Social Conditions

Though the solid waste management (SWM) system in Phnom Penh city in general has been upgraded since the waste collection service was franchised out to the private sector, the performance of the existing SWM system is still low. Unreliable and irregular collection service still exists. This means that there are shortcomings in the existing SWM system that need correction. This paper is an attempt to identify those shortcomings in order to find ways to improve the existing system. First, the present SWM system is reviewed. Then the system is evaluated to find constraints and shortfalls and finally some appropriate strategies are proposed that may help make SWM in the city more effective and efficient to meet environmentally sound objectives.

Understanding culture is an essential key to reducing tobacco use. Conceptualizations of culture vary across scientific disciplines and theoretical orientations. Because of the complexity of the causes and effects of tobacco use, no single discipline has sufficient capacity to undertake a comprehensive approach to studying culture and tobacco. Transdisciplinary research offers a means of bridging disciplinary perspectives. This paper reviews epidemiological data on observed variation in smoking patterns across national groups, ethnicities and genders, and presents reasons for studying culture in tobacco control research. We discuss and contrast conceptualizations and specific definitions of culture and identify aspects of each conceptualization that are relevant to research on tobacco. We present a multilevel, multidimensional conceptual framework for transdisciplinary research teams to use to think together about the influence of culture on tobacco and of tobacco on culture. The framework challenges researchers to think about how the sociocultural context influences tobacco use at micro, meso, and macro levels. Finally, we offer suggestions for improving transdisciplinary research on culture and tobacco.

T]he focus shifts the locus of change from the individual to the environment in which the individual resides. Such a shift can provide crucial insight into realistic expectations related to health behaviors and the utilization of health services. By examining environmental or contextual factors, researchers can collect data to guide the design of effective health programs uniquely tailored to the needs of the communities.

Land-use change models are important tools for integrated environmental management. Through scenario analysis they can help to identify near-future critical locations in the face of environmental change. A dynamic, spatially explicit, land-use change model is presented for the regional scale: CLUE-S. The model is specifically developed for the analysis of land use in small regions (e.g., a watershed or province) at a fine spatial resolution. The model structure is based on systems theory to allow the integrated analysis of land-use change in relation to socio-economic and biophysical driving factors. The model explicitly addresses the hierarchical organization of land use systems, spatial connectivity between locations and stability. Stability is incorporated by a set of variables that define the relative elasticity of the actual land-use type to conversion. The user can specify these settings based on expert knowledge or survey data. Two applications of the model in the Philippines and Malaysia are used to illustrate the functioning of the model and its validation.

Changes in boreal climate of the magnitude projected for the 21 st century have always caused vegetation changes large enough to be societally important. However, the rates and patterns of vegetation change are difficult to predict. We review evidence suggesting that these vegetation changes may be gradual at the northern forest limit or where seed dispersal limits species distribution. However, forest composition may be quite resilient to climate change in the central portions of a species range until some threshold is surpassed. At this point, changes can be rapid and unexpected, often causing a switch to very different ecosystem types. Many of these triggers for change are amenable to management, suggesting that our choice of policies in the coming decades will substantially influence the ecological and societal consequences of current climatic change.

This case study of recent efforts to deconcentrate poverty within the Skid Row area of Los Angeles examines processes of ‘weak-center ’ gentrification as it applies to a ‘service dependent ghetto, ’ thus filling two key gaps in prior scholarship. We document the collaboration between the government, business and development interests, and certain non-profit agencies in this process and identify two key mechanisms of poverty deconcentration: housing/service displacement and the criminalization of low income residents. Following Harvey, we argue that these efforts are driven by pressures to find a ‘spatial fix ’ for capital accumulation through Downtown redevelopment. This process has been hotly contested, however, illustrating the strength of counter-pressures to gentrification/poverty deconcentration within ‘weak-center ’ urban areas.

