Displaced Persons

The global refugee crisis reveals refugees and other forcibly displaced persons (FDP) are uniquely vulnerable consumers on a dynamic pathway precipitated by trigger events that have disrupted or fractured marketing systems requisite for safety and well-being, resulting in dangerous journeys to temporary or permanent settlements. The Syrian Conflict is introduced to contextualize the challenges along the pathway and to show that a more Humanitarian Marketing System, spanning time, space and other systems, brings opportunities for governments, NGOs and businesses to cooperate and to provide FDP with resources, which enhance connectedness, reduce vulnerabilities and suffering, illuminate good practices and enable FDP to flourish when resettled. The authors discuss research-opportunities to facilitate further understanding, to develop and repair marketing systems, and to enhance the well-being of FDP and other stakeholders of the crisis.

Family Matters: The Family as a Resource for the Mental, Social, and Relational Wellbeing of Migrants, Asylum Seekers, and Other Displaced Populations

Vincenzo Di Nicola and Suzan Song

World Association of Social Psychiatry (WASP) Textbook of Social Psychiatry
Oxford University Press, forthcoming

Abstract

This chapter addresses the role of the family in the mental, social and relational wellbeing of migrants – immigrants, refugees, and displaced children, adolescents, and adults (hereafter referred to as “migrants”). Starting with a review of the ecosocial changes in a family after migration to new countries, cultures, and contexts, we will then discuss how clinicians can respond to the unique challenges for displaced families using a family-based approach. This requires a basic epistemological shift towards families and communities when dealing with migration and trauma. The key notion is that families are the crucible for socialization and belonging and crucial resources for the care, support, and healing of its members. 

First, it is important to understand the difference between individual and family functioning, using relational psychology. The family genogram is presented as an information-gathering tool (McGoldrick, et al., 2008). A brief overview of this approach based in systems theory, family therapy, and other relational therapies is offered, noting that these approaches were founded on more or less stable social and cultural contexts. The first challenge for clinicians with displaced persons is to add a socio-cultural dimension to sensitize them to working with families across cultures (see Di Nicola, 1985a, 1985b, 1997, 1998), appreciating changing definitions of families, and understanding families in light of globalization and Global Mental Health (Cohen, et al., 2013; Patel & Prince, 2010; Di Nicola, 2012). A cultural genogram helps the clinician understand the family’s culture of origin. The second challenge is to appreciate how family functioning is affected by disasters and conflicts leading to displacement, including migration and refugee status. These dislocations not only disrupt family functioning in the culture of origin (enculturation), but demand adaptation to other cultures (acculturation). This is often not a unitary process but a sequential one, requiring multiple adaptations, leading to the creation of a new, synthetic refugee culture.

Some of the clinical challenges for the clinician include family fragmentation (Sluzki, 1979, 1992) and new family configurations, exposure to traumatic incidents, and differential effects of fragmentation and trauma across the domains of age (with unique challenges for refugee youth, elderly and special needs), gender (with special sensitivity to how LGBTQ issues morph across culture), culture (including language, religion, and social class), and other aspects of identity and belonging. Critical issues include the need to balance dealing with loss while promoting healthy adaptations to new realities, using the resources of the family, including all of its members and the community of care in its new contexts.

Keywords: family assessment, family therapy, migrant and refugee families, displaced persons, globalization, Global Mental Health, trauma

After the end of World War II, millions of people were uprooted all over Europe. After realizing that many of those people did not want to return to their former places of origin, the United Nations founded the International Refugee Organization (IRO) to repatriate those displaced persons (DPs) who wanted to return home and to resettle refugees who did not in other countries. Venezuela was neither actively involved in World War II, nor (at that time) in the approaching Cold War. Nevertheless, this "third world" country became involved, both in the political discussion about the international resettlement program, and as the receiving country of 17,000 DPs. In this context, the paper asks who was resettled in Venezuela and in what way those people were able to influence and negotiate their resettlement in Venezuela. The paper thus focusses on the agency of DPs and the IRO's decision-making processes in their European field offices.

