Recreational Activities

There is increasing awareness of the damage caused to valuable and often unique sensitive habitats by people pressure as degradation causes a loss of plant species, disturbance to wildlife, on-site and off-site impacts of soil movement and loss, and visual destruction of pristine environments. This research developed a new perspective on the problem of recreational induced environmental degradation by assessing the physical aspects of soil erosion using the fallout radionuclide caesium-137 ( 137 Cs). Temporal sampling problems have not successfully been overcome by traditional research methods monitoring footpath erosion and, to date, the 137 Cs technique has not been used to estimate longer-term soil erosion in regard to sensitive recreational habitats. The research was based on-sites within Dartmoor National Park (DNP) and the South West Coast Path (SWCP) in south-west England. 137 Cs inventories were reduced on the paths relative to the reference inventory (control), indicating loss of soil from the path areas. The Profile Distribution Model estimated longer-term erosion rates (ca. 40 years) based on the 137 Cs data and showed that the combined mean soil loss for all the sites on 'paths' was 1.41 kg m À2 yr À1 whereas the combined 'off path' soil loss was 0.79 kg m À2 yr À1 , where natural (non-recreational) soil redistribution processes occur. Recreational pressure was shown to increase erosion in the long-term, as greater soil erosion occurred on the paths, especially where there was higher visitor pressure.

This case study involved 3 middle school students in an assessment of the influence of self-reflection on general academic performance. It was hypothesized that increased self-reflection would have a positive influence on academic performance as measured by grades on tests, writing assignments, and homework. The participants were ages 13.4, 13.5, and 13.8. The study covered 3 months and was divided into two stages. During the first stage (month 1), the participants kept daily logs of all activities and were asked to write in their personal journals for 15 min each day. Logs indicated that participants devoted an average of 42.2 hrs per week to watching TV, playing computer and video games, listening to music, and talking on the telephone. During the second stage (months 2 and 3), participants limited TV, computer and video games, music, and telephone time to 30 min per day; in the time made free thereby, they were to read, sit quietly, write in their journals, meet with friends, and so on, provided these activities did not include any of the proscribed activities. Two of the participants dropped out of the study within 2 weeks, stating that they could not bear the lack of electronic activities. The remaining participant succeeded in modifying her schedule, followed by improvement in overall academic performance. ________________________________

Despite emerging evidence that access to greenspace is associated with longer life expectancy, little is understood about what causal mechanisms may explain this relationship. Based on social-ecological theories of health, greenspace has multifaceted potential to influence mortality but the potential alternative mediating pathways have not been empirically tested. This study evaluates relationships between access to greenspace, walking and mortality. Firstly, we test for an association between access to greenspace and self-reported levels of walking using a survey of 165,424 adults across England collected during 2007 and 2008. Negative binomial regression multilevel models were used to examine associations between greenspace access and self reported number of days walked in the last month, in total and for recreational and health purposes, after controlling for relevant confounders. Secondly we use an area level analysis of 6781 middle super output areas across England to examine i...

We aimed to assess the impacts of recreational trampling on rare species, plant communities and landscape structure in the Iroise Biosphere Reserve (western France). Focusing on coastal grasslands, we first identified indicators discriminating human-induced short grasslands (i.e. maintained short by intensive trampling) from natural short grasslands (i.e. maintained by environmental constraints): the presence of lichens and succulent or woody species, which are known to be highly sensitive to trampling, as well as a shallow soil were good indicators of natural short grasslands. Recreational activities affected the majority of plots containing rare species, but one third of rare species (according to their habitat preference) appeared currently not threatened by recreational activities. The other rare species were found in grasslands with low trampling intensity and were not found in grasslands with greater trampling intensity. One lichen species (Teloshistes flavicans) was not affec...