There is now widespread empirical evidence that child sexual abuse (CSA) survivors are at greater risk for sexual revictimization in adulthood, but less is known of the mechanisms underlying this relationship. Despite the lack of a conceptual framework to guide research, there has been a recent influx of studies examining explanatory variables, with most focusing on the psychological sequelae of CSA: alcohol and drug use, sexual behavior, dissociation, posttraumatic symptomatology, poor risk recognition, and interpersonal difficulties. With the exception of sexual behavior, the studies reviewed here provide limited or mixed support for the role of intrapersonal factors in revictimization. Future research may benefit from a focus on the function of psychological distress that is expressed as psychological vulnerability, as opposed to individual forms of psychopathology or maladaptive behavior. An ecological framework may be useful as a guide to future investigations, as this model focuses on factors outside of the victim, including childhood factors such as family environment, contextual factors including the behavior of the perpetrator, and societal and cultural factors that impact revictimization. Future investigations should focus on the interaction between victim vulnerability and perpetrator behavior. Implications for prevention programming, clinical intervention, and future research are discussed. D

Since Agent Orange with its associated TCDD contaminant was aerially disseminated on the test grids, Test Area C-52A provided a 'field laboratory' for what may have happened in Vietnam, had there been no intercepting forest cover. However, in Vietnam a 'typical' mission would have disseminated 14.8 kg of 2,4,5-T/ha, most of which was intercepted by the forest canopy, versus the 876 kg 2,4,5-T/ha on the test grid at Eglin. Moreover, each hectare on the Eglin test grid received at least 1,300 times more TCDD than a hectare sprayed with Agent Orange in Vietnam. The disappearance or persistence of TCDD is dependent upon how it enters the ecosystem. Spray equipment test and evaluations missions at Eglin were generally scheduled and conducted with environmental conditions that were optimal for spray operations. This suggests that conditions favorable for dissemination of herbicide were the same conditions favorable for photodegradation of TCDD. It was likely that 99 percent of the TCDD never persisted beyond the day of application. No long-term adverse ecological effects were documented in these studies despite the massive quantities of herbicides and TCDD that were applied to the site. Reviews by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the National Academy of Sciences' Institute of Medicine did not address the fate of Agent Orange and TCDD as described in these studies from Eglin AFB, Florida.

In the Netherlands, the individual risk and the societal risk are used in efforts to reduce the number of people exposed to the effects of an accident. In principle, the societal risk for each new land-use plan should be recalculated. Since this is proving increasingly cumbersome for planning agencies, several methods have been developed for SEVESO establishments and establishments for which in the Netherlands a generic zoning policy is used to determine the effects of new land-use plans on the societal risk. The methods give the uniform population density from a certain distance around the establishment at which the indicative limit for the societal risk is not exceeded. Correction factors are determined for non-uniform population distributions around the establishment, non-continuous residence times and deviating societal risk limits. Using these methods allows decision-making without the necessity of repeating quantified risk analyses for each alternative proposal.

Intersectionality was first articulated in the 1970s and 1980s by women of color scholars, such as Deborah King, Patricia Hill Collins, Kimberle Crenshaw, Cherrie Moraga, Gloria Anzualdua, and Nira Yuval-Davis, and has now become a core concept in women's and gender studies. It is generally understood within feminist circles that researchers must address the interlocking effects of identities, oppressions, and privileges to fully understand the range and complexity of women's experiences. Women (and men) not only experience the effects of gender in their lives, but they are also affected by their race, ethnicity, class, sexual orientation, and (dis)ability, among other aspects of their identities. These identities do not operate separately from one another, but work in tandem to shape the social, cultural, economic, and political conditions of individuals and social groups. In sum, intersectionality is not about identity politics, but is about the social, cultural, political, and economic processes that affect our lives.

The emphasis on risk factor intervention at the individual level has predominated in efforts to reduce mortality and promote health. Interest in social and other nonmedical interventions, particularly socioeconomic status (SES) influences, has increased in recent years. This article focuses on the interaction of social structure and socioeconomic status with other influences in complex pathways to affect health, and their contribution to health disparities. It examines both social class as an explanation of health differences and competing hypotheses concerning prenatal and early nutrition and cognitive capacity. Although education is associated with income, wealth, occupation, and other SES indicators and may not be the most important SES determinant, it influences a variety of pathways to health outcomes and offers strategic leverage for intervention because of social and political consensus on its value beyond health.

