Rumors

From the early 1430's, and during the course of the century that followed, Jewish society was rife with tales and reports of the rediscovery of the ten tribes. Rumor had it that the courageous and invincible tribesmen had departed their exilic abode of the previous 2100 years, engaging and conquering their neighbors and adversaries, and were now poised to assume a significant political and military role in the international arena. Since the tribesmen's ultimate objective was the reestablishment of an independent Jewish kingdom in the Land of Israel, these rumors assumed messianic significance. It was further claimed that high ranking political forces in Europe and the Islamic world were aware of this process while attempting to contend with it and that portents observed in various places established and corroborated these reports. These rumors surfaced in an intensive correspondence comprising 30 letters from the 1402 to the 1532, exchanged between Italy and the Land of Israel and also circulated within Italy and dispatched to additional countries, dealing with various reports and rumors of the impending redemption
Based on an analysis of these letters I argue that the Jewish expectations for a redemption led by the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel were influenced by European hopes that Prester John would come to their help to eradicate the Ottoman-Islamic threat. These hopes flourished in Italy from the 1430's on due to the political convergence between Italy and Ethiopia, perceived as the land of Prester John, at that time.
I also indicate a shift in the image of the ten tribes, from an image, common between the ninth and fourteenth centuries, of religious piety and complete detachment from what was happening outside their world, to a belligerent military image. This new image is explicitly expressed in the rumors, from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, that the tribes are on their way to become, once more, an active political and martial factor in the world history.
The new militant image, I claim, stems from a Jewish reading of the German anti-Semite traditions of the "Red Jews". According to these traditions the Ten Tribes are wild and fierce warriors and barbarian cannibals. They were prisoned in a remote and isolated place because they endanger the mere existence of the civilized (Christian) world. The Christian traditions of Prester John and the Red Jews, when read through Jewish eyes, have become a source for consolation and messianic hope.
Sixteenth century Jewish messianism was a historical messianism. It was affected by the international and geo-political situation, and envisioned as the rise of a political and martial Jewish power (the ten tribes) as a new and significant player in world politics.

Désignée « mot de l’année » en 2017 par le dictionnaire Collins, la formule fake news, notamment en raison des usages qui en sont fait par le président Trump, n’en finit pas d’alimenter le débats et la chronique médiatique. S’agit-il d’un fait nouveau, ou bien d’un simple mot-valise à la mode recouvrant d’autres phénomènes mieux connus tels que les rumeurs, les théories du complot, la propagande ou encore la désinformation ?
Partant de ce questionnement, il s’agira dans un premier temps de définir ce que sont les fake news, de comprendre leurs canaux de diffusion, les raisons de leur attrait pour le public avant, enfin, d’envisager quelques pistes de réflexion pour ne plus « se laisser avoir ».

Bài viết này, bằng việc nghiên cứu lý thuyết “Vòng xoáy của sự im lặng”  và hiện tượng “Tin đồn”, đồng thời phân tích các yếu tố nội hàm của chúng để thấy được sự đồng hiện và khác biệt của hai góc nhìn về công chúng. Việc chỉ ra sự đồng hiện và khác biệt của công chúng dưới sức mạnh của lý thuyết đám đông sẽ là cơ sở để đề xuất những giải pháp trước những hiện tượng mà đôi lúc người làm truyền thông cũng trở thành nạn nhân .

Qual è l’attendibilità storica dei vangeli? Come si sono formati e su quali informazioni si basavano? Come si è arrivati ai diversi racconti orali e scritti della straordinaria vicenda di Gesù?

Per rispondere a queste domande, nella prima parte del libro gli autori propongono una teoria critica della memoria e della tradizione; nella seconda, invece, suggeriscono una lettura antropologica e un esame storico dei testi.

L’intento è riscoprire le tracce degli eventi, incorporate ma spesso nascoste nelle testimonianze dei vangeli.

Sulla figura di Gesù, subito dopo la sua morte, vi fu una molteplicità di informazioni trasmesse da gruppi che avevano conoscenze parziali ed erano dislocati in zone diverse della Terra di Israele.