This guide is based on the work of a team of landscape and educational consultants led by Keith Funnell, and comprising Valerie Alford, Don Denegri, Sally Johns and Bob Young. There was also a substantial input by the Learning through Landscapes team of Bill Lucas, Wendy Titman and Joan Wood. DfEE would like to thank all of them and also the following organisations and individuals for their help and advice:

This study examined the concurrent relationship between participation in extracurricular activities and externalizing and internalizing problems and social school behavior in a Spanish community sample, separately for boys (n 5 439) and girls (n 5 428), enrolled in 2nd, 4th, or 6th grades. emotional and behavioral adjustment and social competence. Overall, the relations were low and different according to gender, type of activity, and informant. Better adjustment was more related to participation in sports activities in boys and to participation in nonsports activities in girls. Size effect was higher for girls and decreased for both boys and girls when parental education and parenting practices were considered. Findings supported previous results obtained in American adolescents. C 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

... Baggrund og perspektiver [Curricula in day care centres. Background and perspectives] , Edited by: Ellegaard, T. and Stanek, AH 165–84. ... [Taylor & Francis Online] View all references, 379) still seems to be a challenge for future pedagogical practice. ...

An amusement park is a large physics laboratory, full of rotating and accelerated coordinate systems. The forces are experienced throughout the body and can be studied with simple equipment or with electronics depending on age and experience. In this paper, we propose adaptations of classical physics experiments for use on traditional rides.

A Nemzeti Táncszínház és az ELTE PPK Egészségfejlesztési és Sporttudományi Intézete között évek óta fennálló, sikeres működő kapcsolat alakult ki, amelyben óriási szerepe volt Kovács Tamás Attilának (a „hazai rekreáció atyjának”) és Szollás Erzsébetnek.
A színházi műfaj az előadó-művészeti törvény meghatározása szerint: „prózai, zenés, táncos színpadi művek előadásával foglalkozó előadó-művészeti szervezet, ide értve a bábszín-házat, befogadó színházat, produkciós színházat, független színházat, szabadtéri színházat, nemzetiségi színházat.” (2008. évi XCIX. törvény az előadó-művészeti szervezetek támogatásáról és sajátos foglalkoztatási szabályairól 44. § (33.))

Habár a szabadidő eltöltés története az őskorig visszavezethető, az ettől tartalmában eltérő rekreáció viszonylag fiatal tudományként definiálható. Általánosságban a rekreáció, s hangsúlyosabban a nem-mozgás-dominanciájú rekreáció részterületén is még sok potenciál rejlik a tudományos, kutatási háttérben, mind nemzetközi, mind hazai viszonylatban. Sajnos az elméleti rendszertan is kevésbé mondható egységesnek sem a mozgásos, sem az ettől eltérő nem-mozgás-dominanciájú területen. Ám a módszertan, amely a mozgásos szférához kapcsolódóan már évtizedek óta alakul és folyamatosan fejlődik, a nem-mozgás-dominanciájú területen nagyon hiányos, vagy kis mértékben publikált csak, de további nehézsége a szerteágazó mivolta is.
A tanulmány célja szemléltetni ezt a sokféleképp megjelenő elméleti hátteret, a szó- és tartalom-használat különbözőségeket, hangsúlyosan a nem-mozgás-dominanciájú rekreáció területén.
Kutatási módszerként hazai és külföldi szakirodalmak tanulmányozására, s egy lehetséges „Best practice” elemként a „Recreation” magazin 1-8. évfolyamában megjelent nem-mozgás- dominanciájú rekreációval kapcsolatos közlemények rendszerezésére került sor.
Although the free time / leisure time (activities?) can be trace back until the prehistory, ‘recreation’, different in content from this, could be defined as a young branch of sciences. There is a potential generally in the field of recreation, and with bigger focus on the non-motor-dominant (or could be called intellectual? or cultural?) recreation for scientific or research knowledge, in international and national relation, too. Unfortunately, neither the theoretical taxonomy could be defined unified (in both subareas), contrary to the methodology, that since decades shapes and develops according to the motor sphere (sports).
Aim of this study is to exemplify the theoretical background that appears in many ways, and the differencies in using of words/phrases and content (tools), particularly in the sphere of the non-motor-dominant recreation.
As research method national and international publications were studied. As a possible „Best practice” element, articles related to the topic of non-motor-dominant recreation, published in the 8-volume „Recreation” scientific Hungarian magazine (between 2011 and 2018), were analyzed and structured by their theme.

