Push and Pull Factors

Kajian ini membincangkan sejarah perkembangan pelaburan Jepun di Malaysia antara tahun 1971 hingga 1980. Kaedah kajian yang digunakan adalah berdasarkan kaedah penelitian terhadap sumber-sumber yang diperolehi di perpustakaan dan Arkib Negara Malaysia.  Objektif kajian ialah menganalisis faktor-faktor tolakan dan tarikan yang menyumbang kepada kemasukan pelaburan Jepun di Malaysia semasa tempoh pentadbiran Tun Abdul Razak dan Tun Hussein Onn. Selepas tahun 1970, pelabur Jepun mula melabur melalui usahama dengan organisasi kerajaan seperti Perbadanan Nasional Bhd. (PERNAS), Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA) dan Lembaga Kemajuan Tanah Persekutuan (FELDA). Ini selaras dengan Dasar Ekonomi Baru (DEB) yang menekankan kepada penglibatan golongan Bumiputera. Agensi-agensi ini mewakili penyertaan Bumiputera. Hubungan Malaysia dan Jepun terus berkembang pada tahun 1977 melalui penubuhan MAJECA di Malaysia dan JAMECA di Jepun. Pelaburan Jepun dalam tempoh ini adalah dalam industri berintensif buruh yang mengambil tenaga buruh murah, pemprosesan bahan mentah dan pelaburan berkaitan perdagangan.

The Philippines is one of the world’s most urbanised developing countries. High poverty levels in rural areas and uncontrolled migration to the cities have led to a severe housing problem in the National Capital Region. The housing problem has led to many informal settlers living without any security of tenure and under constant threats of eviction. Simultaneously, the government prioritises the mitigation of floods in order to prevent natural disasters, and has the goal of relocating between 300.000-500.000 informal settlers by the year 2016.

By looking at the case of an informal settlement residing along one of the waterways in the National Capital Region of the Philippines, this thesis explores how resilience-building efforts in urban development affect the agency and actions of an informal settler community in relation to their livelihood and housing situation. By conducting a single in-depth case study on a community participating in their own urban housing project, we can see how resilience building in the National Capital Region is interpreted and acted on from a bottom-up perspective. The thesis concludes that social capital, capacity building, and a mainstreaming of adaptation efforts are used by the urban poor community in order to gain support for their in-city housing initiative. I use social capital theory to show how the community interact with public and private actors in order to claim their rights to stay in the city and fight relocation. Push and pull factors driving the initiative are identified.

Factory Physics Principles Law (Little's Law): WIP=THxCT Law (Best-Case Performance): The minimum cycle time for a given WIP level w is given by CTbest = { ~ rb The maximum throughputfor a given WIP level w is given by { ~ ifw:::: Wo TH best = To rb otherwise Law (Worst-Case Performance): The worst-case cycle time for a given WIP level w is given by CTworst = wTo The worst-case throughput for a given WIP level w is given by 1 THworst =-To Definition (Practical Worst-Case Performance): The practical worst-case (PWC) cycle time for a given WIP level w is given by w-1 CTpwe = To+-rb The PWC throughput for a given WIP level w is given by w THpwe = rb Wo+w-1 Law (Labor Capacity): The maximum capacity ofa line staffed by n cross-trained operators with identical work rates is n TH max =-To

May I be assisted with the marking of this paper, this is the first assignment of the module, the only module standing between me and my graduation. For some reason(apparent non in-text referencing) my lecture gave me a zero. Help please, so I can at least pass this module this 3rd time around. Thank you in advance