This project will assess the instrumental role UNRRA played in the rehabilitation of displaced persons in the occupied zones of Germany after World War II. It will focus on the people and children worst affected and how they were capable of survival after liberation. It will address issues faced by DPs in the centres and camps they were forced to inhabit until they were able to move on and live their lives free of starvation and abuse. The project will not only look at the destruction through the eyes of displaced persons but will also look to the relief workers and how they aided in their rehabilitation through the organisation of the camps and administration of medical relief. It will assess the reconstruction of post-war Europe through the people’s perspective. It will consider the effects UNRRA had on DPs and its success in the containment of disease. The threat of contagion in Greece was at a critical stage after the war and rather than highlight effects it had on the country, this project will look at the people specifically and how UNRRA aided in the elimination of typhoid, malaria, and tuberculosis. This project will show the significant role UNRRA played in the lives of the displaced persons of Europe and how they aided in providing them with the means to rebuild their lives from the ground up.

Between 1946 and 1951, roughly one million European refugees and Displaced Persons (DPs) – mainly survivors of the National Socialist (NS) terror and Eastern Europeans who feared persecution in or by the Soviet Union – were resettled all over the world as part of the work of the International Refugee Organization (IRO). To investigate appeals for assistance and resettlement, the IRO designed a questionnaire, the CM/1 form. These questionnaires have been available for research in the holdings of the Arolsen Archives since 2007.
This study explores to what extent and under what conditions the negotiation of forced migration can be analytically detailed in these CM/1 forms and related documents. This study argues that the CM/1 files are a unique historical source for exploring the negotiation of forced migration after the Second World War and the agency of the actors involved. It must be kept in mind however, that the IRO project was based on at least three overlapping aims, several actors were involved in the negotiations of the resettlement and the setting of the negotiations was based on peculiarities that have to be approached on a theoretical basis.

Book Review of Ron Vossler.  Hitler's Basement:  My Search for Truth, Light, and the Forgotten Executioners of Ukraine's Kingdom Of Death.  Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois:  Green Ivy Publishing, 2016.  In:  Yearbook of German American Studies, Vol. 51 (2016) (Society for German American Studies) (Lawrence, KS:  University of Kansas, 2017).  Pp. 247-252.

By Eric J. Schmaltz

http://sgas.org/publications/

Following seven previous successful editions of this leading conference series on risk and resilience, held in different regions of the globe, this 8th edition of the International Conference on Building Resilience took place for the first time in Portugal, being organized by the University of Lisbon, in collaboration with the Universities of Coimbra and Huddersfield, and held in the premises of the Lisbon University Institute (ISCTE-IUL), between 14 and 16 November 2018.
We feel honoured for having this opportunity of organizing a conference that becomes a reference on the annual calendar of those interested in disaster-related sciences. By bridging the gap between designers, disaster managers, and humanitarian and development practitioners, the ICBR has been promoting a vast interdisciplinary network aimed at strengthening and disseminating a culture of risk and resilience.
We have embraced in 2018 the theme “Risk and Resilience in Practice: Vulnerabilities, Displaced People, Local Communities and Heritages” for the 8th ICBR with the goal of addressing some of the most challenging and pressing issues that concern academia, public administrations, the private sector, civil society and, last but not least, local populations, whom our individual and shared efforts are meant to impact in a positive way. In light of the more than 600 quality submissions (papers and posters) that were received from more than 50 countries, this choice seems to have been particularly inspiring. Indeed, the Conference brought together excellent pieces of research and amazing projects focusing on disaster risk reduction, disaster preparedness, post-disaster rebuilding and recovery, humanitarian architecture, gender issues and resilience in general. Complementing the significant set of conference publication outputs (five books and four special issues) this book reunites the half of the participants' papers presented to the conference after reviewed by the scientific committee.

Das Gebiet rund um die Möhlstraße in Bogenhausen in München entwickelte sich nach Kriegsende zu einem Zentrum jüdischen Lebens, da sich dort viele internationale Hilfsorganisationen ansiedelten, die für die jüdischen Überlebenden und Flüchtlinge (Displaced Persons) erste Anlaufstation waren.  Sehr bald entstand auch ein reger Schwarzmarkt, der einer der bekanntesten und langlebigsten Schwarzmärkte im Deutsschland der Nachkriegszeit werden sollte und sich dabei „beinahe zur Legende“ entwickelte, wie es der Historiker Willi Boelcke in seinem Gesamtwerk zum Schwarzmarktwesen beschreibt. Viel ihrer Berühmtheit verdankte die mythenumrankte Möhlstraße der Münchner Polizei, die mit aller Härte gegen den Schwarzmarkt vorging. Auf diesem Verhalten der Polizei liegt deswegen der Fokus dieser Arbeit. Dabei stellen sich folgende Fragen: Wie sah die Münchner Polizei den Schwarzmarkt in der Möhlstraße? Was waren die Hintergründe ihres Handelns? Und wie reagierte die Öffentlichkeit auf die Aktionen der Polizei?

