analyze the bilateral international treaty between Ukraine and Belarus in the area of pensions.
The research outlines the prospects for the development of pension provision for Ukraine and Belarus, taking into account different vectors of integration processes (European integration and integration into the Eurasian Economic Union). The authors reveal the influence on the process of modernization of the pension legislation of Ukraine decisions of the European Court of Human Rights. The book substantiates the need to change the form of pension legislation through its codification.
This research is designed for lawyers, scholars and practitioners, students, doctoral students and a wide range of readers.

PART ONE: UKRAINIAN VIEW

Сhapter I RETROSPECTIVE Of ThE fORMATION ANd dEVElOPMENT Of PENSION PROVISION IN UKRAINE

І.І The Emergence of Pension Provision on Ukrainian Lands During
Their Accession to The Russian Empire (М. Shumylo)

І.ІI Formation and Development of Pension Provision Programs in The Kingdom of Galicia and Volodymyria (Period of Stay of Crown Region Within The Austro-Hungarian Empire) (S. Synchuk)

І.ІII Pension Provision on The Territory of Western Ukraine in
The Second Polish Republic (1918–1939) (М. Shumylo)

І.ІV Peculiarities of Pension Provision in Ukraine in The Conditions of Military Communism and The New Economic Policy in The Ussr, Its Discriminatory Nature (The Interwar Soviet Period) (І. Mykhailova)

І.V The Renewal of Pension Legislation in The Ussr, The Basic Principles
of Its Functioning (The Postwar Soviet Period) (І. Mykhailova)

І.VI Formation and Development of The Pension System Since The proclaration of Ukraine’s Independence (І. Mykhailova)

Сhapter II REAlIzATION Of ThE RIghT TO A PENSION: MOdERN ChAllENgES

ІI.І Legal Conditions for The Realization dy Citizens of The Right
to Pension Provision in Ukraine in Conformity with The 2017
Reform (S. Synchuk)

ІI.ІI Pensions of Internally Displaced Persons in Ukraine as a New
Challenge for The Pension System (І. Basova)

ІI.ІII Enforcement of Pension Legislation by The Pension Fund
of Ukraine (S. Synchuk)

ІI.ІV Realization of The Right to a Pension on The Basis of International Bilateral Treaty Between Ukraine and The Republic of Belarus (І. Mykhailova)

ІI.V Responsibilities in The Area of Pensions: Diagnosis of Problems
and Recipes for Overcoming Them (М. Shumylo)

Сhapter ІII RENOVATION Of ThE PENSION SySTEM Of UKRAINE ANd ITS fURThER dEVElOPMENT IN ThE CONdITIONS Of EUROPEAN INTEGRATION Of UKRAINE

ІII.І Prospects for The Codification of Pension Legislation: History, Theory, Comparativism and Attempts to Implement (М. Shumylo)

Appendix 1 tо Chapter ІII.І
Appendix 2 tо Chapter ІІІ.І

ІII.ІI The Role of Division of Labor in The Development of Pension Systems and The Perspective Directions of Pension Reform in Ukraine (L. Tkachenko)

ІII.ІII Introduction of The Second Accumulation Level of The Pension System (І. Mykhailova)

ІII.IV Legal Issues of Ukraine’s Implementation of European Pension Standards (S. Synchuk)

ІII.V Influence of The Practice of The European Court of Human Rights on The Westernisation (Europeanisatoin) of Pension Legislation (М. Shumylo)

PART TWO: BElORUSIAN VIEW

Сhapter I ThE MAIN STAgES Of fORMATION ANd dEVElOPMENT Of ThE NATIONAl PENSION SySTEM IN ThE TERRITORy Of BElARUS

І.І The history of the development of institutions of public charity, feeding, local ownership and organized mutual assistance in the territory of the Belarusian lands (A. Blazhko)

І.ІІ The origin of pension provision in the territory of Belarus in the pre-revolutionary period (from the 16th century to the beginning of the 20th century) (A. Blazhko, I. Komotskaya)

І.ІІІ The formation of pension provision in the territory of Belarus during the Soviet period (1917–1990) (E. Kasyanova, I. Komotskaya)

І.ІV The development of pension legislation in the Republic of Belarus (from 1991 to the present) (E. Astapov, I. Komotskaya)

Сhapter II ThE CURRENT STATE Of lEgAl REgUlATION Of PENSION
PROVISION IN ThE REPUBlIC Of BElARUS