Every summer more than 10 million children attend day or resident (sleep-over) camps sponsored by churches, not-for-profit youth agencies, and independent operators. This study explored the outcomes of a 1-week or longer camp experience from the perspective of parents. A national sample of almost 2,300 parents responded to pre-, post-, and follow-up surveys about their children's growth experiences at camp. Parents perceived statistically significant gains from precamp to postcamp in 10 youth development constructs with the highest effect sizes related to adventure/exploration, independence, making friends, positive identity, and peer relationships. Additional gains from the precamp to the 6-month follow-up were noted for leadership. Parents also described what their children learned at camp and what changes they perceived occurred as a result of their child's camp experience.

Vélhetően az a legjobb a szabadtéri programokban, hogy a természetben zajlanak. Ám vajon mi lehet ez az ösztönös vonzódás a természet iránt? Miért szeretünk jó időben a szabad levegőn időzni, s ott akár mozgásos, akár a szellemet megmozgató tevékenységben, eseményen részt venni? A környezeti elemek lehetnek a fő motívumok a jó élmény kialakulásában, s valószínűleg ezt csak felerősíti az adott résztvevő számára érdekes program.
Hogyan értelmezhetők a kulturális programok? Milyen szabadtéri kulturális programok léteznek hazánkban? S ezek milyen hatásokkal bírnak a látogatókra? Ezekre a kérdésekre próbálunk válaszokat adni.
Recreational role of outdoor cultural programs
Probably the best of outdoor programs is that they are held in the nature. But what could be that instinctive attraction to the nature? Why do we like spend our spare time in free air when the wheather is good, and take part in motor (sport) or intellectual, cultural events? Nature elements could be the main motivators in development of good experiences, and most likely they are toned if the program is interesting for the participants.

It has been argued that visitors' pre-visit “agendas” directly influence visits. This study attempted to directly test the effects of different museum visit agendas on visitor learning. Two new tools were developed for this purpose: (1) a tool for measuring visitor agendas; and (2) a tool for measuring visitor learning (Personal Meaning Mapping). Visitor agenda was defined as having two dimensions: motivations and strategies. Personal Meaning Mapping is a constructivist approach that measures change in understanding along four semi-independent dimensions: extent, breadth, depth, and mastery. The study looked at 40 randomly-selected adults who were visiting the National Museum of Natural History's Geology, Gems and Minerals exhibition. Visitor agendas did significantly impact how, what, and how much individuals learned. Results are discussed in terms of the current debate about education vs. entertainment.

This study explores the determinants of tourist satisfaction and dissatisfaction with recreational services typically offered by sun-and-sea resorts, using the case of a large Croatian chain of hotels and resorts in the coastal region. The sample consisted of 994 guests drawn from the guest database. The analysis encompassed three types of animation programs: (i) sports activities; (ii) evening entertainment; and (iii) entertainment programs for children. Impact-asymmetry analysis was used to quantify potentials of particular service attributes to generate satisfaction and dissatisfaction, and to determine key-drivers according to the three-factor theory of customer satisfaction. The key-driver analysis was paired with qualitative data (guest comments on reasons for dissatisfaction) to provide valuable guidance for the hotel management in achieving higher levels of guest satisfaction within this segment of resort services.

© Mišljenja smo da je “TRIM staza” izuzetno korisna i podesna za masovnu aktivnost. Lako se održava, izrada i obnavljanje sprava ne traže puno vremena i sredstava. U trasiranju, konstrukciji staze, postavljanju sprava, obezbeđenju staze najveći doprinos dao je FOND ZA ZAŠTITU ŽIVOTNE SREDINE opštine Obrenovac, sa svojim materijalnim i ljudskim resursima.

© Prilikom konstrukcije i izrade same staze koristila su se iskustva Norveških, Holandskih i domaćih autora iz ove oblasti, a dali smo i veliki lični doprinos.

© Svakodnevno se povećava broj ljudi sa srčano-sudovnim smetnjama, mentalnim oboljenjima, povredama na radu usled pada koncentracije...Psiho-fizički zamor je prisutan kod svih uzrasta oba pola, pretežno kod gradskog stanovništva, što značajno utiče na radni kapacitet i sposobnosti.