Kajian ini melihat faktor-faktor tolakan dan tarikan yang menyumbang kepada kemasukan pelaburan Jepun di Malaysia antara tahun 1957 hingga 1970. Tempoh ini dipilih kerana kajian ini bertujuan melihat sejarah perkembangan pelaburan Jepun di Malaysia semasa era pentadbiran Tunku Abdul Rahman. Kaedah kajian yang digunakan adalah berdasarkan kaedah penelitian terhadap sumber-sumber yang diperolehi di perpustakaan dan Arkib Negara Malaysia. Selepas berakhirnya Perang Dunia Kedua, peranan Jepun dalam bidang ekonomi di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu berakhir. Dalam tempoh lebih satu dekad selepas tahun 1945, tidak terdapat sebarang pelaburan Jepun di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, Borneo Utara dan Sarawak. Untuk jangka masa yang lama selepas Perang Dunia Kedua, Jepun mengekalkan profil yang rendah dalam hal ehwal antarabangsa, lebih suka berada di bawah naungan Amerika Syarikat selepas ia menerima Deklarasi Postdam pada bulan Ogos 1945. Kebimbangan utamanya adalah dalam bidang aktiviti ekonomi untuk memastikan bahawa terdapat bahan mentah dan bekalan yang mencukupi untuk menjana ekonomi serta pasaran bagi produknya. Menjelang akhir tahun 1950-an, Jepun mula mengubah dasar luarnya terhadap Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, Borneo Utara dan Sarawak dari tidak aktif kepada aktif. Pada masa ini juga Jepun memulakan polisi pelaburannya. Kajian ini akan menganalisis faktor-faktor tolakan dan tarikan yang menyumbang kepada kemasukan semula pelaburan Jepun di Malaysia sejurus negara mencapai kemerdekaan.

RESUMEN La industria de las telecomunicaciones cambia rápidamente y las barreras de entrada son bajas implicando que la supervivencia en el mercado sea un verdadero desafío para las empresas. En este artículo estudia como los sistemas Pull y Push pueden ser integrados a la cadena de abastecimiento en el sector de telecomunicaciones en Colombia. Se desarrolló un modelo hibrido Pull y Push utilizando dinámica de sistemas en aras de determinar los niveles óptimos y el costo mínimo de inventario, al igual que el nivel óptimo de prestación de servicio a los clientes. Los resultados de la investigación demuestran que el comportamiento del modelo híbrido permite dar respuesta a las necesidades del mercado y de la empresa a la vez, generando niveles de inventario que son mínimos y suficientes para cubrir la demanda. ABSTRACT Telecommunications industry is changing rapidly and entry barriers are low, which implies that survival in the market is a real challenge for companies. This article studies how Push and Pull systems can be integrated into the supply chain in the telecommunications sector in Colombia. A Pull and Push hybrid model is proposed using system dynamics in order to determine optimal levels and the minimum cost of inventory, as well as the optimal level of service delivery to customers. Research results shown that the behaviour of the hybrid model allows to respond both to the market and the company needs while generating inventory levels that are minimal and sufficient to meet demand. INTRODUCCIÓN La dinámica de la industria de las telecomunicaciones cambia rápidamente y nuevos actores están entrando en el mercado. El ambiente de los negocios a finales del siglo 20 se ha caracterizado por una creciente competencia cada vez más fuerte y globalizada, y los clientes cada vez son más exigentes demandando recursos que son cada vez más escasos. A ello se suma el enorme impacto de las nuevas tecnologías, en particular en el ámbito de las telecomunicaciones, generando desafíos al abordar sistemas de abastecimiento traducido

The main objective of this study was to investigate job satisfaction variables related to turnover
intentions of software programmers employed in the IT industry in Thailand. Samples were selected
from programmers working for firms in Software Park, Bangkok. Self-administered questionnaires were
sent via hyperlink to 800 software programmers; 400 valid samples were used for analysis in this study.
The findings showed that 3 factors, benefits, nature of work and supervision were related to turnover
intention in terms of the pull factor. For the push factor, only two factors, nature of work and job
conditions were associated with turnover intention. Pull factors were shown to have a stronger impact
on turnover intention than push factors