A partire da questo dato, gli autori ricostruiscono la mappa dei luoghi da cui provengono le fonti su cui si basa ciascun vangelo.

Du 11 septembre aux extraterrestres, des camps de concentration américains à l'assassinat de Kennedy, cette thèse a pour objectif d'éclairer sous un angle sociopolitique les fondements, les mécanismes et les enjeux de la pensée conspirationniste aux États-Unis depuis la révolution jusqu'à nos jours. S'il ne s'agit pas de dresser un catalogue exhaustif de toutes les théories du complot en vogue, le but demeure de démontrer que le conspirationnisme est un véritable fait social aux États-Unis, un élément de culture politique et populaire. Cette thèse se propose alors d'étudier les rouages et les origines du conspirationnisme sous trois aspects différents et complémentaires qui forment un triangle. D'abord, sous l'angle factuel, c'est-à-dire en étudiant les thèses du complot relatives à un événement extraordinaire (9/11, assassinat de JFK, etc.). Ensuite, sous l'angle des acteurs du conspirationnisme : les leaders conspirationnistes (LaRouche, Icke, etc.), les citoyens enquêteurs et les boucs-émissaires (communistes, juifs, illuminatis, etc.). Enfin, sous l'angle culturel en mettant en perspective le conspirationnisme avec la culture américaine : l'anti-étatisme, la présence de mafias ou encore le cinéma de masse

From 9/11 to UFOs, from American concentration camps to the Kennedy's assassination, this dissertation aims to enlighten, through a sociopolitical analysis, the grounds, the mechanics and the goals of the conspiratorial thought in the United States since the Revolution. Even Though it is no question to draw an exhaustive catalog of each and every conspiracy theory, I would stress that conspiracism is part of the American political and popular culture. Then, this dissertation studies the origins and the developments of conspiracism through three complementary focuses. First, a factual approach which dwells on specific conspiracy theories such as the 9/11 attacks or the assassination of Kennedy. Secondly, I will come on the actors of conspiracism : the conspiracist leaders (LaRouche, Icke) the citizens sleuths and the scapegoats (Communists, Jews, Illuminatis). Finally, under a cultural angle, I will outlook conspiracism and the American culture of anti-statism, the presence of mafias or the role of mass-medias

Often reputation in ancient Rome has often been discussed in three interrelated spheres: a political, a social, and a military sphere. Politically, a person"s reputation could advance or damage their position. Caesar"s favorable reputation among the lower classes helped elevate him to dictator for life, or, in the case of Vedius Pollio, his cruelty resulted in being disgraced by the emperor. Socially, graffiti and literary works enhanced both the rumors and reputations of some Romans. Militarily, the fierce reputation of certain legions could prevent uprisings and intimidate enemy troops into surrendering. A Roman"s reputation is one aspect of their life that could continue on their epitaphs; their final words to passersby could memorialize them in a positive light and refute rumors concerning their life. In this paper, I will discuss the trends and unique characteristics of Roman inscriptions which refer to a person"s reputation. I will use this data to show that a Roman"s reputation, as preserved on their epitaph, is formulaic in the ways it portrays positive and negative comments about the person"s life. By closely examining these inscriptions, this research will shed new light on how reputation was portrayed on stone.

URING the Easter week of 1816, enslaved blacks in Barbados rose in revolt, catching the island's planters and authorities by surprise. The main incentive for slaves to take part in the rebellion was the rumor that a document had arrived or was about to arrive carrying an emancipation proclamation. More than fifteen years later, on Christmas Day 1831, slaves in Jamaica revolted after a gifted enslaved speaker named Sam Sharpe had aroused them, stressing the natural freedom of man and divulging the news that both the king and the English people were in favor of black emancipation. He told them he believed that a "free paper" had been issued but that the planters were obstinate. A massive revolt, sometimes called the Baptist War, ensued. 1 These two examples are not isolated cases in the history of New World slavery. During the age of revolutions, this rumor surfaced in slave circles throughout the Americas, frequently fueling uprisings. 2 The rumor, usually featuring a liberating monarch, can shed light on the motives leading enslaved Africans in the Americas to take up arms for their own emancipation, which has been the subject of historiographical debate in the last decades. Thirty-five years ago Eugene D. Genovese