© Savremeni tempo života, aero zagađenja, a naročito nedovoljno kretanje osnovni su uzroci negativnog fizičkog i mentalnog zdravlja čoveka.

© Ovaj projekat je i usmeren na to da ljudima pruži pomoć u izlazu iz “gradskog radnog stereotipa” i da ih podstakne na kretanje, fizičko vežbanje, da im ukaže na vrednosti i značaj prirode i prirodnih oblika kretanja u svakodnevnom životu i radu.

© Potrebno je napraviti takve programe koji će biti dostupni svakom čoveku bez obzira na uzrast, pol, nivo treniranosti, raspoloživost materijalnih sredstava i koji će mu pomoći da se suprostavi postojećim negativnim uticajima savremene civilizacije, bez obzira da li je iz naše zemlje ili je turista na proputovanju ili koji će se zadržati izvesno vreme, i smatramo da ovaj projekat baš to predstavlja - “TRIM STAZA ZA SVE I SVAKOGA”.

© Svim mojim prijateljima želim: u telu ZDRAVLJE, u duši MIR, u mislima RADOST, u srcu MLADOST, u radu USPEH, u ljubavi SREĆA...

► Tehnički urednik: Vojin Nestorović dipl. inž. tehn.
► Sportsko-rekreativni demonstrator: Miloš Đokić

Complete conference proceedings for the II Brazilian Congress of Leisure Studies that took place September 2016 in the city of Belém, Brazil.
Anais completos do II Congresso Brasileiro de Estudos do Lazer, realizado em setembro de 2016 na cidade de Belém-PA.

Employee is considered as an essential part of business for building an optimistic image. The objective of this research was to identify the impact of recreational activities on the employee productivity and for this the total of 350 sample is occupied from the bank’s employee of Karachi Pakistan. The methodology of this research is quantitative in nature. The data is collected through non-probability convenience sampling that was tasted on SPSS statistical software however, technique used to collect data is a close ended questionnaire. There were three independent variables and one dependent variables. The independent variables are physical fitness, mental fitness and entertainment activities and dependent variables is job satisfaction.
The finding through this research revealed that the independent variable effects positivity on the dependent variable. It is clear that there is a research gap in this area and further research needs to be carried out in order to understand the significance of recreational programs at workplace.

Keywords: employee productivity, job satisfaction, recreational activities, physical fitness, mental fitness, and entertainment activities.

Paneurhythmy is an exercise of low to moderate intensity for people in good health. Paneurhythmy is a system of outdoor exercises performed to special music and verses in pairs, in a group. It has strong philosophical foundation and is created by the Bulgarian, Peter Dunov, at the beginning of the XX century. Paneurhythmy is practiced in many countries all over the world.
        The first part of  this research has focused on the changes of the physical and psychological state of adults who have learned to practice Paneurhythmy. The following significant positive changes have been measured after 6 months of Paneurhythmy training (these were not observed in the control group): improved static balance; improved dynamic functional balance and general mobility; improved strength endurance of some muscle groups; decreased level of state anxiety, trait anxiety, perceived stress, negative emotions, aggression and depression; at the same time there are increased positive emotions, subjective happiness, self-esteem, hope, general self-efficacy, optimism, resilience, sense of coherence and life satisfaction; improved quality of life due to decreased role limitations due to emotional problems, increased emotional well-being, vitality and social functioning, decreased limitations due to physical health, decreased body pain, increased general health and working capacity. Paneurhythmy is a free time activity effectively improving the physical and mental state and quality of life of people who practice it.
МОНОГРАФИЯ
(резюме на книгата, както и цялата книга в Еpub формат може да намерите тук http://www.panevritmia.info/news/?news_item_id=134)
Монографията е първото по рода си теоретично и емпирично изследване на паневритмията, което детайлно проследява механизмите на нейното въздействие и представя резултати от най-новите изследвания на уникалния български модел за двигателна активност.
MONOGRAPH
Chervencova, L. Paneurhythmy, health and wellness: a Bulgarian model of physical activity. 2013, St. Kl. Ohridski University Press (In Bulgarian)

