SNMP

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have attracted significant research interest in recent years because of their suitability to a vast range of real world applications. The envisioned Internet Protocol (IP) support for WSNs requires interoperability with existing management solutions, like Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), in order to provide remote management functionality and assure the correct operation of the WSN. It is essential to provide a network management system that is interoperable with standard network management solutions, customizable, and extensible to various WSN applications. In this paper we present EmNetS Network Management Protocol (EMP), a lightweight and SNMP-compliant IP-based WSN (IP-WSN) management solution. We present detailed operational architecture and a Management Information Base (MIB) which is extensible to IP-WSN applications. We also present implementation details and evaluation results from our laboratory testbed.

Yasal sorumluklardan dolayı ve güvenlik analizleri için ağ yöneticilerine, belirli tarihte bir IP adresini kimin kullandığı sorusu sık sık sorulur.  Eğer bütün kullanıcılar bir hotpot/Proxy/Captive Portal kullanılıyorsa bu soruya cevap vermek kolaydır. Ama kullanılmayan durumlarda diğer yöntemlerden faydalanmak gerekir. Burada 802.1x Ağ Kimlik Denetimi Protokolü ve MAC adresi temelli kimlik denetimi devreye girer. 802.1x kimlik denetimi protokolü OSI’ye göre ikinci katman protokolüdür ve oluşan logda sadece MAC bilgisi bulunur dolayısı ile başka bir networke taşınmaz ayrıca soru IP adresini kim kullandı şeklindedir. MAC adresi temelli kimlik denetimi ise pratikte uygulaması imkansızdır. Mesela MAC adresi değiştiren programlar vs.. . Bu durumda MAC ve IP arasındaki ilişkileri her durumda alıp otomatik korelasyona tabi tutan bir sistem gerekmektedir. Bunun da yolu DHCP Sunucu loğları ile gatewaylerdeki ARP tablosunu takip edip sonuçları korele etmektir.

SNMP (Simple Network Management) was introduced in 1988. The purpose behind its formation was to deal with an increasing number of network components in a computer network. Gradually, this protocol started becoming admired and it constructs the foundation of network management at present.

Protokol yang dapat digunakan untuk melakukan menagemen jaringan. Dengan menggunakan protokol ini kita bisa mendapatkan informasi tentang status dan keadaan dari suatu jaringan. Protokol ini menggunakan transpor UDP pada port 161 Komponen utama dalam proses manajemen jaringan TCP/IP terdiri dari tiga elemen, yaitu : 1. MIB (Management Information Database) Adalah struktur basis data variabel dari elemen jaringan yang dikelola. Pada kelompok interface terdapat variabel objek MIB yang mendefinisikan karakteristik interface diantaranya : ifInOctets mendefinisikan jumlah total byte yang diterima, ifOutOctets mendefinisikan jumlah total byte yang dikirim, ifInErrors mendefinisikan jumlah paket diterima yang dibuang karena rusak, ifOutErrors mendefinisikan jumlah paket dikirim yang dibuang karena usak, dan variable objek lainnya yang juga berkaitan dengan paket internet. 2. Agen Merupakan software yang dijalankan di setiap elemen jaringan yang dimonitor. Agen bertugas mengumpulkan seluruh informasi yang telah ditentukan dalam MIB. 3. Manajer Merupakan software yang berjalan di sebuah host di jaringan. Bertugas meminta informasi ke Gb 1: Struktur SNMP Agen. Manajer biasanya tidak meminta semua informasi yang dimiliki oleh agen, tetapi hanya meminta informasi tertentu saja yang akan digunakan untuk mengamati unjuk kerja jaringan. Manager biasanya menggunakan komputer yang memiliki tampilan grafis dan berwarna sehingga selain dapat menjalankan fungsinya sebagai Manager, juga untuk melihat grafik unjuk kerja dari suatu elemen jaringan yang dihasilkan oleh proses monitoring. SNMP menggunakan UDP (User Datagram Protocol) sebagai protocol transport untuk mengirimkan pertanyaan dan menerima jawaban dari agen SNMP. SNMP terdiri dari dua jenis yakni : • Network Management Station, yang berfungsi sebagai pusat penyimpanan untuk pengumpulan dan analisa dari data manajemen jaringan. • Peralatan yang dimanage menjalakan SNMP agent, yaitu proses background yang memonitor peralatan tersebut dan mengkomunikasikannya ke network management station. Peralatan yang memiliki SNMP agent antara lain : CISCO router, Linux Server Untuk pencatatan data dapat digunakan aplikasi MRTG (Multi Router Traffic Grapher)