This paper intends to reflect on recent scare stories about children and adolescents noticed in Europe. It will first describe the pervasive anxieties concerning children present in today's societies, anxieties that are generally linked to the surge of the scare stories. Then it will depict the three series of scare stories. Thirdly it will situate these scare stories among other close contemporary scare stories about children's kidnappings. Finally it will criticize the hypotheses of a causal link between contemporary anxieties and these stories, recalling the universal psychological factors that sustain such stories, present in the folklore of very different societies.

The dissertation focuses on rumours and contemporary legends which are current genres in the present-day society. They are the subject of interest of experts from various scientific disciplines. I see these narratives as texts which can be studied and analysed at several levels depending on the context of narration. I assume that the social context influences the content and the form of these narratives.

The main aim of this thesis is to highlight the contemporary legends and rumours in the everyday lives of individuals in a certain environment (Proti prúdu Civic Organization - OZ Proti prúdu). The aim is to show the impacts of the social context on the repertoire, form and functions of contemporary legends and rumours in everyday lives of individuals – sellers of the Nota Bene street paper in a specific environment. The basic research question is: What is the relationship between contemporary legends and rumours and the everyday life of individuals in a specific environment, and what role do these narratives play in this environment?

Results of work are baed on my own ethnographic fieldwork. The main theoretical basis for this work was the theoretical-methodological framework of G. A. Fine – The Folklore Diamond and works of scholars dealing with the study of contemporary legends, rumours and everyday life. The methodology applied a qualitative approach and was based on the methodological and analytical practices of ethnographic research and grounded theory.

Depuis décembre 2010 Bugarach (189 habitants), village de l’Aude marqué par un pic monta- gneux imposant, est devenu célèbre. Les habitants craindraient – affirme le maire – d’être dépas- sés l’an prochain par un afflux massif des tenants de l’Apocalypse car des convaincus de la fin du monde en décembre 2012 se regrouperaient dans ce site qui doit être épargné. Cette situation surprenante a sa logique et les croyances en un changement radical du monde le 21 décembre 2012, mais aussi au caractère exceptionnel de Bugarach sont nées de la rencontre entre deux courants de la nébuleuse ésotériste – le premier centré sur les peuples premiers et les civilisations disparues considérés comme dépositaires du sacré perdu par l’Occident et le second développant la mythologie complexe qui s’est créée autour de Rennes-le-Château depuis les années 1950. On tente ici la description et l’interprétation de ces courants, en restant aussi concret que possible.

Slut-shaming" is the act of criticizing a woman for her real or perceived sexual promiscuity. Until now, much scholarship and journalism has focused on the slut-shaming of school-aged girls and young women. This article broadens the discussion about this harassing behavior by illuminating an overlooked area: slut-shaming in the American workplace. This article focuses on how courts have dealt with hostile work environment cases based in whole or in part on rumors about adult women's alleged sexual promiscuity. In particular, courts have struggled with how to interpret Title VII's seemingly simple requirement that conduct occur "because of" sex. Courts have often failed to recognize the gendered aspect of sexual rumors about women. Due to the continued existence of the sexual double standard, rumors about women who engage in sex acts with men penalize women for violating gender norms.

Through a synthesis of fledgling theories of post-truth (author, 2006, 2014, 2016, 2017) developing around Donald Trump and Brexit and theories of emotions in populism, I analyze the right-wing French movement La Manif Pour Tous, and their ongoing issue campaign against what they call “gender theory in the schools.” After I identify their populist qualities, I analyze five prominent post-truth qualities in the movement: 1) organization and public presentation; 2) “active distrust” qualities; 3) emotional/affective qualities; 4) “rumor bombs” about gender theory; and 5) conjunctural specificity within gender, sexuality and other backlashes. Considering the conjunctural convergence of social trust and truth deficits, I propose that the post-truth and “rumor-bombing” aspects simultaneous with their populist nature are better understood as a kind of emotional or “emo-truth” common to both performance of authenticity in Reality TV shows and right-wing populist movements today. Finally, I propose cases like this point to a mainstreaming of post-truth populism, across Western liberal democracies and beyond.