Turizm ve açık hava rekreasyon faaliyetlerine olan ilginin artmasıyla birlikte milli                                                  park alanlarına olan talep de artış göstermektedir. Milli park alanlarında yapılan rekreasyonel faaliyetler de gün geçtikçe gelişmekte ve çeşitlenmektedir. Günümüzde milli park alanları rekreasyon faaliyetlerinde bulunmak amacıyla gelen birçok kişi tarafından ziyaret edilmektedir. Bu nedenle milli parklardaki rekreasyonel aktiviteler de gittikçe önem kazanmakta ve turizm faaliyetleri içerisinde önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu çalışmada;  Türkiye’deki milli parkların rekreasyonel olarak önemini açıklamak ve sahip oldukları özelliklere göre birer rekreasyon alanı olarak kullanımlarının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amacın yanı sıra, milli parkların rekreasyonel kaynak değerleri, doğa yürüyüşleri, yaban hayatı izleme, manzara seyretme, fotoğraf çekme, rafting, kanyoning gibi pek çok aktiviteleri irdeleyerek bu aktivitelerin doğal kaynak değerlerine değinilmiş ve bunlara yönelik öneriler getirilmiştir.  Yapılan nitel araştırma sonucunda parkların özelliklerine göre rekreasyonel olarak kullanımlarının farklı olduğu, kullanımlarının ağırlıklı olarak bir bölgede yoğunlaştığı ve bu yoğunlaşmadan dolayı doğal kaynaklarda tahribatlar oluştuğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu duruma çözüm olarak parkların mevcut kullanım durumu düzenlenmeli ve doğal kaynaklarının potansiyeline göre gerçekleştirilebilecek rekreasyonel faaliyetler belirlenmelidir.

ÖZET

Sanayileşme ve otomasyonun gelişimiyle birlikte çalışma saatlerinin azalması ve boş zamanların artması, rekreasyon faaliyetlerinin çeşitlenmesine neden olmuştur. Böylece günümüzde boş zaman etkinlikleri serbest piyasa ekonomisini destekleyen, bireyleri tüketime teşvik eden birer rant kaynağı haline gelmiştir. Oysa boş zamanın dinlenme ve eğlenmenin yanı sıra kendini geliştirme ve üretme fonksiyonu da bulunmaktadır. Rekreasyonel etkinliklerin daha farklı ve yoğun biçimde yaşandığı gençlik döneminde boş zamanları aktif ve üretken bir şekilde değerlendirme alışkanlığının kazanılması için gençlerin yönlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmanın amacı gençlerin boş zamanlarını değerlendirme faaliyetlerine katılım sıklıklarının sosyoekonomik boyutunu incelemek ve çözüm önerileri getirmektir.

Gazi Üniversitesi ve Selçuk Üniversitesi öğrencilerinden 258 kişi araştırmanın örneklemini oluşturmuştur. Çalışma tarama modelinde olup çalışma aracı olarak anket formu kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler x2 analizi, t testi ve tek faktörlü varyans analizi (One Way ANOVA) ile değerlendirilmiştir.  Öğrencilerin boş zamanlarını değerlendirme faaliyetlerinde öncelikle arkadaşlarının (%41.7) etkili olduğu; bu tür faaliyetlerde yeterince etkin olmamalarına zaman darlığı (% 32.7) ve ekonomik yetersizliğin (%26.9) neden olduğu saptanmıştır. Boş zamanı değerlendirme faaliyetlerine erkek öğrencilerin ve Gazi Üniversitesi öğrencilerinin daha fazla zaman ayırdıkları bulunmuştur.

Anahtar sözcükler: Boş zamanı değerlendirme, rekreasyonel etkinlikler, üniversite öğrencileri

ABSTRACT

AN ANALYSIS OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC DIMENSION OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ MAKING USE OF LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES

Industrial development and automation have decreased working time and increased leisure which in turn caused diverse recreational activities to develop. Thus, leisure time activities became booming revenue resources that supported the free market economy and encouraged people for more consumption. However, in addition to relaxation and entertainment, leisure time can also be used for self developmental and productive functions. Young people need to be oriented to develop skills for using their leisure time more actively and productively in their adolescent period during which they have access to various very intense recreational activities. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze socioeconomic dimension of university students’ making use of leisure time activities, and to propose solutions for more active and meaningful participation by them.