SNMPv3, refuerza las prestaciones de seguridad, incluyendo autentificación, privacidad y control de acceso; y de administración de protocolo, con una mayor modularidad y la posibilidad de configuración remota. SNMPv3 apareció en 1997, estando descrito en las RFC 1902-1908 y 2271-2275.

Many network problems that occur if not addressed immediately will affect customer service as a new install applications, add power, power changes, migration of postpaid to prepaid electricity can not be done. To solve this problem then developed a network traffic monitoring system using Cacti are able to monitor the entire network. Applying the system to detect disorders of conectivity be lost (broken connection) to take advantage of the SNMP service on the WAN network. Applying the system to monitor traffic usage, CPU usage and memory usage on the WAN network. Also added mail notifications to expedite the delivery of information on the status of nodes, links and devices in the event of network disruption. Problems on a network will be easily detected to be done with the associated improvements (Helpdesk and Customer Account), where the network can be used for process applications owned by PT PLN (Persero).

It is the purpose of this book to provide a practical survey of both the principles and practices of Cyber security, network security and cryptography. In the first two parts of the book, the basic issues to be addressed by a network security capability are explored by providing a tutorial and survey of cryptography and network security technology. The
latter part of the book deals with the practice of Cyber security: practical applications that have been implemented and are in use to provide network security. The subject, and therefore this book, draws on a variety of disciplines.

The way in which organisms detect specific volatile compounds within their environment, and the associated neural processing which produces perception and subsequent behavioural responses, have been of interest to scientists for decades. Initially, most olfaction research was conducted using electrophysiological techniques on whole animals. However, the discovery of genes encoding the family of human olfactory receptors (ORs) paved the way for the development of a range of cellular assays, primarily used to deorphan ORs from mammals and insects. These assays have greatly advanced our knowledge of the molecular basis of olfaction, however, while there is currently good agreement on vertebrate and nematode olfactory signalling cascades, debate still surrounds the signalling mechanisms in insects. The inherent specificity and sensitivity of ORs makes them prime candidates as biological detectors of volatile ligands within biosensor devices, which have many potential applications. In the previous decade, researchers have investigated various technologies for transducing OR:ligand interactions into a readable format and thereby produce an olfactory biosensor (or bioelectronic nose) that maintains the discriminating power of the ORs in vivo. Here we review and compare the molecular mechanisms of olfaction in vertebrates and invertebrates, and also summarise the assay technologies utilising sub-tissue level sensing elements (cells and cell extracts), which have been applied to OR deorphanisation and biosensor research. Although there are currently no commercial, “field-ready” olfactory biosensors of the kind discussed here, there have been several technological proof-of-concept studies suggesting that we will see their emergence within the next decade.▶ Discovery of olfactory receptor (OR) genes facilitated novel cellular assays used to deorphan ORs. ▶ There is agreement on vertebrate olfactory signalling but debate surrounds signalling in insects. ▶ Here we review and compare the molecular mechanisms of olfaction in vertebrates and invertebrates. ▶ We also summarise assay technologies applied to OR deorphanisation and biosensor research. ▶ Proof-of-concept studies suggest that commercial olfactory biosensors will soon appear.