During the first third of the 16th century there was a burst of messianic interest among the Jews of Italy. The messianic interest was fed by constant rumors suggesting that the ten lost tribes have been found, and are on their way back to their ancient homeland led by a big victorious army. It was also claimed that unnatural signs seen by many people in various places, prove that Jewish redemption is at hand, and that Christian and Muslim kings, Sultans, princes and even the Pope are aware of this process and its inevitable consequences for them.
Based on an analysis of some 30 letters, sent between Italy and Israel in the years 1402-1532, I argue that the Jewish expectations for a redemption led by the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel were influenced by European hopes that Prester John would come to their help to eradicate the Ottoman-Islamic threat. These hopes flourished in Italy from the 1430's on due to the political convergence between Italy and Ethiopia, perceived as the land of Prester John, at that time.
I also indicate a shift in the image of the ten tribes, from an image, common between the ninth and fourteenth centuries, of religious piety and complete detachment from what was happening outside their world, to a belligerent military image. This new image is explicitly expressed in the rumors, from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, that the tribes are on their way to become, once more, an active political and martial factor in the world history.
The new militant image, I claim, stems from a Jewish reading of the German anti-Semite traditions of the "Red Jews". According to these traditions the Ten Tribes are wild and fierce warriors and barbarian cannibals. They were prisoned in a remote and isolated place because they endanger the mere existence of the civilized (Christian) world. The Christian traditions of Prester John and the Red Jews, when read through Jewish eyes, have become a source for consolation and messianic hope.
Sixteenth century Jewish messianism was a historical messianism. It was affected by the international and geo-political situation, and envisioned as the rise of a political and martial Jewish power (the ten tribes) as a new and significant player in world politics.

Esta investigación se propone analizar la confi-guración  de  espacios  liminales  en  las  ciudades  del  norte  de  México,  a  raíz  de  la  propagación  de  narcomensajes  como  rumores  de  pánico  en  el contexto de la “guerra contra el narcotráfico” (2006-2018).  El  análisis  de  los  rumores  de  páni-co  implica  adentrarse  en  las  redes  sociales  y  en  diversas fuentes periodísticas para identificar las tendencias  y  la  difusión  de  noticias  de  dudosa  procedencia.  De  manera  complementaria  impli-ca realizar trabajo etnográfico para constatar la incidencia de narcomantas en los espacios urba-nos. La investigación digital demuestra que estos rumores  de  pánico  se  presentan  como  un  per-formance,  es  decir,  como  parte  de  una  drama-tización  de  la  violencia  que  se  distingue  por  su  originalidad, su intensidad emocional y su capa-cidad evocativa, misma que hace posible la con-figuración de los espacios urbanos en espacios liminares, es decir, en espacios que se presentan como indefinidos, intersticiales y peligrosos.

Los rumores son ventanas a un mundo poco reconocido, a los miedos
y esperanzas de la gente, el lugar donde se vislumbran diferentes concepciones del mundo, de la ciencia, la fe, la salud, la enfermedad; son, en
suma, el espacio en donde se captan las maneras de pensar de diferentes
grupos sociales. En este texto se presentarán resultados preliminares de
una investigación que versa sobre distintos rumores acerca del fenómeno del coronavirus que circulan en México en las redes sociodigitales, especialmente en Twitter y Facebook. Se privilegiarán los que han tenido gran impacto social y generado movilizaciones y acciones colectivas.