This article situates the experiences of Baltic, Jewish, and Polish Displaced Persons within the overlapping stories of occupation policy, refugee circumstances, the gathering Cold War, and the process of rebuilding Germany. Using evidence from both the British and American Zones of Occupation, it explains the symbiotic processes of labeling the various groups of the uprooted and the shifting feelings of empathy that occupation authorities experienced for them. The connections between logistics and policy during mass population movements figure in this account, but the author focuses on shortages in housing and employment to trace reevaluations of who was most deserving of assistance.

Zakończenie drugiej wojny światowej na Starym Kontynencie w pełni ukazało zbrodniczą działalność niemieckiego reżimu totalitarnego. W Europie Zachodniej przebywały miliony więźniów obozów koncentracyjnych, obozów pracy, robotników przymusowych, byłych jeńców wojennych, w tym ponad półtora miliona Polaków. Zadaniem sojuszniczych sił okupacyjnych, w tym oddziałów Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie, była natychmiastowa pomoc poszkodowanym, umożliwienie powrotu do krajów pochodzenia, a także zapewnienie opieki tym, którzy z różnych powodów nie mogli lub nie chcieli powrócić do swoich ojczyzn. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie charakterystyki polskich dipisów i ich problemów, zamieszczonej na łamach polskiej prasy wojskowej wydawanej w okupowanych Niemczech.

An evacuation of about 350,000 ethnic Germans from Nazi-occupied Ukraine to the Polish Warthegau occurred between late 1943 and mid-1944. In an improvised response to the Red Army's steady, westward advance, the SS began to integrate ethnic Germans into " Greater " Germany upon completion of racial screening at its Immigration Main Office in Lodz, which served as the Nazi equivalent of " Ellis Island " for all of Europe's ethnic Germans (the so-called Volksdeutsche). The " Long Trek " on foot or by wagon and train represented one part of a broader humanitarian crisis that afflicted Central and Eastern Europe under both the Nazis and Soviet Communists, including above all Hitler's Holocaust (1941-1945) and Stalin's mass deportation of thirteen nationality groups (including ethnic Germans) to remote special settlements in the east (1938-1951). One distinguishing feature of the ethnic German experience in Ukraine was that this minority group found itself caught between two powerful rival ideologies and thus twice endured forced mass-population transfers. The fate of ethnic Germans in Nazi-held Poland also highlighted the stark racial dichotomy of Hitler's New Order. The SS in Lodz processed ethnic Germans into the Third Reich just as that city's Jewish population, Europe's last major Ghetto, faced liquidation. About 20,000-25,000 of Ukraine's ethnic Germans died on the trek west. After the war, more than 200,000 Soviet citizens of German nationality under Allied agreements suffered repatriation from occupied Germany to Soviet Siberia and Central Asia. Roughly 30,000 out of the 75,000 permitted to remain in postwar West Germany chose to leave Europe after 1948 as Displaced Persons (DP's) for destinations in the Western Hemisphere and Australia. Jews, Poles, and ethnic German minorities comprised the three primary DP groups during this time. Consequently, the years of upheaval, repression and even mass murder diminished Eastern Europe's ethnic diversity and longstanding historical communities.

The book contains an unknown paper on the history of Friuli 1943-1960 approximately (in Italian language). There are many testimonies Julian Dalmatian exodus towards Udine, which was a safe haven for many exiles from Istria, Fiume and Dalmatia, as Trieste was under Anglo-American control until 1954 and Gorizia was broken in two with Yugoslavia. Finally, there is the story of the Hub will Refugee Udine (“N. 4 Allied Military Government – Displaced Persons Centre Udine”), from which passed through more than one hundred thousand refugees (called “Displaced persons”) fleeing the violence of Communists since the end of World War II until 1960, when it closed its doors.