II.I The experience in the social security law of the Republic of Belarus: some problems of theory and practice (H. Meleshko)

II.II The retirement age as a legal fact in the social security law (A. Blazhko)

II.III Organization of professional pension insurance in the Republic of Belarus (I. Komotskaya)

II.IV A Multi-level pension system: peculiarities of the organization in Belarus (I. Komotskaya)

Сhapter III IMPROVEMENT Of PENSION lEgISlATION IN ThE REPUBlIC Of BElARUS ANd dEVElOPMENT Of INTERNATIONAl PARTNERShIP IN ThE SPhERE Of PENSION PROVISION

III.I Contemporary challenges of pension provision in the Republic of Belarus (H. Meleshko)

III.II Some areas of development of the pension legislation taking into
account the practice of its application (A. Blazhko, I. Komotskaya)

III.III The judicial protection of pension rights of citizens (A. Blazhko)

III.IV Influence of the international legal norms on the content and development of the Belarusian pension legislation (A. Blazhko, I. Komotskaya)

III.V The development of partnership between Belarus and Ukraine in the sphere of pension provision (A. Blazhko, I. Komotskaya)

A presente monografia tem por objeto uma analise crítica, à luz dos direitos fundamentais, em especial do direito a saúde, no caso brasileiro do povoado Recanto de Araras, no município goiano de Fainas, uma comunidade pobre e pequena no interior do Brasil que enfrenta, em escala incomum, vários aspectos negativos relacionados à condição dos portadores de xeroderma pigmentoso, uma síndrome genética rara. Pretende-se demonstrar, a priori, que o direito à saúde, à assistência social e à seguridade social é um dever do Estado, em face à Constituição Federal, e que este não vem sendo prestado de forma satisfatória por meio do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) à referida população. E, em seguida, a responsabilidade do Estado associado às questões atinentes à biótica, no que se refere à escassez de recursos na área da saúde e à necessidade de escolher o paciente para os recursos existentes, o que remete aos cidadãos brasileiros em Araras, portadores do xerdoderma pigmentoso a obrigação de isolamento social e os condena à falta de perspectivas de um futuro melhor. Por último, compreender como o poder judiciário age na intervenção de políticas públicas na área da saúde, e quando cabe ao judiciário a tarefa de suprir as lacunas do poder público, sendo aquele o garantidor da Constituição, indispensável para o pleno exercício do direito à vida e à dignidade da pessoa humana, com base no seu artigo 196 e na lei complementar 8080/90 do SUS.

ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКІ СОЦІАЛЬНІ СТАНДАРТИ В КОНТЕКСТІ ПРАВА НА СОЦІАЛЬНИЙ ЗАХИСТ В УКРАЇНІ Анотація. У статті встановлено, що згідно з положеннями Основного Закону Україна є соціальною державою, тобто визнає людину найвищою соціальною цінністю, забезпечує кожному гідний рівень життя, перерозподіляє економічні блага між громадянами відпо-відно до принципу соціальної справедливості. Однак закріплення такого типу організації державного та громадського життя не означає, що національне соціальне законодавство України відповідає йому. У процесі дослідження проаналізовано наукову літературу із даного питання та встановлено, що у зв'язку із євроінтеграційним курсом нашої держави все ще збері-гають актуальність питання, пов'язані із адаптацією національного соціального зако-нодавства України до європейських нормативно-правових актів соціального права. Взявши курс до євроінтеграції як зовнішньополітичного пріоритету і ключової мети розвитку держави Україна поступово здійснює наближення свого законодавства до європейських стандартів, у тому числі й у соціальній сфері. Це означає, що усі нор-мативно-правові акти соціального законодавства України, які сьогодні приймаються вітчизняним законодавцем, мають відповідати праву Європейського Союзу. Тому завдання українських науковців полягає в аналізі європейських соціальних стандартів та встановленні того, яким є ступінь адаптації соціального законодавства України до європейських соціальних стандартів, та до яких актів acquis communautaire потребує адаптації вітчизняне законодавство. Встановлено, що Україна сьогодні здійснює діяльність щодо адаптації національного соціального законодавства до європейських соціальних стандартів. Україна ратифікувала більшу частину норм Європейської соціальної хартії (переглянутої), яка є одним із найваж-ливіших нормативно-правових актів, які містять європейські соціальні стандарти. Також Україною здійснено важливий крок до ратифікації іншого важливого нормативно-право-вого акту-Європейського кодексу соціального забезпечення (переглянутого), який було підписано нашою державою. Зроблено висновок, що норми українського законодавства є адаптованими до стандартів, передбачених Хартією Європейського співтовариства про основні соціальні права працівників. Ключові слова: правовий стандарт, соціальне законодавство, європейське законо-давство, acquis communautaire, європейське соціальне законодавство, адаптація.