Considerando a realidade brasileira e os recentes dados epidemiológicos, verifica-se que, após a permanência de
elevadas coberturas vacinais por mais de uma década, sete das principais vacinas do Calendário de Imunizações
tiveram suas taxas de administração reduzidas (PNI, 2018). Em nota, a Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva
(ABRASCO, 2018) explicou esse fato relacionando-o a um contexto político e econômico frágil, falsa sensação
de segurança devido ao desaparecimento de algumas doenças que já não provocam mais surtos e crescente movimento antivacina, incrementado pela divulgação de boatos e fake news contra a efetividade dos imunizantes
e propagação de dados inverídicos sobre mortes e efeitos adversos. Sunstein (2010) contextualiza que muitas
páginas se dedicam a publicar boatos como meio de atrair visitantes, espalhando informações infundadas, na
tentativa de criar um discurso paralelo sobre a ciência e saúde, e que às vezes encontra eco em determinados
nichos. Diante da existência de diversas pesquisas que relacionam a propagação de boatos que viralizam com
os impactos na saúde pública, justifica-se a realização desse estudo, especialmente por focar nas lacunas das
pesquisas mais recentes e publicadas em periódicos como American Journal of Health Education (SOMARIVA
et al., 2018) Computer (FANG et al., 2014) e Health Policy and Technology (WASZAK et al., 2018). A partir do
exposto, o objetivo geral é analisar como os canais não oficiais de saúde tem disseminado boatos sobre vacinas
no Youtube, tendo como foco o caso da febre amarela, de forma a entender como as pessoas consomem essas
informações, por quais motivos acreditam nelas e contribuem para a viralização sem checagem. Para tanto,
foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico sobre os principais estudiosos da área de rumores, sua propagação na
era pré-Internet e o compartilhamento de boatos nas redes sociais. Posteriormente, será realizado um estudo
descritivo, de natureza qualitativa com seguidores de canais do Youtube que atribuem credibilidade aos vídeos
publicados sobre crenças naturais, em oposição à eficácia das vacinas, focando especialmente na febre amarela e
vídeos compartilhados no período dos dois grandes surtos (janeiro de 2017 a março de 2018). O método de coleta de dados será baseado em entrevistas em profundidade, a fim de que se possa compreender as motivações
de quem acredita nessas curas naturais e compartilha esses conteúdos no cotidiano. Assim sendo, o principal
resultado esperado para esse estudo, ainda em andamento, é a compreensão dos fatores que podem motivar o
compartilhamento dessas informações sem checagem pelos consumidores de vídeos no Youtube. A partir disso, busca-se propor estratégias comunicativas mais eficientes para romper o ciclo de viralização dos boatos, de forma que o conteúdo checado possa ter mais credibilidade perante o cidadão, minimizando assim, os perigos que a desinformação traz à saúde pública, especialmente os riscos da não-vacinação.

"Slut-shaming" is the act of criticizing a woman for her real or perceived sexual promiscuity. Until now, much scholarship and journalism has focused on the slut-shaming of school-aged girls and young women. This article broadens the discussion about this harassing behavior by illuminating an overlooked area: slut-shaming in the American workplace. This article focuses on how courts have dealt with hostile work environment cases based in whole or in part on rumors about adult women's alleged sexual promiscuity. In particular, courts have struggled with how to interpret Title VII's seemingly simple requirement that conduct occur "because of' sex. Courts have often failed to recognize the gendered aspect of sexual rumors about women. Due to the continued existence of the sexual double standard, rumors about women who engage in sex acts with men penalize women for violating gender norms.

The article deals with rumors about the death of the Archbishop of Riga, Wilhelm of Brandenburg-Ansbach, which disseminated during July 1556, in the beginning of the conflict called the Coadjutor’s Feud (1556–1557). As the Archbishop had the central role in the Feud, his actual death could have radically changed the course of the conflict, and thus, these rumors need special attention. Based on available sources, this article presents an analysis of the timeframe and possible distributors of this rumor, as well as discussion about possible causes for the spread of this rumor. A letter of Polish king Sigismund II August to Mikołaj Radziwiłł the Red from 20th July 1556, which is deposited in the manuscripts department of the Russian National Library in Saint Petersburg, provides particularly vital knowledge to the exchange of information and spread of these rumors. For this reason, it is published and translated in the end of the article.