This paper examines the relationship between migration and crime. According to social disorganization theory, there is no direct link between migration and crime. Crime rates increase due to the negative environment where the newcomers reside. This research aims to test this proposition. The findings indicate that social disorganization in Istanbul is different than social disorganization in cities in the United States, as depicted by the scholars of this theory: Istanbul has several city centers, which is absent in the US cities. According to findings, crime is generally committed in commerce, business areas as well as in the old Istanbul neighborhoods. High crime rate areas are also extremely heterogeneous in terms of culture and ethnicity. However, people who have access to social support after migration are less likely to commit crime. This research employs face-to-face interviews and quantitative data from Turkish Statistical Institute to provide support for the core arguments.

Regarding studies done about immigration, it can be claimed that researches about rural-urban migrations are more commonly encountered than researches about urban-rural migrations. However, nowadays, population growth in rural areas near urban settlements is becoming more and more remarkable. In this study, answering the research question “ What are the agents that lead people from urban towards rural areas?” by determining push factors of urban areas and pull factors of rural areas in physical, social and economical terms and according to Everett Lee’s Push-Pull Theory is aimed. Moreover, the effort to make contribution to few researches about urban-rural migration emphasizes the significance of this study.
Field research has been chosen as research method in this study. Initially, literature reviewed in detail in order to establish theoretical background. Urla, which is one of the rural districts of İzmir and has a remarkable population growth in the last few years has been decided as research area by typical sampling. In this context, paritcipants’ perceptions about Urla and city centers they came from and the reasons behindthe decision to migrate has been examined in this study. In order to collect data, a questionnaire which was formed through the reviewed literature was applied to the participants who were chosen by purposive sampling. Applying content and frequency analysis on the data collected provided the findings of the study and with discussions the study is completed.
According to the results derived from the questionnaires, most important push factors of city centers are mentioned as chaos, insecurity and anxiousness. In order to overcome these negativities, people tend to escape from city centers towards rural ares where they feel more peaceful and relaxed. Thus, Urla has become an attractive rural settlement near İzmir to migrate to especially over the last 5 years as shown in net migration growth statistics. The most attractive pull factors of Urla are mentioned by 100% of the participants as nature, green space, calmness followed by 94.2% of the participants as air quality, building quality and peace. Moreover, Urla being quite near to İzmir city center where important pull factors such as technical and social infrastructure are available , is another important pull factor of Urla for people to decide to migrate to while trying to settle in rural areas. However, an important potential threat about the urban- rural migration is rural areas losing their pull factors and rural identity due to overpopulation as it happened in cities in the past. It is known that starting from mid-20th century, uncontrolled rural-urban migration caused overpopulation, chaos, infrastructure insufficiencies and cultural conflicts in city centers which may be the case for rural areas if urban-rural migration can’t be taken under control. Therefore, push factors of city centers and their reasons should be analyzed in detail in further studies in order to find solutions to avoid them.

This paper aimed to identify tertiary level students' influence factors, which determine their overseas study decision. From the related literature, this study identified 4 push factors, 14 pushpull factors and 16 pull factors. Push factors determine why the students go abroad for higher education; pull factors determine where those students are likely to go; and pushpull factors have both push and pull impacts. Because of having divergent influences, these factors were disseminated at six levels into push and pull categories. It is recommended for university marketers to develop customized marketing strategies, when targeting students from Asian developing countries.

In more than a decade after 1945, because of Japan’s focus on national reconstruction after the Second World War there was no Japanese investment in the Federation of Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak. By the end of the 1950s, Japan’s foreign policy regarding these countries shifted to a more active investment mode and oriented to the acquisition of raw materials and trade related to food, textile and ceramic industries . The investment flows did not grow fast until 1970 because the issue of war compensation remained an obstacle. By 1960s the manufacturing ventures had extended to toothpastes, asbestos, marine products, glutamic acids and iron ingots, and to conglomerate driven and export oriented ship building and repairing, watches and toys, electrical machineries, electrical parts and components. By 1970 Japanese investments had added a more heavy industrial touch to Malaysian industrial landscape with their petroleum and chemical industries, steel and metallurgy, wood , electronics, and transportation machineries. Thus, within a span of eight years Japanese join-ventures in Malaysia had multiplied by more than 2,300 per cent from eight in 1962 to 189 in 1970. Granted that the Japanese investments were geared more to the processing of local natural resources to supply the input needs of Japanese industry, yet in doing so they had practically shaped and developed modern Malaysia’s industrial landscape before the advent of the New Economic Policy.