ÖZET
İş ve sosyal güvenlik hukuku işçi sağlığı ve iş güvenliği konusunda tedbir alma yükümlülüğünü ilk elde işverenlere yüklemiştir. İşverenin yükümlülükleri işçi sağlığına ve iş güvenliğine dair tüm tedbirleri almak, işçinin eğitimini ve bilgilendirilmesini sağlamak ve bilgili kalmasını sağlamak, işyerinde iş sağlığı ve güvenliği ile ilgili yasal zorunluluk olan örgütlenmeyi sağlamak, işçinin alınan tedbirlere uyup uymadığını denetlemek ve gözetlemek, çalıştırma yasağına uymak ve kayıt ve bildirim yükümlülüklerine riayet etmek olarak sıralanmaktadır.
Yüksek yargı işverenin sorumluluğunu, mevzuattaki düzenlemeler ile de sınırlandırmamış, her türlü makul tedbirin alınmasının zorunlu olduğuna hükmetmiştir. İş kazaları ve meslek hastalıklarının gerçekleşmesi hâlinde ise işverenin, bir yandan kamu hukukundan kaynaklanan kusur sorumluluğu, öte yandan ise özel hukuktan kaynaklanan tazminat sorumluluğu bulunmaktadır.

ANAHTAR KELİMELER: İş kazası, meslek hastalığı, iş sağlığı ve güvenliği, kusurlu sorumluluk, kusursuz sorumluluk, çalıştırma yasağı,
rücu.

ABSTRACT
Labour and social security law imposed the obligation to take measures on employee’s health and occupational safety measures, to the employers in the first hand. Employer's obligations are listed as; to take  all the measures about employee’s health and occupational safety, to obtain education of the employee and to keep him informed, satisfy the relevant statutory obligation on occupational health and safety
organization in the workplace, ensure, control that the employee has complied with the measures taken and supervise the installation, obey the prohibitions of employment and to comply with recording and reporting obligations.
The high court do not limit the responsibility of the employer’s responsibility with the legislative regulations, ruled that it’s mandatory to take every reasonable measure. Upon the realization of industrial accidents and occupational diseases, the employer has defects liability that derives from public law on one hand and has the liability for compensation arising from private law on the other.

KEYWORDS: Work accident, industrial accident, occupational disease, occupational health and safety, defects liability, strict liability, prohibition of employment, recourse

The article discusses the issues of the case law of Polish administrative courts regarding the remission of contributions in the decision-making practice of the Social Security Institution (ZUS). The aim of the study is to create a “road map” of the main case law thesis and practical guidelines for the administration resulting from the analysis of the case law regarding exercise of discretion in administrative decision-making. Discretionary decisions of the ZUS concerning the remission of contributions may be reviewed by the courts as to its substance. One of the most important principles developed by the case law on the basis of bills and regulations is the conservation of the poverty line, requiring obligatory remission of contributions if their repayment would deprive the indebted persons and their families of opportunities to satisfy the necessities of life, defined by the standard of the minimum subsistence level.

This article explores the concept of the automatic unfair dismissal that is regulated in s 187(1)(c) of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (LRA), where the reason for the dismissal is to "compel the employee to accept a demand in respect of any matter of mutual interest". This provision raised important questions of law, as it brought to the fore the conflict that existed between this provision and sections 188(1)(a)(ii) and 189 of the LRA, which permits dismissals for operational requirements. This dichotomy was dealt with by the court in Fry's Metals (Pty) Ltd v National Union of Metalworkers of SA 2003 ILJ 133 (LAC), but the decision was controversial and faced criticism. The decision of the court was consequently rendered incorrect, resulting in the amendment to s 187(1)(c), which now reads that a dismissal is automatically unfair if the reason for the dismissal is a refusal by employees to accept a demand in respect of any matter of mutual interest between them and their employer. However, it is doubtful whether the amended provision provides a solution to the contradiction that exists. Resultantly, this article seeks to critique the amendment and to make recommendations regarding the regulation of this part of labour law. Keywords Amendments to the Labour Relations Act (LRA); automatic unfair dismissal; dismissal on grounds of operational requirements; disputes of interest; disputes of right.