Hawk on a Strange Trail: Folkloric, mysterious and fortean motifs and inspirations in the life and works of Jaroslav Foglar.
Jaroslav Foglar (1907–1999, nicknamed „Jestřáb“ — „Hawk“) was a Czech scoutmaster and a prolific and influential author of novels, short stories, comics and practical guides for the youth. The article discusses motifs in his work and life that were influenced by contemporary folklore, Zeitungssagen, forteana and other similar genres. While Foglar was not an author of fantastic or supernatural prose and was strongly inclined to keep a skeptical stance in this manner, he was also able to successfully
build an atmosphere of mystery in his literal works using aforementioned genres as an inspiration. Key topics discussed in the paper are roles and importance of staged hauntings in Foglar’s scout troop, appearance of various urban phantoms in his works and Foglar’s take on the story of disappearance of Charles Ashmore/Oliver Lerch/Olivier Thomas. These examples are further discussed in the context of scouts’ folklore, campfire legends and popular culture of the 20th century.

Free spaces are arenas insulated from the control of elites in organizations and societies. A basic question is whether they incubate challenges to authority. We suggest that free spaces foster collective empowerment when they assemble large numbers of people, arouse intense emotion, trigger collective identities, and enable individuals to engage in costly collective action. We analyze challenges to authority that invite repression: mutinies of regiments in the East India Company's Bengal Native Army in India in 1857. We take advantage of an exogenous source of variation in the availability of free spaces—religious festivals. We predict that mutinies are most likely to occur at or right after a religious festival and find that the hazard of mutiny declines with time since a festival. We expect community ties to offer alternate avenues of mobilization, such as when regiments were stationed close to the towns and villages from which they were recruited. Moreover, festivals are likely to be more potent instantia-tions of free spaces when regiments were exposed to an oppositional identity, such as a Christian mission. Yet even free spaces have a limited ability to trigger collective action, such as when the political opportunity structure is adverse and prospective participants are deterred by greater chances of failure. These predictions are supported by analyses of daily event-history data of mutinies in 1857, suggesting that free spaces are an organizational weapon of the weak and not a substitute for dissent.

Rumors are claims about events or situations that are passed primarily outside official channels and are not based upon substantiated facts. Urban legends are a sub-genre of rumor with a more complete narrative.  Rumor research in social science is limited and sporadic, yet plays a vital role in understanding beliefs, attitudes, emotional states, and worldviews that cannot, or will not, be openly articulated. Both social and technological shifts have influenced the analysis of rumor and urban legends.

This experimental study was carried out by semi-structured interviews, based on a case of the rumors about Ajinomoto seasoning in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, West Africa. It reports that guiding messages are the most effective strategy to influence consumer behavioral intention. The study found that the no-response strategy of ignoring rumors initially pursued by Ajinomoto exacerbated the decline in company sales performance. This study thus recommends that managers, in combating rumors, should be active and adopt strategies that involve consumers and the public passing on rebuttals of such rumors.

This research tries to show that information about COVID-19 affects market arousal indicated by the frequency of transactions, and the market performance shown by Jakarta Composite Index (JCI). The theory used for analysis is the prospect theory and efficient market hypothesis (EMH). The results of statistical analysis indicate that information about COVID has a negative effect on JCI, as well as trading volume the previous day. The evidence can briefly prove that there is an effect of COVID-19 and weakening daily transactions on JCI. The research findings show that the JCI market uncertainty is in line with the VUCA and Prospect theory. In this case, it occurs that uncertainty affects the behavior of investors' decision making. Investors' decision-making behavior is accumulated in market behavior, and is subsequently manifested in index changes in accordance with the efficient market hypothesis. The contribution of this research to the study of financial market behavior is that uncertainty and uncertainty faced by investors affect market behavior and changes as measured by the index.

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This paper hypothesizes that conspiracy theories and rumors are an act of social conformism. The evaluation of their plausibility, and their success, is collectively determinate regarding the established values of an in-group and the social context. In periods of troubles they flourish to reaffirm themselves and strengthen community's ties, structures and leaderships. After a theoretical introduction, I will demonstrate this assumption through a multilevel analysis (macro, meso, micro) which considers a wide range of social situations from the French Revolution to neighborhood conflicts and from open riots to latent crises.