Andhra Pradesh Government has found a solution to the troubles of land acquisition in building a new capital city (Amaravati) on 34,690 acres of farm land by using land pooling scheme. Amaravati is the India's first planned capital of a state to build up from scratch in the recent decades. The Government strategy was to make all farmers stakeholders in the new capital, so that they voluntarily "pooled" their land with the city development agency known as Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority shortly known as APCRDA. The land parcels owned by individuals or group of owners are legally consolidated by transfer of ownership rights to the authority, which later transfers the ownership of a part of the developed land back to the landowners. Land owners were also given some social and economic benefits for a certain period for participating in Land Pooling scheme along with the return of part of the developed land. As the land owners contribute their land voluntarily, the whole land pooling process was very smooth. The pooling process mostly did not disrupt the current inhabitants. In this context, an attempt is made in this paper to examine the impact of Land Pooling Scheme on Social conditions in the capital city area (Amaravati) of Andhra Pradesh.

In recent years, health promotion has been introduced as a promising strategy for the public health field. The current study is intended to link nutrition into the recent debate on health promotion, analyzing the role of nutritionists in this process. Given the complexity of the Brazilian nutritional situation due to the nutritional transition currently under way in the country, the health promotion proposal points to both new perspectives and challenges for eating and nutrition. New demands in academic training and the nutritional care model tend to foster a search for partnerships, innovation in eating practices, and nutritional education aimed at the achievement of nutritional citizenship.

In 1692 and 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts, more than 150 colonists were accused of witchcraft, resulting in 19 being hanged and one man being crushed to death. Contributions to these events included: historical, religious and cultural belief systems; social and community concerns; economic, gender, and political factors; and local family grievances. Child witnessing, certainty of physician diagnosis, use of special evidence in the absence of scholarly and legal scrutiny, and tautological reasoning were important factors, as well. For forensic psychiatry, the events at Salem in 1692 still hold contemporary implications. These events of three centuries ago call to mind more recent daycare sexual abuse scandals.

Objective: The aims were: (1) to examine the profile of African street children and to assess the link between street children in Africa and political violence; (2) to undertake a systematic examination of causal factors of street children in postgenocide Rwanda; and (3) to situate this analysis in the context of the socio-cultural and political impact of the genocide on Rwandan communities. Method: Observational mapping examined the profile and activities of Rwandan street children. Structured interviews were carried out with 290 children in four regional towns to obtain information on socio-demographic, familial, educational background, causal factors surrounding street life involvement, psychological well-being, and relationship to the street. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews examined the relationship between street children and the broader Rwandan society. Results: Street children in Rwanda were predominantly adolescent boys, almost half of whom were homeless (42%), with a high proportion of orphaned children or children who had lost at least one parent. Two variables predicted homelessness: child's guardian and reason for being in street. Qualitative accounts of children conveyed the impact of death of family members, repatriation, imprisonment of parents, and poverty on their lives. Conclusions: The analysis highlighted the need for community based support for children in alternative guardianship care and for policies to support the reintegration of male youths in postconflict welfare strategies as prevention strategies for street migration.

A conceptualization of racism-related stress and its impact on well-being is offered that integrates existing theory and research on racism, multicultural mental health, and the stress process. The conceptualization is relevant to diverse racial/ethnic groups, considers the larger social and historical context, and incorporates attention to culturebased variables that may mediate the relationship between racism and well-being. Implications for intervention are discussed.