Este artigo é elaborado a partir de duas premissas distintas, mas interligadas. A Reforma Previdenciária promove precarização trabalhista, isto é, não
apenas trata de matéria previdenciária, mas também contribui para o rebaixamento do nível de proteção à classe trabalhadora. De outra parte, a precarização
trabalhista promove reforma previdenciária, quer dizer, a precarização das relações de trabalho promovida pelas últimas alterações legislativas (a exemplo da
Lei 13.429/2017, que permite a terceirização irrestrita, e da Lei 13.467/2017, que
trouxe a Reforma Trabalhista) propicia, por si mesma, a reforma previdenciária,
compreendida neste trabalho como a maior difi culdade de obtenção das aposentadorias e demais benefícios previdenciários. Tais políticas de austeridade
não são aleatórias; ao contrário, vislumbra-se que são altamente interconectadas, atuando em conjunto para a redução do nível geral dos direitos sociais

Гришина Ю. М., доктор юридичних наук, професор, професор кафедри трудового права та права соціального забезпечення Інституту права Київського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка Малюга Л. Ю., доктор юридичних наук, доцент кафедри трудового права та права соціального забезпечення Інституту права Київського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка

Статтю присвячено науковому аналізу актуальних шляхів удосконалення соціального законодавства України на основі стандартів та принципів європейського права як важливої складової частини процесу інтеграції України
до ЄС. Наголошено, що сфера соціального захисту є однією з першочергових для реформування, адже держави-члени Європейського Союзу декларують соціальний захист своїх громадян як одну з першооснов існування держави.
Автором зроблено висновок, що встановлення тенденцій подальшої адаптації соціального законодавства України до законодавства ЄС є актуальним питанням для дослідження, адже це дозволить нам визначити напрями його подальшого розвитку у відповідності до цілей, які сьогодні декларує наша держава.
Проаналізовано чинне соціальне законодавство України та наукову літературу на предмет можливості визначення орієнтовних напрямів подальшого розвитку адаптації соціального законодавства України до законодавства ЄС

Cours magistral « Intégrations » (Pauvreté, précarité, politiques sociales, politiques de l'emploi)
Master 2 Métiers du développement territorial et de l'ESS
Parcours Conception animation, évaluation des projets de développement
15h00
second semestre 2019-2020

During the crisis of 1998, when economic growth in Indonesia was under the lowest point, several small businesses and workers in the informal sector has made it surplus and managed to accelerate the growth of national economy and capable to become a National economic safety valve. In the case of Indonesia, informal workers known as workers outside of employment relationship which mostly categorized as poor people and have been dominating of workers numbers in the labor force. After Indonesia’s ability to subsidize such a large health insurance program for poor people, Indonesia still has challenges in the practice of labor's social security such as the existence of informal workers that still in massive numbers until today. This study analyzes the development of social protection including social security in the adoption of Welfare State in Indonesia through the new policy of government that implemented in current years. Since Indonesia has a population of more than 257 million people, warned the crucial need for developing a more inclusive social policy (World Bank, 2015) let alone the amount of poverty that is still high. The government has issued new policy that aim to expand the social security in the form of social insurance, and it is expected that the coverage become universal equally distributed to all citizens. Lack of socialization and the requirements of participant that not correspond to the level of affordability of informal workers become parts of barriers for its implementation. The execution of new social security programs should become a priority as for formal sector workers by the country which is constitutionally has responsibility to achieve the state’s goal in promoting the general welfare of Welfare State.
Keywords: Social Protection, Policy, Informal workers, Social Security Labor, Economic Growth, Welfare State.

El título del estudio refleja bien la extensión temporal de la protección, porque hay que considerar «menor» a quien, según la legislación civil no ha alcanzado la mayoría de edad, y por ello, se fija en los 18 años la edad del asistido, que origina el derecho a la protección.

The right to social security is one of the main social rights within the fundamental rights. It is possible to understand the meaning, scope and content of the right if the change has been clearly and clearly in time revealed. It is seen that the right to social security differs from other human rights and social rights. Because social security is not only a fundamental right, but also a right that has emerged as a system that directly affects the policies of states. In this respect, due to its multi-layered structure and dynamic nature, the framework reached today based on the activation of the right to social security, has been examined with its national and international dimension.