Migration, which is a rational labour issue within society, has become a hot topic globally. In recent years there has been an increase in labour migration due to globalization, disparities in the development levels of countries, culture and environment, social instability, political regimes and war. The objective of the presented study was to research the push & pull factors affecting the migration of Mongolians to the Republic of South Korea. The survey was conducted among 498 Mongolians living and working in the Jeollanamеdu and Jeollabugdu districts of the metropolitan cities of Incheon and Ulsan, as well as in the capital city Seoul. Numerous statistical techniques were applied to test the reliability and validity of the data, as well as factor analysis to confirm that the concepts of each variable were correctly measured, correlation analysis to assess the strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, and multiple regression analysis to predict the value of variables used in the study. The results of the study showed that the major push factor was an economic one, for which the main motives for migration were low or instable income, the economic downturn and poverty. Likewise, the pull factors were also economic, whereby the motivation to migrate to South Korea was driven by high wages, wellbeing, the opportunity to save and/ or social factors, such as access to quality education, the cultural experience and joining family members who had already settled in the country.

Die gegenständliche Studie untersucht jene Gründe, warum Menschen aus Drittländern Österreich als Zielland für ihre Migration wählen. Das Forschungsprojekt versucht zu klären, welche Faktoren ausschlaggebend dafür sind, dass Menschen Österreich als ihren neuen Aufenthaltsort wählen und wie diese Gründe sich untereinander beeinflussen. Ziel dieser Studie ist es eventuelle besonders wichtige Gründe für die Ziellandentscheidung zu identifizieren, um Maßnahmen zu finden, die Attraktivität Österreichs als Ziel einer unkontrollierten Migration zu vermindern. Da die Komplexität der Thematik weltumspannend ist wurde aus Einschränkungsgründen die Entscheidungen von Bürgerinnen und Bürgern der Republik Kosovo näher durchleuchtet.

A proportionate number of Nigerian youths engaged in Okada riding coined (Okada) business ‘Commercial motorcyclist’. The business has drained manpower from the vocational sectors of the Nigerian economy. The study was carried out to assess the Thrust and Tug Nexus for Okada business among Youths and the implications for their future development. A total of 300 respondents were randomly selected from the list of registered Okada riders in 16 take-off points from Ekiti and Ondo states while a structured questionnaire was used to elicit information from them. The findings of the study show that most of the Okada riders were young and married with moderate family sizes. They are mostly literate. The average years of engaging in Okada riding was 3.8 years. A good percentage (41%) was formerly employed. The study established a strong connection between the tug and thrust nexus to Okada business. The factors that pushed them to
Okada business were the economic depression, unattractive vocational jobs, poverty, erratic power supply, retrenchments and unemployment and the lack of fund to start a job. The pull factors include an ability to get daily income from Okada, ease of entry the business, high returns from the business when compared to other jobs, ability to be famous and popular among peers and a quick money making venture. Okada business could have adverse effects on the future of the youth and wasn’t considered as a vocation worth bequeathing to children. However, it has the tendency to sustain their family in the face of unemployment temporarily. The study recommends the invigoration of the economy of Nigeria; the provision of an enabling environment for the vocational sector to strive;
capacity building of youths in the different vocations and the encouragement of the patronization of made in Nigeria goods.