Resumo A partir de 2013 a Venezuela passou a testemunhar um movimento emigratório que tomaria grandes proporções nos anos subsequentes. Até recentemente, dentre os destinos dos migrantes venezuelanos o Brasil não figurava entre os mais significativos. No entanto, a partir de 2015 tal conjectura se modificou e o Estado brasileiro começou a receber um fluxo contínuo e crescente de nacionais venezuelanos. Este trabalho visa analisar e descrever os aspectos da crise humanitária instaurada na Venezuela, vislumbrada como o motivo da fuga dos cidadãos venezuelanos para diversos Estados americanos, bem como discorrer sobre a proteção jurídica internacional e nacional dos migrantes indígenas venezuelanos no Brasil A pesquisa é justificada por oportunizar o aprofundamento do estudo sobre a proteção desses migrantes indígenas, sob a ótica do Direito. Para tanto, utiliza-se o método dedutivo qualitativo em uma pesquisa exploratória de referencial bibliográfico. Por derradeiro, assevera-se a dificuldade dos órgãos nacionais em implementar políticas públicas que visem manter a autonomia de tais sujeitos e sua identidade indígena. Palavras-chave: Crise humanitária; Migração venezuelana; Migrantes indígenas 1 INTRODUÇÃO Hodiernamente nota-se que a República Bolivariana da Venezuela se encontra submersa em uma crise humanitária acarretada em decorrência dos sucessivos problemas econômicos, políticos, sociais e sanitários que afetam esse Estado desde 2013 e se intensificaram no período compreendido entre 2015 e 2018, motivando o movimento emigratório de uma grande parcela dos nacionais venezuelanos para distintos Estados americanos, dentre os quais se destacam, a Colômbia, o Equador, o Chile e, de maneira residual o Brasil. Neste sentido, verifica-se que o Estado brasileiro já recebeu aproximadamente 30 mil nacionais venezuelanos (MAHLKE; YAMAMOTO, 2017, p. 50), chamando a atenção a presença de

Presentation held at the 22nd Workshop on the History and Memory of National Socialist Camps and Extermination Sites in Budapest Oct 21, 2017. The title and topic of this year was "Practices of Memory and Knowledge Production”.

For more information about the workshop:
https://workshopnscampsandexterminationsites.com/22nd-workshop-in-budapest/

The paper will be published in the upcoming collective volume.

This report examines land access, disputes, and dispute resolution in Timor-Leste, using findings from the justice module included in an extension of the 2007 Timor-Leste Survey of Living Standards (TLSLS2) and a review of relevant social-science literature. The extension survey (TLSLSx) revisited a nationally representative subsample of the TLSLS2 between April and October 2008. The respondent for the justice module was randomly selected to be the household head or his/her spouse, and the TLSLSx revisited 1,716 respondents across Timor-Leste's thirteen districts. Survey topics included: (1) access to information and decision making; (2) opinions and knowledge of the law; (3) trust and local institutions; and (4) dispute resolution. Findings from this survey have been summarized in three short briefing papers focusing on land and conflict, youth perspectives, and community trust and decision making.

When Latvian-American psychologist David P. Boder published the first article on his 1946 interview project with displaced persons in Europe, he had to convince his American audience that his interviewees were “not the scum of humanity […] but people composed of all classes of society […] who [had] been dislocated by a world catastrophe” (Boder 1947). The psychologist tried to understand the traumatic impacts caused by the experiences in national socialist camps and ghettos and his study of the stories about “unprecedented suffering” resulted in a new terminology: Boder explored a “deculturation of personality” (Boder 1954). For the psychologist, the 1946 interviews were human documents and sources of knowledge production. Half a century later the purpose of interviewing victims of the Holocaust has changed significantly. In the “era of the witness” (Wieviroka 2006) the former victims are honored and recognized as survivors. With the “celebratory discourse on testimony” (Greenspan 2010) comes the expectation that witnesses should convey ‘moral lessons’ from the Holocaust. But what can be learned from their stories and do we expect survivors to ‘heal’ society through testimony?
I will reconsider this shift from Boder’s early research on trauma to the pedagogical framework of survivors’ legacies and lessons. The aim is to show how Boder’s approach differs from concepts concerning the genre of Holocaust testimony today. Therefore, I will compare the audio interview Boder conducted with Janina Binder in 1946 with the video-interviews the USC Shoah Foundation and the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum recorded with her some 50 to 60 years later. Not only the interpretation of the various experiences altered during the process of retelling but also the very concept of testimony changed significantly.