Women's health is frequently influenced by social and structural factors, largely beyond women's control, and often entrenched in public policy. Although health is acknowledged to be socially determined, the ways that social conditions affect health are rarely explicated. Grounded theory is a useful method for discovering

The present water quality of the Humber rivers and coastal zone depends on a complex interplay of factors, including physical ones, such as the underlying geology, which influences soil type, climatic ones, such as the rainfall, which influences runoff, socio-economic ones, which influence present-day human activities in the catchment, and the legacy of former activities, such as contaminated sediments from mining. All of these factors affect the fluxes of nutrients and other contaminants to the rivers and coastal zone. The Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires the production of a river basin management plan intended to lead to the achievement of good chemical and ecological status for all water bodies in the catchment over the next two decades. This paper provides an overview of the current environmental and socio-economic state of the Humber catchment and coastal zone, and broadly examines how socio-economic drivers affect the fluxes of nutrients and contaminants to the coastal zone, using the driverpressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) approach. This is followed by an overview of future research, describing the use of scenarios to simulate future fluxes and provide a consistent framework to evaluate potential policies to improve water quality in the estuary. The Humber catchment is one of eight case studies within a European research project, EUROCAT (EVK1- CT-2000-00044), which aims to achieve integrated catchment and coastal zone management by analysing the response of the coastal sea to changes in fluxes of nutrients and contaminants from the catchments. For the Humber case study, the research focuses on the fluxes of two nutrient elements, N and P, and four metal contaminants, As, Cu, Pb and Zn. The project requires the integration of scientific and socio-economic approaches, bringing together quantitative environmental data garnered for individual river catchments and coastal zones in previous research programmes, and local and regional socio-economic data, to aid decision-makers in their search for integrated and sustainable coastal zone management strategies. ᮊ

Streszczenie. Wyjątkowa sytuacja prawna Holandii odgrywa nieocenioną rolę w sporze o le-galizację narkotyków miękkich. Jednak temat ten, mimo oryginalnych uregulowań, od dawna nie jest już kontrowersyjny. Wynika to z ciekawych uwarunkowań społeczeństwa holenderskiego oraz ważnych czynników historycznych. Artykuł przedstawia analizę tych specyficznych elementów wpływających na kształt regulacji odnoszących się do polityki narkotykowej. Ma on na celu uka-zanie, jak istotne dla skuteczności prawa jest uwzględnienie takich uwarunkowań w procesie legi-slacyjnym. Słowa kluczowe: miękkie narkotyki, polityka narkotykowa, legalizacja, Królestwo Niderlan-dów, uwarunkowania społeczne. W sporze o legalizację narkotyków miękkich niezmiernie ważną rolę od-grywa sytuacja prawna w Holandii, czyli w kraju, w którym legalnie możemy zakupić marihuanę i haszysz oraz wyroby zawierające te środki odurzające. To również Holendrzy spopularyzowali pojęcie " narkotyków miękkich " , opierając swoją ustawę opiumową na podziale narkotyków na dwie grupy. Niniejsza praca skupiać się będzie na analizie charakteru regulacji holender-skich, sposobie ich tworzenia, ale przede wszystkim na historycznych i społecz-nych uwarunkowaniach społeczeństwa, które miały wpływ na kształt holender-skiej polityki narkotykowej. Ma ona na celu ukazanie, jak istotne dla skuteczności prawa jest uwzględnienie tych czynników w procesie legislacyjnym. Aktualne przepisy odnoszące się do polityki narkotykowej w Holandii bazu-ją na podziale środków odurzających na " twarde " i " miękkie ". Podział ten został dokonany prawdopodobnie ze względu na stopień uzależniania danej substancji oraz poziom ryzyka dla zdrowia w przypadku jej zażywania, co wciąż budzi wiele kontrowersji ze względu na brak jednoznacznych i oficjalnych danych. Do grupy pierwszej (list I załączona do ustawy opiumowej) zalicza się środki, takie * Uniwersytet Łódzki, Wydział Prawa i Administracji, Katedra Teorii i Filozofii Prawa, [email protected].

Undernutrition is the single largest contributor to the burden of disease in developing countries and has documented effects on social and economic development, yet progress in reducing undernutrition remains slow. This paper identifies the range of factors that have influenced the nutrition agenda in developing countries, in order to inform the implementation of three major global initiatives related to undernutrition. Data sources include interviews with nutrition practitioners at the national and international level, written accounts from six African countries, and observations of the policy process in five countries. Data were thematically coded to identify recurrent factors that facilitated or inhibited progress in addressing undernutrition. The data reveal the following: First, societal conditions and catalytic events pose a variety of challenges and opportunities to enlarge and shape the nutrition agenda. Some countries have been successful in using such opportunities, while others have been less successful and there have been some unintended consequences. Second, disagreements over interventions and strategies are an almost universal feature of the nutrition policy process, occur primarily among mid-level actors rather than among politicians or senior administrators, and are primarily the product of structural factors such as organizational mandates, interests, and differences in professional perspectives. Third, many of these structural factors can be molded, aligned, and/or circumvented through strategic action on the part of the mid-level actors to strengthen movement on the nutrition agenda. This evidence that strategic action can redirect and/or overcome the effects of structural factors has important implications for future efforts to advance the nutrition agenda.