Patterns of and motives behind both internal and international migratory movements naturally alter in line with the development processes, urbanization and modernization. As the degree of disparity in terms of socioeconomic and industrial development increases between the urban and the rural areas, individuals become more likely to migrate. Historical evolution of the internal migratory movements in Turkey suitably illustrates this fact. Application of the theory of push and pull factors brings a perceptive and knowledgeable explanation to different periods of the internal migration movements in Turkey. This paper evaluates three distinct periods of internal migration in Turkey from the perspective of development, while outlining the theoretical framework of the stimulating role of the push and pull factors on migration. The researcher argues that theoretical explanations of push and pulls factors on migration provide a comprehensive explanation for demonstrating the effects of the development process on initiating and regulating internal migration movements in Turkey, which has a characteristic pattern in itself. In conclusion, the paper refers to new trends of migratory movements as suggestions for further research on the area.

This research is aimed to know the difference of perception between National Migrant Workers of Men And Women Against Push And Pull Factors. The variable of push factors used in this research is that of job field, low wage, seeking capital and necessity of life. And pull factors are job opportunities, high wages, distance and culture. Then the data is processed using SPSS 20 software with parametric metode that is independent sample t test. The result of the research revealed that there is no difference of perception between men and women on the job field (push factor), there is no difference of perception between men and women to low wages (push factor), there is no difference of perception between men and women against looking for capital (push factor), there are differences of perceptions between men and women on the necessity of life (push factor), there are differences of perceptions between man and woman to job opportunity (pull factor), there are differences of perceptions between men (pull factor), there are differences in perceptions between men and women on the distance factor (pull factor) and there are differences in perceptions between men and women to the pull factor.

In the light of rising competition in providing tourism experience amongst Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and countries, how efficient Qatar has been in creating tourist satisfaction and tourist motivation in order to create tourist loyalty and promote tourism to global standards. Measuring tourist satisfaction plays an important role in marketing tourism products and services. The purpose of this study is to examine the push and pull factors of tourists visit; their motivation and the activities carry out at the destination. This study explore to understand what comprises tourists are satisfied to transmit their positive experience to third persons as well as repeating their visit to Qatar. The result was drawn from questionnaire survey of 494 international visitors who visited Qatar in 2018. The data were analyzed using matrices which shown the mean scores of expectations, the mean score of experience and the mean of difference between experience and expectation scores. The mean scores of expectation were then plotted against experience in a two dimensional map for positive and negative attributes. The t-test was performed to identify the significant result of each attributes at 1:1000 levels. The findings provide Qatar Tourism Authorities with insights about the level of satisfactions among international tourists and call for better improvements strategies for future tourism development in Qatar.

Europe has experienced a high level of legal or illegal migration in recent years. Among those arrived in Europe without authorization and those who already lived three, the number reach into the millions, though together they make up a small share of Europe's total population. Regular or irregular migration is a global phenomenon, with movements both within nations and internationally across borders. The current article aims at exploring the prevalence of irregular migration from Pakistan to Europe and the main actors behind this hideous disorder. The main focus has been paid to the upper Punjab, especially the two adjacent districts of Mandi Bahauddin and Gujrat, which remained the epicenters of the irregular migration to Europe since many decades. The presence of migrant handlers, (commonly known as agents) their fraudulent practices, and their illicit connections with the transnational network made it convenient to lay a web to trap the young population aspiring to find employments in unknown destinations.

Brain drain is not only an issue in Malaysia but also known globally. The definition of brain drain is the highly trained emigration people from a country into another country where they could find a better opportunity. The rapid growth in the past has brought Malaysia to its present state that it is now a middle-income nation and has caused the skilled people the urge for a better standard of living, better hospitality and other general needs which will benefit them with direct impacts onto the labor market. Usually, these people feel like they could have a better life elsewhere once they are highly educated. Because most of the educated and intelligent people leave Malaysia, the country will face difficulties in maintaining a high intellectual standard because these people are the key to create a more educated and professional society. Therefore, this study will address the pulling factors of macroeconomic fundamentals of host countries on brain drain from Malaysia. The objectives of this study are to determine the pulling effect and examine the gender differences of macroeconomic fundamentals on brain drain in Malaysia.