As in the present day, fake news and rumors were among the issues that could threaten peaceful relations between countries during the Ancient Ages. This could have serious consequences for international relations. This paper aims to provide an analysis of the diplomatic activity in the ancient Near East, particularly as practiced between Egypt and the other Great Powers during the fourteenth and thirteenth centuries BCE, focusing on examples of fake news, rumors and disinformation in their correspondence. The main source of evidence for this study is the record of Egyptian–Babylonian and Egyptian–Mittanian communications provided by the Amarna Letters. The study considers how the LBA kings consciously coped with false information from their allies, and what was the point of including false information in the letters and how did the recipients attempt to counter rumors, gossips, fake news and resolve any misunderstandings that might result from such news, along with their interest in maintaining international peace during this period.

News is useful in a situation of disaster for communication, announcement, and request for rescue and so on. Alsoit causes a negative by-product which is spreading rumors. This paper describes how rumors has spread after natural or manmade disasters and emergency situations, and discusses how we can deal with them. We first investigated actual instances of rumors after the disaster. And then we attempted to disclose characteristics of that rumors. Based on the investigation we developed a system which detects candidates of rumors from news and then evaluated it. The result of experiment shows the proposed algorithm can and rumors with acceptable accuracy. Sentiment analysis deals with identifying and classifying opinions &sentiments expressed in thesource text. Social media generates vast amount of sentiment rich data in the form of tweets, status updates, blog posts etc. Sentiment analysis of this user generated useful data is very useful in knowing the opinion of the crowd. Twitter sentiment analysis is difficult as compared to general sentiment analysis due to presence of slang words and misspellings. Knowledge based approach and Machine learning approach are the two strategies used for analyzing sentiments from the text. Public and private opinion about a wide variety of subjects are expressed and spread continually through numerous social media. Twitter is one of the social mediaplatforms that is gaining popularity. Twitter offers various organizations a fast and effective way to analyze customers perspectives toward the critical to success in the market place. Developing program for sentiment analysis is an approach to be used to computationally measure customers perceptions. This project uses knowledge base including various patterns for tweets along with the multiple strategies to detect the sentiment expressed in a tweet and if a tweet is genuine or not. Various machine learning and knowledge based approaches are used to compare patterns and apply strategies and NLP for sentiment analysis.

The journalistic story of Pope's election is complex task for journalists because of information's control. This article analyzes the publication of candidacies and its evolution in the days before the conclave that chose Benedict XVI, april 2005, when there was no access to the information. ABSTRACT SUMARIO: 1. Introducción. 2. Factores de interés periodístico en el cónclave. 3. Cónclave y "apagón" informativo. 4. El cónclave de 2005, en términos informativos. 5. Análisis de la información del precónclave. 6. Conclusiones. 7. Referencias bibliográficas. Cónclave y "apagón" informativo: Información y especulación en la elección de Benedicto XVI MARÍA JOSÉ POU AMÉRIGO [email protected] Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU (Valencia) Recibido: 28 de febrero de 2006 Aceptado: 24 de abril de 2006

Social representations of anti-science amongst Greek Facebook users: the transmission of conspiracy theories as rumors (MSc Thesis)

Η ανάδυση της αντί-επιστήμης είναι ένα φαινόμενο που έχει οξυνθεί τα τελευταία χρόνια και η έκταση που λαμβάνουν τέτοιου είδους αφηγήματα στο διαδίκτυο είναι πρωτοφανής. Το θέμα της παρούσας εργασίας είναι οι κοινωνικές αναπαραστάσεις των Ελλήνων χρηστών του Facebook για τις αντί-επιστημονικές θεωρίες συνωμοσίας, ενώ σε δεύτερο χρόνο εξετάζεται εάν η μετάδοση τέτοιου είδους αφηγημάτων ακολουθεί τη διαδικασία που είχαν περιγράψει οι Allport και Postman (1947) για τη μετάδοση των φημών.


Social representations of anti-science amongst Greek Facebook users: the transmission of conspiracy theories as rumors: The emergence of anti-science has been increased in the past years. The first study of the present dissertation explores the social representations of anti-science conspiracy theories amongst Greek Facebook users, while a second study examines whether the transmission of such narratives follows the procedures described by Allport and Postman (1947) for the transmission of rumors.