eds), More Than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1996), pp. ix + 341, $39.95 and $18.95. ISBN 0 253 33017 3 (hb) and 0 253 21043 7 (pb). Maggie Montesinos Sale, The Slumbering Volcano: American Slave Ship Revolts and the Production of Rebellious Masculinity (Duke University Press, Durham and London, 1997), pp. x + 264, $49.95 and $16.95. ISBN 0 8223 1983 7 (hb) and 0 8223 1992 6 (pb).

In the past 50 years, while many indicators of physical health have improved there has been an increase in psychosocial problems, including youth depression, suicide, drug use and drug-related problems . These trends are occurring in the context of a substantial public investment in programmes to prevent and ameliorate drug problems in Australia and other countries since the 1980s. However, much of this investment has focused on individuals and on drug use as an isolated phenomenon. This has included prevention programmes such as school-based drug education to discourage individuals from engaging in problematic drug use; law enforcement and criminal justice approaches to deter or punish individuals' drug use; and drug-treatment programmes to encourage individuals who do have a drug-use problem to abstain or to manage their use better.

Our interest in the history of women's football developed from our involvement in the project 'The experiences and meanings of physical activities in women's lives: an intercultural comparison in four European countries'. As part of this research project we carried out 240 indepth, qualitative interviews with women tennis players, gymnasts and footballers in England, Germany, Norway and Spain (highly competitive and recreational). In our analysis of the data from the footballers it became obvious that in order to understand their experiences as sportswomen, it was important to locate women's football in it's specific historical and cultural context. In this article, we initially examine how football spread as a male domain to various countries in Europe in the period up to 1945 and to the end of world war II. This is followed by a reconstruction of the first attempts by women to participate in physical activities in general, as well as football in particular. Here, we focus specifically on the following questions: under which conditions and circumstances did women succeed in penetrating this male terrain? Which reasons and arguments were put forward to either support or hinder the participation of women in this 'unfeminine' sport? Are there noticeable differences in the development of women's football in the different countries? And, finally, what explanations can be given for differences as well as similarities in this development? We take as our starting point that body and movement are both 'biologically grounded' 1 and, are to a large extent, shaped by culture. This means that on the one hand, the sexual hierarchy 'embodies' itself in men and women and that, on the other, body and movement cultures play a role in constructing the gender order. As a result of body and movement being 'engendered' in this fashion, sports have developed either a masculine or feminine image and thus appeal to men and women in different ways. 2 Further, the myths of masculinity and femininity which are associated with different body or sport practices are dependent upon the prevailing social and gender orders. This can be demonstrated with many examples taken from the history of physical activities in Europe. From the very beginning, the participation of men and women in certain forms of physical exercise or certain types of sport was tied to numerous rules and norms pertaining to gender. It was above all women who -in compliance with existing gender roles -were barred from sporting activities. One of the sports which in many countries was regarded as a male preserve was the game of football. The cross-cultural comparison will, it is hoped, throw light on the factors which gave rise both to opportunities and to problems not only in women's football but also in women's sports more generally. One of the major aims of the article, furthermore, is to identify common features and differences of culture and thus to uncover structural links between women's sport and the special circumstances of women's lives.