Este trabalho monográfico trata da insuficiência de vinculação da receita das contribuições sociais às finalidades que fundamentaram a sua instituição, tendo como contexto as sucessivas reformas do sistema de previdência social brasileiro, destacando as principais normas de
Direito Tributário e Financeiro envolvidas, bem como os aspectos centrais de Direito Administrativo e Previdenciário aplicáveis. Adota-se como hipótese que a correta vinculação desses tributos é condição de legitimidade para a proposição de reformas da previdência, quando calcadas no argumento de crise financeira do sistema, o que tem sido a regra até o momento. Primeiramente, é elaborado um histórico dos sistemas de seguridade em geral, com ênfase na previdência social brasileira, destacando como os institutos evoluíram, até chegarem
ao estágio atual, em seus diversos regimes. Em seguida, são tratadas, sob a perspectiva jurídica, as principais questões sociais e econômicas que vêm sendo utilizadas para justificar mudanças nos regimes em crise, especialmente quanto ao princípio do equilíbrio orçamentário. Após, é abordado o tema da vinculação constitucional dos tributos, como esse conceito se aplica às contribuições para a seguridade social e o problema recorrente da desvinculação dos recursos arrecadados. Por fim, descrevem-se aspectos centrais das propostas de reforma da previdência, abrangendo alterações passadas e aquelas ainda em
discussão.
Palavras-Chave: Afetação; Vinculação; Contribuições Sociais; Reforma da Previdência.

Küçük işletmelerin iş sağlığı ve güvenliği uygulamalarına geçişini kolaylaştırmak ve desteklemek amacıyla 6331 sayılı Kanun’un 7 nci maddesi uyarınca Kamu kurum ve kuruluşları hariç olmak üzere 10’dan az çalışanı bulunanlardan, çok tehlikeli ve tehlikeli sınıfta yer alan işyerlerine teşvik düzenlemesi mevzuatımıza girmiş bulunmaktadır.
Söz konusu teşvikin uygulanmasına dönük olarak çıkartılmış bulunan İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Hizmetlerinin Desteklenmesi Hakkında Yönetmelik 24.12.2013 tarihinde Resmi Gazete’de yayınlanarak 01.01.2014 tarihi itibariyle yürürlüğe girmiştir.
İlgili Yönetmelik uyarınca 10’dan az çalışanı bulunan işverenlere sağlanacak iş sağlığı ve güvenliği hizmet bedelleri işyerinin tehlike sınıfı ve SGK’ya bildirilen sigortalı sayısı ile sigortalıların çalıştıkları gün sayısı esas alınarak her bir işyeri için ayrı ayrı tespit edilmektedir. Tehlikeli ve çok tehlikeli sınıfta yer alan işyerleri için sağlanacak iş sağlığı ve güvenliği hizmet bedelinin sigortalı başına günlük miktarı 16 yaşından büyük sigortalılar için belirlenen prime esas kazanç alt sınırının günlük tutarının sırasıyla %1,4 ve %1,6’sıdır.
Söz konusu düzenleme ile 10’dan az çalışanı olan tehlikeli ve çok tehlikeli işyerlerine 2014 yılının ilk altı aylık dönemi için verilecek her çalışan başına ve günlük teşvik tutarı sırasıyla 49,98 Kuruş ve 57,12 Kuruş; 2014 yılının ikinci altı ayı için ise sırasıyla 52,92 Kuruş ve 60,48 Kuruş olarak uygulanacaktır. Söz konusu teşvik tutarları SGK tarafından üçer aylık dönemler halinde hesaplanacak, dönem sonundaki tutarlar takip eden ikinci ayın sonunda işverene ödeyecektir. SGK’ya yasal süresi içerisinde ödenmemiş prim ve prime ilişkin borcun bulunması halinde, destek tutarları bu borca mahsup edilecektir.
Kapsama giren işverenlerce destekten yararlanılabilmesi için işverenin İSG-KATİP’te yetkilendirilmiş bir iş sağlığı ve güvenliği hizmet sunucusu ile usulünce sözleşme yapması ve işverenin tüm işyerlerine ait aylık prim ve hizmet belgelerinin yasal süresi içinde SGK’ya verilmesi şarttır. Yapılacak denetimler kayıt dışı istihdamda bulunduğu anlaşılan işverenlerin Türkiye çapındaki tüm işyerleri tespitin yapıldığı tarihi takip eden aydan başlamak üzere teşvikten üç (3) yıl süreyle uzaklaştırılacaktır. Ayrıca, kayıt dışı çalışanın işe başladığı aydan itibaren tespitin yapıldığı aya kadar (o ay dâhil) işverenin tüm işyerleri için yapılan iş sağlığı ve güvenliği teşviki ödemeleri SGK’ca yasal faizi ile birlikte geri alınacaktır.
Öte yandan İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Hizmetlerinin Desteklenmesi Hakkında Yönetmelik’te destekten yararlanabilecek işyerlerinin tespitinde işveren bazlı bir değerlendirme yapılmış bulunması ve ayni işverenin Türkiye çapındaki tüm işyerlerinde çalışan sayısının 10 az olmasının aranıyor olması, Yönetmeliğin dayanağını oluşturan ve teşvikten yararlanabileceklerin tespitinde “işyeri” bazlı bir hukuki düzenleme getiren 6331 sayılı Kanun’un 7 nci maddesine lafzen ve ruhen aykırılık oluşturmaktadır.