The sample of the study consisted of 258 students from Gazi University and Selçuk University. The study has been done by the scanning model and by using a questionnaire form. The collected data was then evaluated by the x2 analysis, with t test and with one factor variance analysis (One Way ANOVA). It was concluded that the influence of friends is the primary factor for students in choosing leisure time activities (41.7%), and on the other hand the primary reasons for not being active in recreational activities are lack of free time (32.7%) and insufficient economic resources (26.9%). Also, it was found that male students, as well as students in Gazi University make greater use of leisure time.
   
  Key words: Making use of leisure time, recreational activities, university students

training in a recognised training college became essential for appointment as a principal teacher in a national school. 9 18 The hopes of Bryce and Wyse that Chairs of Education would be established in Irish universities had not materialised in the nineteenth century. Secondary education was largely a private concern with no direct state involvement. The Intermediate Education Act of 1878 introduced an indirect involvement through its payment by results examination system and totally ignored the teacher or teacher training. The cult of the amateur held full sway for secondary teaching; a knowledge of subject content being deemed quite sufficient for secondary school teachers. Orders such as the Jesuits and the Christian Brothers had a more organised form of teacher induction. About the same year, 1897, as the changes were introduced to give Education a more serious position in the training colleges, the first steps were taken to provide a qualification in Education for secondary teachers in Ireland. Trinity College decided to hold examinations in the History and Theory of Education and in the Practice of Education for graduates. No formal courses were provided and the first examinations were held in January 1898.21 Successful candidates in both examinations were awarded a Diploma in Education. This was also the title of the award for two similar examinations established in 1898 by the Royal University. At first confined to Arts graduates they were later extended to Science graduates. As was the case with all its academic awards the Royal University provided no courses for students. The standards of the examination papers were high and the papers were in line with the conception of Education as a subject in England and Europe at the time. 22 Very few students took the examinations; there were about three or four successful students in any year. Also in September 1896 the Ursuline Convent in Waterford established a training course for women secondary teachers which was recognised 19 10 by the Cambridge Syndicate. 23 The Dominican nuns and Alexandra College in Dublin also set up training courses for women. The questions of teacher training and the setting up of a Chair of Pedagogy were raised in the deliberations of the Commission of Inquiry into Intermediate Education (Panes) in 1898-99 and in evidence to the Commission on University Education (Robertson) 1901-03, but neither Commission regarded the matter as coming within its terms of reference. 24 The new Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction (1900) established courses from 1901 for secondary teachers of Science and from 1905 required candidates for the Irish Secondary Teachers' Science Certificate to pass an examination in the Principles, Methods and History of Education with special reference to Science teaching. 25 Among the terms of reference to the Dale and Stephens Committee on Intermediate Education established in 1904 was the issue of "training for secondary teachers". While urging flexibility in the requirements for training, Dale and Stephens favoured a system of training and commended the German pattern whereby the course would be postgraduate , should include "a systematic course of study in the Mental and Moral Sciences bearing on Education, and in the Theory and History of Education". These were to be complemented by teaching practice and classroom observation and, before accreditation asa teacher, there should be a probationary period in a recognised school. 26 These proposals were later to form the core of the registration requirements introduced in 1918. Dale and Stephens went further to recommend encouragement "to teachers to interest themselves whilst teaching in original work connected either with some branch of scholarship or with studies of value for the science and art of teaching". The Report stated that funds should 11 20 be available to publish theses by secondary teachers, holding that the stimulus to teachers would be of great value and would enhance the dignity of the teacher and of his professsion. 27 Thus we can note that the question of providing a structured course in Education for secondary teachers was a live one around the turn of the century. Some important initiatives followed and the first Chair of Education in Ireland was established by Trinity College in Ma/ 1905, following the publication of the Dale and Stephens Report. Professor Culverwell was the first occupant of the Ct*air. The establishment of the National University of Ireland in 1908 resolved the long-disputed issue of providing university education acceptable to Catholics. Two of the constituent colleges, University College Dublin and University College Cork established Chairs of Education straight away, to be followed by University College Galway in 1915. Queen's University Belfast set up its Chair in 1914. At long last it seemed as if Education was being accepted as a serious subject whose status was endorsed by the establishment of Chairs of Education in all Irish universities. This seemed to be particularly the case in U.C.D., where Rev.Professor Corcoran succeeded in having Education at Diploma and Higher Diploma levels, as an undergraduate subject for the B.A. and the B.Sc., and also for M.A. and Ph.D. levels. 28 An Education Society was established in the university and publication of educational studies was initiated. Another important Initiative which followed the establishment of the National University was that a two-year course was made obligatory for all training college students and provision was made for the best students to add a third year of university-based studies leading to a university diploma or higher certificate in Education. The INTO had urged