What resources should be committed to the control of invasive species? This study is based on a survey of nature conservation and forestry authorities, wildlife trusts and private landowners which investigated the extent of the ecological and economic impacts of the invasive nonnative plant Rhododendron ponticum in the British Isles. There are data on 52,000 ha of land affected by R. ponticum, more than 30,000 ha of it in nature reserves. For nearly all nature reserves, displacement of native species and habitat changes were both reported. In 2001, respondents controlled 1275 ha of R. ponticum at a cost of £670,924. To test the optimality of this, we apply a model of social expenditure. The external costs of R. ponticum control are estimated from the probability that it will spread to contiguous sites and the damage done on invaded sites. These are then used to calculate the socially optimal level of expenditure on R. ponticum control, and the funding gap it identified by comparing the result with current levels of expenditure. The results suggest that a socially optimal level of control effort requires a significant increase in social funding for R. ponticum control, although the size of the increase varies between landholders. q

School shootings are traumatic events that cause a community to question itself, its values, and its educational systems. In this article Bryan Warnick, Benjamin Johnson, and Samuel Rocha explore the meanings of school shootings by examining three recent books on school violence. Topics that grow out of these books include (1) how school shootings might be seen as ceremonial rituals, (2) how schools come to be seen as appropriate places for shootings, and (3) how advice to educators relating to school shootings might change the practice of teaching. The authors present various ways of understanding school shootings that may eventually prove helpful, but they also highlight the problems, tensions, and contradictions associated with each position. In the end, the authors argue, the circumstances surrounding school shootings demonstrate the need for the ''tragic sense'' in education. This need for the tragic sense, while manifest in many different areas of schooling, is exemplified most clearly in targeted school shootings.

This paper proposes that therapists subject their work to radical doubt designed to uncover and interpret the micropolitics that inhere in professional knowledge and practice. Using Orlie's notion of trespass, the approach to the past employed by solution-focused therapies is examined. These trespasses involve the therapy's silence about the meaning of injustice; its role in relation to social movements; and its potential to reproduce relations of domination. A new conception of ethics is proposed that takes into account the inevitable presence of the political as it fashions the histonj that conditions us as human beings. his paper will call into question the ways that therapy disassociates itself from politi-A revised versioii of a paper submitted to the lourrial in September 1998. Tlle autlior is at the School ofSocial Work, Atkiilsorr College, York ~I I I~~S i h J , Torotito.

Because freedom of choice and economic gain are at the heart of productivity, human trafficking impedes national and international economic growth. Within the next 10 years, crime experts expect human trafficking to surpass drug and arms trafficking in its incidence, cost to human well-being, and profitability to criminals (Schauer and Wheaton, 2006: 164-165). The loss of agency from human trafficking as well as from modern slavery is the result of human vulnerability (Bales, 2000: 15). As people become vulnerable to exploitation and businesses continually seek the lowest-cost labour sources, trafficking human beings generates profit and a market for human trafficking is created. This paper presents an economic model of human trafficking that encompasses all known economic factors that affect human trafficking both across and within national borders. We envision human trafficking as a monopolistically competitive industry in which traffickers act as intermediaries between vulnerable...

This essay explores the growth of boxing among the African populations on the Witwatersrand region of South Africa between 1924 and 1959. It details how the sport's jump in popularity with Africans paralleled migration to Johannesburg. Africans increasingly saw boxing as an activity and skill conducive with survival in this new environment, and thus the sport grew in popularity, stature, and skill-level amongst this emergent urban population. The essay further explores the various ways that the sport was disseminated and popularized during the era, thus detailing how the sport reached both the African masses and petit-bourgeois educated elite. As their presence in Johannesburg became more and more permanent, boxing came to encompass various meanings and ideals, such as notions of discipline, independence and civility, to these urban populations.

This article describes how qualitative social science research has and can contribute to the emerging field of drug and alcohol studies. An eight-stage model of formative-reformative research is presented as a heuristic to outline the different ways in which qualitative research may be used to better understand micro and macro dimensions of drug use and distribution; more effectively design, monitor and evaluate drug use(r)-related interventions; and address the politics of drug/drug program representation. Tobacco is used as an exemplar to introduce the reader to the range of research issues that a qualitative researcher may focus upon during the initial stage of formative research. Ethnographic research on alcohol use among Native Americans is highlighted to illustrate the importance of closely examining ethnicity as well as class when investigating patterns of drug use. To familiarize the reader with qualitative research, we describe the range of methods commonly employed and the ways in which qualitative research may complement as well as contribute to quantitative research. In describing the later stages of the formative-reformative process, we consider both the use of qualitative research in the evaluation and critical assessment of drug use(r)-intervention programs, and the role of qualitative research in critically assessing the politics of prevention programs. Finally, we discuss the challenges faced by qualitative researchers when engaging in transdisciplinary research.