Cloud is in the air. More and More companies and personals are connecting to cloud with so many variety
of offering provided by the companies. The cloud services are based on Internet i.e. TCP/IP. The paper
discusses limitations of one of the main existing network management protocol i.e. Simple Network
Management Protocol (SNMP) with respect to the current network conditions. The network traffic is
growing at a high speed. When we talk about the networked environment of cloud, the monitoring tool
should be capable of handling the traffic tribulations efficiently and represent a correct scenario of the
network condition. The proposed Model ‘Cloud Network Management Model (CNMM)’ provides a
comprehensive solution to manage the growing traffic in cloud and trying to improve communication of
manager and agents as in SNMP (the traditional TCP/IP network management protocol). Firstly CNMM
concentrates on reduction of packet exchange between manager and agent. Secondly it eliminates the
counter problems exist in SNMP by having periodic updates from agent without querying by the manager.
For better management we are including managers using virtualized technology. CNMM is a proposed
model with efficient communication, secure packet delivery and reduced traffic. Though the proposed
model supposed to manage the cloud traffic in a better and efficient way, the model is still a theoretical
study, its implementation and results are yet to discover. The model however is the first step towards
development of supported algorithms and protocol. Our further study will concentrate on development of
supported algorithms.

There is recent interest in exploring SNMP/TCP in addition to the current use of SNMP/UDP due to performance benefits for bulk transfer as well as to simplify management applications. If SNMP is implemented over TCP, then TLS is a natural choice for security. However, it must be demonstrated that the additional overhead associated with TLS is not excessive. We show this by implementing SNMP on a TLS/TCP base and measuring its performance experimentally. The results indicate that the overhead is not excessive; consequently SNMP/TLS/TCP appears to be a viable option for network management. Also our tests show that SNMP

— In network virtualization environments (NVEs), the physical infrastructure is shared among different users (or service providers) who create multiple virtual networks (VNs). As part of VN provisioning, virtual routers (VRs) are created inside physical routers supporting virtualization. Currently, the management of NVEs is mostly realized by proprietary solutions. Heterogeneous NVEs (i.e., with different equipment and technologies) are difficult to manage due to the lack of standardized management solutions. As a first step to achieve management interoperability, good performance, and high scalability, we implemented, evaluated, and compared four management interfaces for physical routers that host virtual ones. The interfaces are based on SNMP (v2c and v3), NETCONF, and RESTful Web Services, and are designed to perform three basic VR management operations: VR creation, VR retrieval, and VR removal. We evaluate these interfaces with regard to the following metrics: response time, CPU time, memory consumption, and network usage. Results show that the SNMPv2c interface is the most suitable one for small NVEs without strict security requirements and NETCONF is the best choice to compose a management interface to be deployed in more realistic scenarios, where security and scalability are major concerns.

In this paper we describe the design and implementation of a network monitoring analysis tool. The network resources were configured to support SNMP under various operating systems, thresholds definitions and events. The data were collected by a network monitoring system and handled according to the values of the variables or the event type. A realtime report to a database was established via adaptive scripts. A Network Node Manager (NNM) will inform an external, remote database about the network status by sending real time data containing alerts and events. The whole tool is called Network Management Analysis Tool (NMAT).

Medical MoteCare is a health monitoring system prototype suitable for monitoring the elderly and the infirm. The system utilizes a wireless sensor network of MicaZ motes equipped with pulse oximeter sensors and environmental sensors, namely temperature and light. The system is based on the adaptation of three-tier and SNMP proxy network management organizational model. A key feature of the system is the use of two proprietary network management tools to monitor personal health parameters and provide timely alerts when thresholds are reached.