Rekreasyon alanları, modern teknolojinin gelişmesine ve kentleşmeye bağlı olarak son yıllarda adından sıklıkla söz ettirir hale gelmiştir. İnsanoğlunun doğal hareketlerinde meydana gelen azalmalar, yoğun çalışma saatleri ve bunların beraberinde getirdiği sağlık sorunları, rekreasyon alanlarının her geçen gün önem kazanmasına yol açmıştır. Bu çalışmada belediyeler tarafından yaptırılan rekreasyon alanı tercihinde etkili olan ve rekreasyon alanlarına katılımı engelleyen faktörlere ilişkin likert tipi geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek geliştirmek amaçlanmıştır. Ölçek Açıklayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) için 320, Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) için 260 olmak üzere toplam 580 [18-55 yaş ( =28.34, ss=9.90), %55.7 (323)’si kadın] bireye uygulanmıştır. Yapılan AFA neticesinde her iki ölçeğin de 5 boyut altında toplandığı ve toplam varyans açıklama oranının rekreasyon alanı tercih etkenlerinde % 56.35, rekreasyon alanı katılım engellerinde ise %71.23 olduğu saptanmıştır. Ölçeklere ilişkin AFA  sonrası yapılan DFA için uyum iyiliği değerlerinin yeterli olduğunu, dolayısıyla modelin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir model olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Boyutlar arası korelasyon Spearman-Brown korelasyon katsayısı ile hesaplanmıştır. Her ne kadar boyutlar arasında anlamlı korelasyonlar olsa da değer olarak düşük ve orta düzeyde oldukları görülmektedir. Korelasyon değerleri AFA ve DFA’da ortaya çıkan alt boyutların ayrı birer yapı oluşturduğu sonucunu göstermektedir. Elde edilen korelasyon değerleri her iki ölçeğin yapı geçerliğinin yeterli düzeyde olduğu şeklinde yorumlanabilir.

The 12 brief articles in this "feature" or theme issue tescribe successful approaches to development of outdoor education programs which successfully integrate individuals with and without disabilities. Titles and authors are: "Outdoor Education and Adventures Challenges and Rewards for All" (Stuart J. Schleien);

In this research, the relationship between recreational activity participation and technology addiction within the scope of social media and gaming activities and their effects on daily life is examined. This study analyzes data collected from 462 students from 103 different departments of 43 universities in Turkey. Universities in Ankara constitutes the majority of dataset. Survey is used as the data gathering method. The results indicate a negative correlation between the activities of reading book, cooking for fun, decorating with flowers, handicrafts, dancing, attending fairsfestivals and theatre, museum visits, yoga and game addiction according to the relationships between technology addiction and the dimensions of recreational activities. However, a positive relation is found between game addiction and the activities of table tennis, camping, skiing, paintball and soccer. A positive relation is also observed between amateur photography and social media addiction. Cultural activities seem to prevent game addiction. By considering the results, activity suggestions for overcoming technology addiction are also offered.