This article identifies start-up factors for small and medium-sized accommodation
(SMSA) businesses. Using the Heider theory, it explains the push and pull factor startup
motives in SMSA businesses. The purpose of this research was to indentify the underlying
motivational factors and the primary motivational factors of SMSA operators. This
topic was chosen owing to the fact that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play an
important role as key drivers of employment and economic growth in most countries,
especially in Malaysia. The results show there is a wide range of these start-up factors
related to the tradition of business operation, resources, location, market opportunities
and the desires of individuals. The findings show that key start-up factors are driven by
pull factors ¨C namely, family business, availability and readiness of resources (land, building),
market potential and opportunity of accommodation business, strategic location, the
influence of friends and family, and profitability. Conversely, the key start-up factors
related to push factors that emerged in this study include personal attitude, previous
working experience in the accommodation business, personal interest and retirement.
The findings provide an insight into the understanding of the start-up factors for small
and medium-sized accommodation businesses, and add to the existing literature on
start-up factors for small and medium-sized accommodation businesses from pull and
push factors. They implicate the growth of small and medium-sized accommodation
businesses in Sabah and, subsequently, may affect the SMEs¡¯ development policies in
accommodation businesses.

Migration, which is a rational labour issue within society, has become a hot topic globally. In recent years there has been an increase in labour migration due to globalization, disparities in the development levels of countries, culture and environment, social instability, political regimes and war. The objective of the presented study was to research the push & pull factors affecting the migration of Mongolians to the Republic of South Korea. The survey was conducted among 498 Mongolians living and working in the Jeollanamеdu and Jeollabugdu districts of the metropolitan cities of Incheon and Ulsan, as well as in the capital city Seoul. Numerous statistical techniques were applied to test the reliability and validity of the data, as well as factor analysis to confirm that the concepts of each variable were correctly measured, correlation analysis to assess the strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, and multiple regression analysis to predict ...

This paper investigates why people take city break trips. The main objective of the study was to reveal the underlying push and pull motivational factors associated with taking a city break holiday to Dublin. In-depth interviews with 40 city break visitors uncovered six push factors and eight pull factors. The main push motives involved were, ‘escape,’ ‘socialising,’ and ‘self esteem

This paper aims at understanding the relative impact of ‘careerist’ attitudes and organizational beneŽ ts on prospective turnover decisions. We argue that the push/pull
trade-off between careerist attitudes and organizational beneŽ ts in relation to turnover
is occupation-speciŽ c. This is assessed by combining the sociological hypothesis of
occupational ‘market viability’ and the organizational focus on opportunities. Testing this assertion, we examined turnover decisions for four occupational groups from eight
medical institutions located in seven geographic areas. Initial results showed occupational
variations in the weight given to ‘careerist’ versus organizational beneŽ ts in turnover decisions. Results from two logistic regression models suggest that organizational
beneŽ ts, in contrast to a ‘careerist’ orientation to work, restrain occupation-speciŽ c
turnover behaviour, even when controlling for the effect of perceived opportunities. These results are interpreted in terms of the ‘market viability’ hypothesis which stresses occupational variations in opportunities. Economic  uctuations for peripheral employees possessing general, rather than Ž rm-speciŽ c skills may improve, rather than limit
employment alternatives and hence enhance rather than constrain turnover decisions.