Power Line Communication (PLC) is an evolving technology which uses the existing power lines for data transmission. Like any other communication networks, PLC networks need to be managed for efficient use of resources and secure operations. Major PLC chipset and modem vendors are trying to provide network management solutions using SNMP by defining their own management information, but it is not sufficient to manage a multi-vendor PLC network comprised of PLC devices from heterogeneous vendors. In this paper, we propose an integrated management method of multi-vendor PLC network. We define a common PLC MIB by analyzing existing proprietary PLC MIBs and design a common PLC MIB Mapper for managing existing PLC devices without the support of common PLC MIB. Our work can be a reference model for integrated PLC network management to PLC vendors, and contribute an international standardization for PLC network management.

arbon Nano tube field effect transistor(CNTFET) has proved to be a very promising alternative to the conventional CMOS technology, as it has became because of their excellent current capability, high stability, low power circuit design, high signal to noise margin(SNM) and ballistic transport operation. Therefore design of SRAM cell based on CNTFET with different chiral vector for optical performance of low power cache memory. This paper proposes 6T and 7T SRAM cell which shows better results than the conventional SRAM cell design based on CNTFET, the signal to noise margin(SNM) and read power consumption power is being improved. So this type of memory cell will be more useful in portable electronics and better battery operation. The simulation of these circuits has done in cadence virtuoso spectre using Stanford CNTFET model file of Verilog-A in Cadence.

The phenomenal success of IT and Telecommunication would not have been possible without any effective management framework. The management technologies have also been maturing with evolution of IT & Telecom. In this paper, we trace out some important traditional and current telecommunications management technologies in terms of their strengths and limitations. We analyze them in order to draw lessons and guidelines for emerging research in this field.

In this paper we present AdminUCV NGN, a free open source application developed under the GNU General Public License in Java/C++ that ties together several management utilities. Its main goal is to be used as a didactic application in network advanced courses at Universidad Central de Venezuela since it is very flexible, user friendly, and presents many valuable information to users that is normally not easily accessible. Additionally, AdminUCV NGN is a powerful application for network administrators and allows them to collect and modify the configuration of network devices through the use of SNMPv1 and SNMPv2c, graph information based on OID values in real-time, scan open ports, capture network traffic, etc. Besides, AdminUCV NGN was developed to support both IPv4 and IPv6, which makes it one of the strongest free open source management applications based on SNMP.

Organizations face a challenge of accurately analyzing network data and providing automated action based on the observed trend. This trend-based analytics is beneficial to minimize the downtime and improve the performance of the network services, but organizations use different network management tools to understand and visualize the network traffic with limited abilities to dynamically optimize the network. This research focuses on the development of an intelligent system that leverages big data telemetry analysis in Platform for Network Data Analytics (PNDA) to enable comprehensive trend-based networking decisions. The results include a graphical user interface (GUI) done via a web application for effortless management of all subsystems, and the system and application developed in this research demonstrate the true potential for a scalable system capable of effectively benchmarking the network to set the expected behavior for comparison and trend analysis. Moreover, this research provides a proof of concept of how trend analysis results are actioned in both a traditional network and a software-defined network (SDN) to achieve dynamic, automated load balancing.

Web Services against SNMP comparisons have been carried out by the network management community in order to understand the impact on adopting Web Services as a management tool. In these comparisons, however, notification messages have been neglected to a secondary plane in such a way that the current conclusions about the performance of Web Services may not apply for networks extensively managed via notifications. In this paper we first evaluate the performance of Web Services notifications encoded following the WS-Notification specification, and compare it with the performance of SNMP traps. Then, we introduce a configurable SNMP to Web Services gateway that reacts to SNMP traps on behalf of an SNMP manager, retrieves further information from the notifying entity, and builds up WS-Notification compliant messages which are sent to Web Services-based managers. We finally evaluate the performance of the proposed solution in order to redraw the current conclusions about Web Services against SNMP, now explicitly considering the also important notification support.

This paper presents an approach to the development of custom agents and their integration with network management systems. For the development of agents is given one approach, and according to this approach an implementation of the agent using Open Dynamic Management Kit (OpenDMK) libraries in the Java programming language is performed. Within the agents are implemented all standard Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) functionality - reading values, setting values and traps sending. Finally, the integration is performed with several network management systems such as Zenoss and Cacti. Tests have confirmed the success of this integration, thus verifying the proposed approach.