This descriptive study determined the exercise motivation and exercise attribution of recreational athletes in one of the major cities in Panay Island. A total of 75 purposively selected respondents who are regular members in a particular club for at least a year and have finished at least a college degree participated in the study. To gather data a researcher-made instrument for exercise attribution and the Exercise Motivations Inventory (EMI-2) by Markland and Ingledew 1997 (Anshel, 2003) were used. Mean, rank and standard deviation were the descriptive statistics while the Mann-Whitney U Test, Kruskal-Wallis Test, and Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient Analysis, all set at.05 level of significance, were the inferential statistics. The results revealed that whether taken as an entire group or classified according to age, gender and employment type the exercise motivation of recreational athletes was personal enhancement. Their exercise attribution as an entire group and when classified as to gender was work WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION GRADUATE SCHOOL Iloilo City viii related, including those who were self-employed, were working in government agencies and were 30 years old and below. However, the exercise attribution of those who were 31 yrs. old and above and working in private agencies was health-related. No significant difference existed in the exercise motivation of recreational athletes when they were classified according to age and gender but a significant difference existed when they were grouped as to employment type. Similarly, a significant difference existed in their exercise attribution when they were classified according to age but no significant difference existed when they were grouped as to gender and employment type. A significant relationship existed between the recreational athletes' exercise motivation and exercise attribution.

Background People with developmental disabilities are at high risk for a limited participation in leisure activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the participation in, preference for and interest in leisure activities of young and adults with developmental disabilities, and to examine the factors associated with leisure activity. Methods A cross-sectional design was used with a convenience sample of 237 people aged 17 to 65, living in the community. Leisure participation was assessed with the Spanish version of Leisure Assessment Inventory. Percentages were calculated by types of activity, and repeated measures anovas were used to analyse the differences between types of activities, and mixed anovas to analyse the factors that explain differences in leisure activity participation, preference and interest. Results Leisure social activities and recreation activities at home were mostly solitary and passive in nature and were identified as those being most commonly engaged in. Respondents expressed preference for more social and physical activity, and they were interested in trying out a large number of physical activities. Age and type of schooling determine participation in leisure activity. The results underscore the differences in leisure activity participation, preference and interest depending on the severity of the disability. Conclusions The findings reveal interesting patterns of participation in leisure activities from the viewpoint of youngsters and adults with developmental disabilities. Leisure participation among people with developmental disabilities is likely to be more affected by environmental factors than by personal factors.

The promotion of renewable sources for electricity production, independent of carbon fuels and nuclear power, is a priority in the energy policy of many countries all over the world. The European Union has launched an ambitious program to increase the contribution of energy production from wind turbines; the aim set for the year 2020 is that wind power should account for 31% of EU's current target regarding 20% reductions of carbon dioxide. This policy is favored by the fact that wind energy production cost is nowadays competitive in many cases to the cost of electricity produced from conventional non-renewable sources. However, there is a conflict concerning public attitudes: although the public in general is in favor of renewable energy sources including wind, there is usually very strong opposition by local people living in neighboring areas of wind farm developments that is attitudes toward wind power are to a large extent different from attitudes toward wind farms. It is also interesting that negative public opinion is rather high during the planning stage and significantly lower during the implementation stage. In addition, there are impacts on landscape aesthetic, human health as well as ecological impact on the flora and fauna, although compared to environmental impact from conventional energy sources, the environmental impact caused by wind turbines is relatively minor. Recent developments of offshore wind farms seemed to avoid people's negative attitudes and soften public resistance and hostility against wind power energy but these expectations were rather optimistic. Opposition due to seascape aesthetic spoiling is as strong even for the marine environment. The impact on marine life and particularly on sea mammals due to noise and vibrations need to be further investigated. Existing activities such as navigation, fishing and recreational activities should not be hindered during site selection and planning. In the present work public attitudes and impacts on human health as well as impacts on landscape and ecosystem level, both terrestrial and marine, are reviewed and discussed.

While Eton College and Westminster School have both made claim to have originated the sport of rowing at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the lineage of the sport as we know it is complex and sits uncomfortably with such ambit claims. On the basis of the evidence available, recreational rowing is attested in Oxford in the middle of the seventeenth century, and became well established at Oxford and Cambridge some time before 1743. In Oxford at least, it was sufficiently popular to support boats being available for hire from at least two separate locations about the town in the late eighteenth century.  From Oxford and Cambridge, recreational rowing migrated to the lower reaches of the Thames in the late eighteenth century, taking hold first at Eton and then in London. [First published on https://heartheboatsing.com on 7th July, 2017.]