In spite of many similarities. the fields of medical anthropology and medical sociology differ significantly in origins. in research methodologies, and in emphases. Medical anthropology has developed from three sources; (1) the traditional ethnographic interest in primitive medicine, (2) the culture and personality movement of the 1940s and (3) the international public health movement following World War II. A holistic. systems approach to research appears to characterize medical anthropology more than medical sociology. Anthropologists traditionally have studied the underdogs. the world's

In this chapter, the authors consider Paulo Freire' s construct of critical consciousness (CC) and why it deserves more attention in research and discourse on youth political and civic development. His approach to education and similar ideas by other scholars of liberation aims to foster a critical analysis of society-and one' s status within it-using egalitarian, empowering, and interactive methods. The aim is social change as well as learning, which makes these ideas especially relevant to the structural injustice faced by marginalized youth. From their review of these ideas, the authors derive three core CC components: critical refl ection, political effi cacy, and critical action. They highlight promising research related to these constructs and innovative applied work including youth action-research methodology. Their conclusion offers ideas for closing some of the critical gaps in CC theory and research.

The purpose of this paper is to review the types of models that are currently being used in the area of municipal waste management and to highlight some major shortcomings of these models. Most of the municipal waste models identified in the literature are decision support models and for the purposes of this research, are divided into three categories-those based on cost benefit analysis, those based on life cycle assessment and those based on multicriteria decision making. Shortcomings of current waste management models include that they are concerned with refinements of the evaluation steps (e.g. stage four of AHP or the improvement of weight allocations in ELECTRE) rather than addressing the decision making process itself. In addition, while many models recognise that for a waste management model to be sustainable, it must consider environmental, economic and social aspects, no model examined considered all three aspects together in the application of the model. #

La conferencia internacional «Refugees on the move: thinking beyong the Euro-Mediterranean crisis» (21 y 22 de abril 2016) que inspira esta publicación, fue organizada gracias a la subvención de la Generalitat de Catalunya, AGAUR, a través el proyecto GRC-SGR 2014 (1524).En el marco del CER-M (UAB-UB), hemos organizado la conferencia internacional «Refugees on the move: thinking beyong the Euro-Mediterranean crisis» celebrada el 21 y 22 de abril 2016 en el CCCB y Espai Contrabandos. Esta conferencia tuvo como objetivo crear un espacio de debate y reflexión en torno a las implicaciones teóricas, político-legales y sociales que estos desplazamientos están conllevando. En el evento participaron académicos de ámbito nacional e internacional, así como personas expertas y profesionales que trabajan sobre el terreno. Fruto de estas jornadas, y a partir de las aportaciones de sus participantes, el equipo del CER-M (UAB-UB) presentamos este monográfico bilingüe.The CER-M (UAB-UB) organised t...

Previous research suggested that sex differences in personality traits are larger in prosperous, healthy, and egalitarian cultures in which women have more opportunities equal with those of men. In this article, the authors report cross-cultural findings in which this unintuitive result was replicated across samples from 55 nations (N ϭ 17,637). On responses to the Big Five Inventory, women reported higher levels of neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness than did men across most nations. These findings converge with previous studies in which different Big Five measures and more limited samples of nations were used. Overall, higher levels of human development-including long and healthy life, equal access to knowledge and education, and economic wealth-were the main nation-level predictors of larger sex differences in personality. Changes in men's personality traits appeared to be the primary cause of sex difference variation across cultures. It is proposed that heightened levels of sexual dimorphism result from personality traits of men and women being less constrained and more able to naturally diverge in developed nations. In less fortunate social and economic conditions, innate personality differences between men and women may be attenuated.