The research objective was to critically analyze the factors responsible for the gender differences in Oman Entrepreneurship and to critically analyze the prevailing gender differences amongst the motivating factors and the survival factors in running the businesses in Oman. Design/methodology/approach: The research data was collected using a well-structured questionnaire and the data was obtained personally. 381 samples were collected from the population who were reported to be successful entrepreneurs. The selection was obtained from the entrepreneurs' list provided by the Government Scheme Agencies in Oman like SANAD/RIYADA and the analysis was done using SPSS. Findings: The study revealed that both genders considered 'To obtain a social status', 'To use innovative ideas', 'To become own boss', and 'Success of other entrepreneurs' as the motivating factors. Further, males have also considered experiences and professional contacts whereas females have considered working independently and excelling with their self-confidence. The study also revealed that both genders insisted on Start-up capital, Selfconfidence, Working capital, and Previous business experience, and Religious consciousness factors as the essential factors to run the businesses. Further, male entrepreneurs considered Training as one of the factors required to run the business whereas the female entrepreneurs considered the Right choice of location as a required factor. Research limitations/implications: It is recommended to address the gender differences of entrepreneurship in policies to support private-sector development in Oman and to design effective Entrepreneurship education programs for the future. It is required to follow up on the performance of the female-owned entrepreneurial start-ups so that their goals and objectives can be successfully fulfilled during their life cycle. It is also suggested that the training should be considered essential when designing strategies and policies stimulating entrepreneurial activity for both male and female entrepreneurs. Social Implications : Through gender differences, the trends in marketing can be identified which will help to raise awareness for how to improve global marketing standards. Facilitating timely finance in the form of startup capital, working capital is a must as the entrepreneurs in Oman consider financial assistance as a must to run the business. Previous business experience or educating them to gain experience in the line of their business interest will enable the entrepreneurs to become successful entrepreneurs. Originality / Value: There is no study on gender differences that have been carried out in Oman within entrepreneurial activities. This paper examines the gender difference prevailing amidst entrepreneurship in Oman. This research included only the successful entrepreneurs who were advanced under the Governmental Schemes through RIYADA/SANAD, Oman.

Abstrak Judul: Informalisasi tenaga kerja sektor formal di wilayah perkotaan Halaman: 48 halaman Referensi: 7 buku, 7 report partner, 1 artikel, 2 riset, 3 wawancara mendalam dengan staff Oxfam Topik dask review ini dilakukan oleh kelompok Knowledge and Capacity Building and Labour adalah informalisasi tenaga kerja di wilayah perkotaan. Penelitian dilakukan di Surabaya, Jawa Timur pada tanggal 15-21 Juli 2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Untuk memperkaya data, peneliti melakukan wawancara mendalam kepada informan tertentu yang memiliki pengalaman unik.

This paper investigates why people take city break trips. The main objective of the study was to reveal the underlying push and pull motivational factors associated with taking a city break holiday to Dublin. In-depth interviews with 40 city break visitors uncovered six push factors and eight pull factors. The main push motives involved were, ‘escape,’ ‘socialising,’ and ‘self esteem

Recent changes in the English tuition fee policies have spurred a debate on the impacts on student choices for higher education. Expectations range from a sharp decrease in participation in higher education to relatively little change in student demand. We surveyed 1549 year 12 sixth-form students from four institutions spread geographically across England. We have broadened the approach to the study of student choice by not only considering the impact of going to higher education or not, but have included in our choice scenarios the consideration of looking for cheaper higher education alternatives and of looking for higher education abroad. This brings our study from a focus on widening participation and access into the realm of the dynamics of increasing choice in a globalised world. The data suggest that financial issues are key influencers. We conclude that the English higher education system may be confronted with significant changes in student choice patterns, given the study’s finding that students show high levels of anxiety and consequently consider a much broader range of study options: within or outside higher education; in publicly funded or for-profit institutions; and in the UK or elsewhere.

