Shuttle Diplomacy

Dans un environnement international profondément transformé par la fin de la guerre froide, des espoirs considérables ont surgi lorsqu’en mai 1999, un retour à un régime civil élu est intervenu. Alors que se profilent d’importantes échéances électorales en 2007, la quatrième République n’a pas répondu aux attentes de changement.Qui plus est, le développement d’un état de crise quasi permanent dans certaines parties du pays alimente des revendications qui ont pour point de convergence une contestation des fondements du fédéralisme nigérian.

Sebelumnya penulis telah membahas macam-macam diplomasi yang terklasifikasi menurut aktor yang berperan dalam diplomasi tersebut dan kapan diplomasi tersebut dilakukan oleh para aktornya. Kali ini, penulis akan membahas tentang macam-macam diplomasi yang diklasifikasikan menurut fokus dan unsur utama dalam diplomasi tersebut. Terdapat tujuh macam diplomasi yang diklasifikasikan menurut fokus utamanya yaitu, security diplomacy, human rights diplomacy, panda diplomacy, ping-pong diplomacy, shuttle diplomacy, environment diplomacy, dan electronic diplomacy.

The Dayton Peace Accords represent the resolution of the bloodiest conflict in Europe after World War II. An agreement reached under mediation and pressure from the international public in which US diplomacy undoubtedly played a major role. According to some analysts Dayton is a triumph of US diplomacy and foreign policy, a feat that averted a further humanitarian disaster and ended the three-and-a-half year war. While for some it is a delayed reaction of the Clinton administration and lack of a clear strategy and leadership of US diplomacy to prevent the long-standing war and the war crimes that took place in Bosnia. Regardless of the opposing views, it is more than clear that negotiations in Dayton were conducted under the auspices of US diplomacy led by mediator Richard Holbrooke.
In this paper we will analyze US diplomacy and its role in the peace agreement, what were the priorities of the administration and what was to be achieved in Dayton. In the process, US diplomacy used all its resources through Holbrooke's shuttle diplomacy and diplomacy of force with which it was prepared to respond in case of failure and perhaps the key for signing the agreement. In the end of the analysis we will need to answer whether the strong pressure of US diplomacy allowed the agreement to be signed and whether it achieved its goals with the Dayton Peace Accords? First, we will give a brief overview of the historical background to the conflict and US diplomacy and attitudes before Dayton. Further on why the United States decided on a strong diplomatic action to resolve the conflict. Finally, we will examine the negotiation process of the US diplomacy and what was achieved by the Dayton Peace Accords.
The paper will be prepared and reviewed with an analytical approach in which we will try to present the views and actions taken by US diplomacy in order to resolve the conflict in Bosnia

Research findings reveal that prior to 1999 there was capital flight and international isolation of Nigeria due to military misrule. Following return to democratic rule in 1999, the country was reconnected to the outside world through shuttle diplomacy which paved way for FDI flow into the country. It has been established using the linkage approach in the analysis of Nigeria's foreign policy pursuit for national economic objective that the main factor responsible for the phenomenal increase in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow to Nigeria after years of international isolation, apart from domestic economic reforms, is the shuttle diplomacy embarked upon by Obasanjo's administration to market the economy aimed at attracting foreign investors. As a matter of fact, Nigeria witnessed an increased Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow between 1999 and 2007, from the available data gathered from CBN and UNCTAD, although certain domestic inadequacies served as impediment to high volume of capital inflow, such as poor infrastructure, insecurity, widespread corruption, etc. However, the conduct of shuttle diplomacy had an adverse effect on career diplomats. It was suggested that genuine domestic reforms and a well-focused foreign policy pursuit stand as the best options.