Queda claro que cuando se habla del nuevo coronavirus hay más dudas que certezas. Se sabe que la enfermedad se contagia con gran facilidad y rapidez; que, a pesar de que hay gente asintomática que no requiere hospitalización, también existe un alto riesgo de terminar en terapia intensiva y, peor aún, en el cementerio. Pero las dudas se incrementan sobre las múltiples formas del contagio del SARS-CoV 2. Todos los días se difunde nueva información sobre las mutaciones y la propagación de este coronavirus y sus indescifrables formas de contagio. Por ejemplo, si antes se descartaba que el virus se podía propagar a través del aire, ahora se ha puesto en duda esta información y se habla del contagio a través de aerosoles. Vivimos una época de alta hiperconectividad y, por supuesto, tiene grandes ventajas para allegarse información relevante. Pero en esta situación tiene también algunas desventajas, por ejemplo, en la red virtual hay un exceso de información que ha generado una constante ambivalencia con respecto al contagio de la Covid-19. La información fidedigna o generada desde la ciencia epidemiológica y la medicina no siempre es la que tiene una mayor difusión y aceptación en las redes sociales y en distintas aplicaciones digitales. Además, como ya se ha dicho, esta información científica no es concluyente; los conocimientos sobre el nuevo coronavirus se van actualizando constantemente. Por lo tanto, cuando aparece información sin referencia a la ciencia y que asegura resolver una duda con respecto al contagio, se vuelve mucho más contagiosa que la que se difunde de manera oficial. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) alertó de una "infodemia" y en su página oficial ha dedicado una sección para desmentir una serie de noticias e información sobre curas y formas de contagio que se han propagado a través de la red: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/commentaries/detail/coronavirus-infodemic No es la primera vez que las fake news se adelantan en descubrir los enigmas de un contagio o de anunciar medicamentos de una enfermedad incurable. La epidemia de rumores también se propagó con el VIH y con la gripe A-H1N1. Las variables han sido las mismas: las dudas en torno a un peligro de contagio de una nueva enfermedad que atenta contra la vida de los seres humanos desencadenan una propagación de creencias para evitar dicho contagio. Se supone que al estar bien informados los rumores no se propagarían. Pero precisamente este es el problema: ¿qué quiere decir estar bien informado? En la portada de los periódicos digitales, es común encontrar información que podría considerarse contradictoria. Por un lado, los medios oficiales de un país pueden asegurar que ya estará lista la vacuna para evitar el contagio del nuevo coronavirus en tan solo unos meses y, a un lado de esta noticia, la OMS alerta de que no existe evidencia alguna de que la vacuna esté lista para finales del 2020. Esta ambigüedad garantiza que las fake news seguirán inundando las redes digitales.

Nuestro capítulo del libro consiste en una exploración de la lógica de la expansión de rumores y teorías de la conspiración, con atención especial a las surgidas en el contexto de la pandemia del Covid-19 en México.
Combinamos aproximaciones de la psicología y las ciencias sociales.
El último epígrafe está dedicado a presentar recomendaciones.
ISBN 978-607-30-1256-0

Hawk on a Strange Trail: Folkloric, mysterious and fortean motifs and inspirations in the life and works of Jaroslav Foglar Jaroslav Foglar (1907–1999, nicknamed „Jestřáb“ — „Hawk“) was a Czech scoutmaster and a prolific and influential author of novels, short stories, comics and practical guides for the youth. The article discusses motifs in his work and life that were influenced by contemporary folklore, Zeitungs sagen, forteana and other similar genres. While Foglar was not an author of fantastic or supernatural prose and was strongly inclined to keep a skeptical stance in this manner, he was also able to successfully build an atmosphere of mystery in his literal works using aforementioned genres as an inspiration. Key topics discussed in the paper are roles and importance of staged hauntings in Foglar’s scout troop, appearance of various urban phantoms in his works and Foglar’s take on the story of disappearance of Charles Ashmore/Oliver Lerch/Olivier Thomas. These examples are ...