Sosyal güvenlik hukukunda gebe ve anne işçilerin pozitif ayrımcılık niteliğinde olan çeşitli hakları bulunmaktadır.
Bunlardan bazıları, geçici iş göremezlik ödeneği, doğum sonrası yarım çalışma döneminde Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu
primlerinin yatırılması, doğum borçlanması, engelli çocuğu olan annelerin emeklilik avantajı, emzirme ödeneği hakkı
olarak sayılabilir.
Anayasa’nın 50. maddesi çerçevesinde kadın çalışanlarla ilgili getirilen koruyucu hükümlere, 5510 sayılı Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanununda da yer verilmiştir. 5510 sayılı Kanunla getirilen bazı düzenlemeler, hem
kadınların çalışma yaşamında daha fazla istihdamını sağlamaya ve hem de yıpranmalarını önlemeye yöneliktir.
Bu çalışma gebe ve anne işçilere sosyal güvenlik hukuku ile getirilmiş haklarla sınırlandırılmıştır. Türk sosyal güvenlik
hukukunda konuya ilişkin olan anayasal ve yasal hükümlerde yer alan gebe ve anne işçileri koruyucu hükümler değerlendirilmiş, konuya ilişkin uluslararası düzenlemelere kısaca değinilmiştir.
Elbette ki, gerek 4857 sayılı İş Kanunu ve gerekse de çalışma hayatına ilişkin diğer kanunlarda bu konuyu düzenleyen
hükümler bulunmaktadır.
Çalışmada özellikle son yasal düzenlemeler de dikkate alınarak, hem anne, hem eş, hem de bir çalışan olarak gebe ve
anne işçilerin sosyal güvenlik hukukunda korunmasına ilişkin hükümler yönünden değerlendirme konusu yapılacaktır.

Il presente lavoro rientra in un più ampio progetto di ricerca su "Il Testo unico di salute e sicurezza sul lavoro e la tutela assicurativa alla prova della IV rivoluzione industriale", co-finanziato da INAIL nell'ambito del programma BRIC 2018 e affidato al centro studi DEAL del Dipartimento di Economia Marco Biagi dell'Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia in collaborazione con ADAPT. VII

With the imperative nature of World circumstances today one needs assurance that as they carry out their daily day to day work they are assured of a good time once this work no longer subsists.  Social security is the protection which society provides for its members, through a series of public measures, against the economic and social distress that otherwise would be caused by the stoppage or substantial reduction of earnings resulting from sickness, maternity, employment injury, unemployment, invalidity, old age and death.

MODESTO, Paulo. O Abono de Permanência após a Reforma da Previdência (EC 103/2019). ConJur - Interesse Público. Publicado em 15-10-2020. Disponível em:
https://www.conjur.com.br/2020-out-15/interesse-publico-abono-permanencia-reforma-previdencia

Türk sosyal güvenlik sisteminde sigortalının ölümü halinde kız çocuklarına yasada aranan şartların gerçekleşmesi koşuluyla ölüm aylığı bağlanmaktadır. Ölüm aylığı bağlanmasında ölen sigortalının tabi olduğu sigortalılık statüsü ile sigortalının ölüm tarihi büyük önem arz etmektedir. Çünkü, hak sahipliği için aranan koşullar sigortalılık statüsüne ve sigortalının ölüm tarihinde geçerli olan mevzuat hükmüne göre değişmektedir. Makalemizde, sigortalının ölüm tarihi ve sigortalılık statüsüne göre farklılık gösteren kız çocuklarının hak sahibi olma koşulları ayrı başlıklar halinde açıklanmaktadır.