Network management system leads to centralized system based on SNMP or CMIP management protocol, which does not solve the problem of scalability and flexibility. So a distributed paradigm is followed to make the system decentralized to perform management functions when network start growing significantly. Several distributed management architectures including mobile agent technology, have been recently proposed to answer the scalability limitations of centralized models and the flexibility problems of different network models. Mobile agents decentralize processing and control thereby reducing the management traffic around the management station and distribute processing load. This paper discusses and analyzes the role of mobile agent and compares the network parameters for different models.

This paper presents an approach to the development of custom agents and their integration with network management systems. For the development of agents is given one approach, and according to this approach an implementation of the agent using Open Dynamic Management Kit (OpenDMK) libraries in the Java programming language is performed. Within the agents are implemented all standard Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) functionality -reading values, setting values and traps sending. Finally, the integration is performed with several network management systems such as Zenoss and Cacti. Tests have confirmed the success of this integration, thus verifying the proposed approach.

Widespread use of sensor and micro processor leads to increasing concerns about context aware computing. Many researches about context aware computing are carried out around the world. Among them, Context-Toolkit and Semantic Space provide separation of concerns between sensor and application. They support making application development easier. However, they have a problem for lack of simplicity in communication, compatibility and flexibility in building systems. To solve it, we propose one delivery and storage structure for sensing information using standardized simple network management protocol which is useful to store and manage information in order to transmit and save sensing information. We also verify that this architecture is efficient in wireless sensor network to deliver and store environmental information through an implementation of a SNMP agent.

Client/Server based network management models involve the transmission of large amount of management data towards the centralized management station for processing. The staleness of gathered data (due to network latency involved) and probable error in the selection of management task being carried over (owing to the staleness of data) reduces the reliability of such management applications. In this sense, use of mobile agents offer many possibilities for designing the next generation of distributed network management systems. This paper discusses various mobile agent based network management models, the key advantages of mobile agents in the distributed network management systems and presents a mathematical model for the purpose of comparing client/server vs. mobile agent paradigms in terms of responsiveness and traffic generated around management station. Further, the existing mobile agent based systems follow arbitrary itinerary wherein it is susceptible to travel on the links whi...

The intrinsic scalability limitations of traditional centralised network management (NM) become significantly more pronounced when transfers of bulk network monitoring data are considered. This fact has encouraged a trend towards distributed management intelligence, which promises more flexible and scalable solutions. However, distributed mobile agent (MA) based NM architectures reported in the literature do not adequately address scalability problems when considering data-intensive NM applications. In this ...

Mobile agent (MA) technology represents a recent trend for implementing distributed management architectures, as an answer to the flexibility and scalability problems of centralised models. Management scalability limitations though, are not adequately addressed when monitoring tasks requiring the employment of multi-hop agents are considered. This is because agent-based architectures lack mechanisms that guarantee near-optimal agents itineraries so as to minimise the total migration cost in terms of the round-trip latency and the incurred traffic. This is of particular importance when the management of networks spanning multiple subnets is involved. To address these issues, we have adapted an algorithm originally designed to solve network design problems to the specific problematic of MA itinerary planning. The algorithm suggests the optimal number of MAs that minimise the overall cost and also constructs optimal itineraries for each of them. A Javabased implementation of the algorithm has been tested on realistic applications over a laboratory testbed, demonstrating significant cost savings. Simulation tests verified the algorithm's validity and competence over large enterprise networks.

In this paper we present SNMP JManager, a free open source application developed under the GNU General Public License in Java. Its main goal is to be used as a didactic application in network advanced courses at Universidad Central de Venezuela to support the teaching and learning of SNMP v1/2c/3. SNMP JManager is platform independent, easy to use, and has a user-friendly interface. Additionally, SNMP JManager can be a powerful application for network administrators and allows them to collect and modify the configuration of network devices through the use of SNMP v1/2c/3, import MIBs, manage traps, etc. It was developed to support both IPv4 and IPv6, which makes it one of the strongest free open source SNMP managers.