N ota badak ida ne'e ezamina aspeitu entre jerasaun hosi involvimentu komunidade, konfiansa 2 no autoridade, no partisipasaun resolusaun/disputa iha Timor-Leste, uza rezultadus hosi modul justisa nian nebe inkluidu iha estensaun ida hosi levantamentu (survei) ba padraun moris iha 2007 iha Timor-Leste (TLSLS2) no revisaun ida ba literatura sientifika sosial nebé relevante. 3 hein katak relatoriu ida ne'e sei sai hanesan fontes nebe iha valor ba funsionarius publiku, organizasaun sosiedade sivil, ajensias doadores nebe serbisu hamutuk ho foinsa'e iha Timor-Leste. Estensaun levantamentu ne'e (TLSLSx) atu haré fila fali subsampel ida nebé reprezenta nasional hosi TLSLS2 entre fulan Abril no Outubru 2008. 4 Respondenti ba modul justisa nian hetan selesaun asidentalmente sai hanesan xefe uma kain ou sira nia espoza, no i tópikus nebeé inklui mak hanesan (1) assesu ba informasaun no halo desizaun; (2) opiniaun no koñesimentu konaba lei;

[Eng] The end of World War II polarized Europe into two opposite political blocks. Among the huge mass of displaced Polish persons who were present in the western occu- pation zones of Germany and then in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), intelligence institutions were looking for candidates for the mission of so-called
“communication with the country”. Simultaneously, the security apparatus of com- munist Poland was developing its potential by infiltrating not only Polish circles in the western occupation zones and in the FRG, but mainly for any signs of activ- ities unfavourably affecting the communist regime. From the first post-war years, the mass nature of the intelligence actions was the reason why the western allies managed to achieve many successful missions within the territory of Poland. On the other hand, the mass aspect and poorly chosen group of collaborators in the spy networks very soon contributed to their quick detection, arrest and liquidation. Consequently, many candidates participated in suicide missions and immediately got into the hands of the communist security services.

[PL] Zakończenie drugiej wojny światowej spowodowało podział Europy na dwa przeciw- stawne bloki polityczne. Wśród ogromnej masy polskich dipisów, która znajdowała się w zachodnich strefach okupacyjnych Niemiec, a następnie w RFN, instytucje wywiadowcze poszukiwały kandydatów do tzw. misji łączności z krajem. Równolegle aparat bezpieczeństwa komunistycznej Polski rozbudowywał swój potencjał, infiltru- jąc nie tylko polskie środowiska w zachodnich strefach okupacyjnych oraz w RFN, ale przede wszystkim wszelkie przejawy działalności godzącej w komunistyczny reżim. Od pierwszych powojennych lat masowy charakter działalności wywiadowczej do- prowadził do tego, że aliantom zachodnim udało się zrealizować wiele udanych misji na terenie Polski. Jednak masowość i źle dobrana grupa współpracowników siatek wywiadowczych bardzo szybko przyczyniły się do ich szybkiej dekonspiracji, areszto- wań i likwidacji. W rezultacie wielu kandydatów brało udział w misjach praktycznie samobójczych i natychmiast trafiło w ręce komunistycznej bezpieki.

in : Clara Lecadet et Jean-Frédéric de Hasque (dir.), "Après les camps. Traces, mémoires et mutations des camps de réfugiés", ed. Academia, 2019.