This paper investigates the leakage current, static noise margin (SNM), delay and energy consumption of a 6 transistor FinFET based static random-access memory (SRAM) cell due to the variation in design and operating parameters of the SRAM cell. The SRAM design and operating parameters considered in this investigation are transistor sizing, supply voltage, word-line voltage, temperature and PFET and NFET back gate biasing. This investigation is performed using a 11nm FinFET shorted gate and low power technology models. Based on the investigation results, we propose a robust 6 transistor SRAM cells with optimized performance using shorted gate and independent gate low power FinFET models. By optimizing the design parameters of the cell, the shorted-gate design shows an improvement of read SNM of 261.56mV and an improvement of hold SNM of 87.68mV when compared to a shorted-gate cell with standard design parameters. The low-power design shows an improvement of read SNM of 146.18mV and a marginal decrease in hold SNM of 22.84mV when compared to a low-power cell with standard design parameters. Both the cells with the new optimized design parameters are shown to improve the overall SNM of the cells with minimal impact on the subthreshold leakage currents, performance and energy consumption.

CORBA is becoming an increasingly important middleware platform for distributed software applications in areas such as telecommunications. The DOORS fault-tolerance service is a CORBA service that adds fault tolerance to CORBA applications. In this paper we discuss the benets of adding a management interface to services like DOORS. We design this interface and provide an implementation based on SNMP. The management interface collects and displays data about DOORS, and feeds back information about the underlying computing platform to DOORS, to improve its decision making. In the design, we clearly delineate DOORS and the management components, and provide an extended agent to allow communication between CORBA and SNMP. We will discuss the interaction between CORBA and SNMP in detail, and will provide a MIB specifying an information base for DOORS.

Web Services gateways can be used to include SNMP devices into a Web Services-based management architecture. This paper presents an evaluation of bandwidth consumption and response time of two different Web Services to SNMP gateway strategies. The evaluation intends to verify the feasibility of using Web Services closer to the network devices management interface. In addition, it has been verified the impact associated with the data compression and encryption of the Web Services communication traffic. The collected results have been then compared with the associated SNMP traffic. Resumo. Gateways Web Services podem ser usados para incluir dispositivos SNMP em uma arquitetura de gerenciamento baseada em Web Services. Neste artigo é apresenta a avaliação de consumo de banda e tempo de resposta de duas estratégias para gateways Web Services para SNMP. A avaliação foi realizada para se verificar a possibilidade de usar Web Services próximos à interface de gerenciamento dos dispositivos de rede. Também foi verificado o impacto da compressão e criptografia dos dados necessários à comunicação com os gateways e os resultados obtidos foram comparados com o tráfego SNMP associado.

The increasing complexity of current communication networks will greatly benefit from the deployment of autonomic monitoring and management architectures that allow the network to detect, diagnose and repair failures autonomously, adapt its configuration and optimize its performance and quality of service parameters. Knowing the potential of existing management technologies can help choosing the most appropriate solutions for specific network/services scenarios. As an illustrative solution, this paper proposes and evaluates a Network Protocols and Algorithms ISSN 1943-3581 2012 www.macrothink.org/npa 66 NETCONF (Network Configuration) agent for link-state monitoring, a fault-detection mechanism based on notifications. Then, a comparative study between different management technologies, in terms of their scope, flexibility and market adoption, will be conducted: by performing a series of tests on representative prototypes, the results obtained regarding different performance issues (like signaling overhead, memory requirements, coding efficiency and response times) are analyzed and compared in order to identify which solutions are more appropriate to be used on future autonomic network monitoring and management scenarios. SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), the WBEM (Web Based Enterprise Management) and WS-MAN (Web Services Management) web-based approaches and the NETCONF protocol are exhaustively tested and compared.