"Par un voyage exploratoire sur les traces des camps de déplacés de l’après 1945 en Allemagne et en Autriche, Julia Maspero interroge les conditions de possibilité d’une mémoire collective DP. La rareté des traces laissées par ces camps suggère que le caractère temporaire du statut DP, conçu par les premières institutions en charge des réfugiés après la Seconde Guerre mondiale pour qualifier et fournir une assistance aux millions de personnes condamnées à l’errance et à l’exil dans une Europe en ruines, ainsi que l’hétérogénéité des appartenances nationales et religieuses des DPs, ont finalement empêché la constitution d’une mémoire propre liée à la condition et au statut de déplacé. Il a fallu que celui-ci s’inscrive dans une identité collective déjà existante, comme ce fut le cas des déplacés juifs de la ville de Hohenems en Autriche, pour que la trace de leur passage puisse être marquée. C’est donc bien aux conditions de possibilité de la mise en œuvre d’une mémoire commune, et à sa matérialisation ou à sa non-matérialisation dans l’espace traversé que nous renvoie la quasi-disparition des traces des camps de déplacés mis en place dans la période de l’après 1945 en Europe. Et ce retour sur les camps de déplacés interroge plus généralement la possibilité d’une mémoire de l’exil et le déni des épreuves qui lui sont inhérentes."

Der vorliegende Artikel untersucht die Beziehungen zwischen Deutschen und Displaced Persons (DPs) in der Nachkriegszeit. Ein Fokus liegt dabei auf ukrainischen DPs. Es wird gezeigt, wie die weitgehende Separation von der deutschen Mehrheitsgesellschaft zur Entstehung gut entwickelter Parallelgesellschaften beitrug, die zunächst beiderseits befürwortet wurden - wenn auch mit unterschiedlichen Motivationen. Als Konsequenz der massenhaften Auswanderung verloren die nationalen Mikrokosmen der DP-Camps Ende der 1940er Jahre ihre positiven Eigenschaften, während die Feindlichkeit der Umgebung bestehen blieb. Die über den Untergang des Nationalsozialismus hinaus bestehende Separation von "Ausländern" gegenüber Deutschen belastete ihre Behandlung in der BRD nachhaltig.

AACRAO is a non-profit, voluntary, professional association of more than 11,000 higher education professionals representing approximately 2,600 institutions in more than 40 countries. Its commitment to the professional development of its members includes best practice guidance on admissions strategies to meet institutional diversity objectives, delivery of academic programs in innovative ways to meet the needs of a changing student body, and exemplary approaches to student retention and completion.

In 1944-5, the liberation of Europe triggered massive, irregular population movements on a scale the continent had never witnessed before or has seen since. With these movements, a radical change of perspective took place for those who moved, especially for the survivors of the Holocaust. In 1948, the newsletter of the Farband fun Vilner yidn in Poyln [Association of Vilna Jews in Poland], which had been established in 1946 in Lodz, expressed this in the following words:

The refugee situation in Thailand has lasted for 30 years in a protracted situation. An encampment policy has been employed by the Thai state to deal with this protracted issue. In refugee camps in Thailand, special regulations related to security policies, such as restriction of movement and employment, have been enforced for displaced persons from Myanmar living in the camps. Under these conditions, displaced persons have turned into passive actors waiting for humanitarian assistance.

Based on qualitative methods including semi-structured interviews and in-depth interviews with key informants, and non-participant observation for data collection in Mae La refugee camp and in Mae Sot District, located in Tak province, this thesis examines how displaced persons from Myanmar in refugee camp can be considered strategic agents through studying identification documents used in refugee camps and border towns. The thesis aims to see how displaced persons engage themselves with the regime of identification in the context of refugee camps and border towns in Thailand in order to access to assistances, better rights, and protection.
The three concepts of ―State of Exception, ―Governmentality and ―Technology of power have been used to describe the regime of identification in refugee camps and border towns. State of exception is used to explain how refugee camps and border towns are exceptional spaces. The terms ―Governmentality and ―Technology of power are used to explain how the Thai state and humanitarian agencies used identification documents to identify and verify displaced persons for the purposes of management and regulation.
This thesis illustrates that displaced persons in Mae La refugee camp have learnt how to live and use identification documents to access humanitarian assistance and protection. In addition, this study finds that characteristics of Mae Sot District lead displaced persons to use various kinds of identification documents to negotiate rights to work, education and citizenship. Identification documents are thus not a technology of power to control displaced persons. Rather, they are reversed by displaced persons to seek better opportunities. Displaced persons should not be seen as passive actors, but rather strategic actors who have learnt how to negotiate with controlled power for better assistance, rights, and protection.

Forced migration has many causes and takes many forms. People leave because of persecution, human rights violations, repression, confl ict, natural and human-made disasters, and environmental hazards. Th rough most of the 20 th century, international protection was focused-if at all-on persons who had crossed international borders in seek of refuge from war and persecution. Th is article asks if the responsibility to protect concept-applied heretofore to persons displaced by confl ict and repression-could usefully provide a framework for determining who among the broader category of forced migrants should be of concern to the international community. It sets out criteria under which the refugee regime would appropriately be the mechanism through which the international community would respond to these new displacements. I argue that the UN High Commissioner for Refugees has evolved to protect persons whose own governments cannot or will not provide such protection. Other UN and international agencies, such as the International Organization for Migration, have a demonstrated capacity to provide assistance to persons displaced by natural disasters and environmental hazards, but only UNHCR has a history of providing protection to displaced populations.

In this research, the status of territorial adjustments and persons who will be potentially effected from these adjustments, are examined. With this point of view, the fundamental objective in this research is to demonstrate the problems that will be faced by the individuals who will be displaced.
In the Ghali’s Set of Ideas which emerged in 1992, the land issue and the issue of immigrants/locals related to it, appears to be a controversial subject. Actually this subject, by itself, is identified as a problem because the issue of immigrants/locals cannot be perceived separately from the issue of territorial adjustments. The main problem arising in relation to this subject is the situation of displaced people who will be accommodated in territories to be turned over to Greek Administration or people who will be accommodated in territories belonging to the other community. In this context, persons who will be affected by territorial adjustments, will be entitled to stay in the relevant territory or settle to the territory enclosed by the boundaries of the federal state ruled by his/her own community. However arrangements anent territorial adjustments will be set before implementation of displacement and will be up to a satisfactory implementation.
Besides, property claims of Greek and Turkish Cypriots will be fully accepted. However related applications will be subject to a certain calenderical restriction. These applications will have to be in accordance with the practical arrangements of 1977 Summit Treaty, social peace and harmony, essentials of social order and measure of justice. A limited number of immigrants from Turkey will be allowed to stay in the island and the rest will be deported back to Turkey.
Bu araştırmada, Kıbrıs’ta bulunacak bir çözümde toprak düzenlemelerinin ve bu düzenlemelerden etkilenecek kişilerin durumu ele alınmıştır. Bundan hareketle araştırmadaki temel amaç, toprak düzenlemelerine ilişkin olarak yer değiştirecek kişilerin karşılaşabileceği problemlerden söz edilmiştir.
1992 yılında ortaya çıkan Gali Fikirler Dizisi’nde, toprak meselesi ve bununla ilgili göçmenler/yerleşikler mevzusu, ciddi bir tartışma konusudur. Aslında bu mevzu, başlı başına bir sorun olma hüviyetindedir. Zira göçmenler/yerleşikler konusu, toprak düzenlemelerinden ayrı düşünülmemesi gereken bir husustur. Bu konuyla ilgili olarak ortaya çıkan başlıca sorun, Rum yönetimine verilecek veya toplumlardan birine mensup olup da öteki toplum tarafından yönetilecek bölgede ikâmet edecek yer değiştirmiş kişilerin ne olacağıdır. Bundan hareketle toprak ayarlamalarından etkilenecek kişiler, ilgili bölgede kalma ya da kendi toplumlarınca yönetilecek federe devletin sınırları içinde yerleşme hakkına sahip olacaklardır. Ancak toprak ayarlamalarına ilişkin düzenlemeler, yer değiştiren kişilerle ilgili işlemlerin yerine getirilmesinden önce ve tatmin edici bir şekilde uygulanmasına bağlı olacaktır.
Bunun yanı sıra Kıbrıslı Rum ve Türk toplumuna ait mülk iddiaları da tamamıyla kabul edilecektir. Ancak bununla ilgili başvurular, belli bir takvim sınırlamasıyla karşılaşacaktır. Bu türden başvurular 1977 Doruk Antlaşması’nın pratik düzenlemelerine, sosyal barışın ve uyumun sağlanmasına, belirlenen toplumsal düzenlemenin esaslarına ve adalet nisabına uygun olmasına bağlı olacaktır. Türkiye’den gelen göçmenler ise sınırlı sayıda adada bulunmak kaydıyla Türkiye’ye geri gönderileceklerdir.