A proportionate number of Nigerian youths engaged in Okada riding coined (Okada) business 'Commercial motorcyclist'. The business has drained manpower from the vocational sectors of the Nigerian economy. The study was carried out to assess the Thrust and Tug Nexus for Okada business among Youths and the implications for their future development. A total of 300 respondents were randomly selected from the list of registered Okada riders in 16 take off points from Ekiti and Ondo states while a structured questionnaire was used to elicit information from them. The findings of the study show that most of the Okada riders were young and married with

Migration is one of the most challenging issues currently facing Nigeria. It refers to change of residence within or over national boundaries; it can be internal or international. However, the focus of this paper is on international migration with particular interest on the use of illegal routes. The media, in varied forms have represented the menace of illegal migration as a way to curb further growth and control existing processes. One of such measures is Superstory's Itohan, a television serial. An analysis of the serial reveals a narrative of subtle persuasion that highlights the risks of following irregular migration routes while also raising awareness about opportunities available to Nigerians. Itohan does not only deal with individual immigrant's narratives but delves into the rules responsible for their indignities. The contending forces of disconnect at the family level and societal expectation/pressure which forms the discourse of Itohan dictate that curbing migration should start at the family level. The paper submits that the coercion, intimidation and abuse often faced by victims of illegal migration has a way of ensuring the individual adapts to vices and adopt same as acceptable with the consequence of facing a battle for identity while living in self-denial.

This study aims to identify robust push and pull factors of human trafficking. I test for the robustness of 78 push and 67 pull factors suggested in the literature. By employing an extreme bound analysis, running more than two million regressions with all possible combinations of variables for up to 180 countries during the period of 1995-2010, I show that crime prevalence robustly explains human trafficking prevalence both in destination and origin countries. My finding also implies that a low level of gender equality and development may have constraining effects on human trafficking outflows, contrary to expectations. The linkage between migration and human trafficking is less clear, and institutional quality matters more in origin countries than destinations.

De zestiende eeuw in de Nederlanden stond in het teken van groeiende ontevredenheid, religieuze repressie, verhoogde belastingen, afneming van privileges en krijgsgeweld.  Dit speelde zich aanvankelijk meer in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden af dan in het Noorden. Door de bovengenoemde aspecten waren veel Vlamingen en Brabanders gedwongen hun thuis te verlaten. Velen onder ons zijn geneigd om de uittocht te zien als een beweging van zuid naar noord. Dit was echter niet het geval. De vluchtelingen vertrokken in verschillende stromen, aanvankelijk vooral naar Engeland en Duitsland en later na enig succes in de burgeroorlog naar voornamelijk Holland en andere delen van de Noordelijke Nederlanden

The slow rate of innovation in the construction sector has been regularly subject of discussion and criticism by construction professionals, the academic community and the wider public. Building design is the result of many interactions among various parties who are directly or indirectly involved in the process. The key concern here is that the design and construction teams are not innovative enough, however this paper claims that that many advances in building technology and design are influenced, created or shaped by the end-users. Repeat clients such as the National Health Service (NHS)

Turizm faaliyetlerinin çeşitlenmesiyle birlikte günümüzde turistlerin destinasyonlara farklı motivasyonlarla seyahat ettikleri bilinmektedir. Bu araştırmada sağlıklı beslenme ve diyet danışmanlığı hizmeti almak için şehir dışından Çanakkale'ye gelen hastaların, bu destinasyonu seyahatlerinde etkili olan itici ve çekici faktörlerin açığa çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca hastaların; sağlıklı beslenme ve diyet danışmanlığı hizmeti alma sebepleri, bu hizmeti alacakları diyetisyende aradıkları özellikler ve bu hizmeti almak için şehir dışındaki bir diyetisyeni tercih etmelerinde etkili olan faktörler incelenmiştir. Veriler, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan mülakat yöntemiyle toplanmış ve içerik analizi yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan analiz sonucunda, hastaların sağlıklı beslenme ve diyet danışmanlığı hizmeti alma motivasyonuyla gerçekleştirdikleri turizm hareketlerindeki çekici, itici ve bu konuya ilişkin incelenen diğer faktörler saptanmıştır. Hastaların bu kapsamda gerçekleştirdikleri seyahatlerde tespit edilen çekici faktörler; "olumlu referanslar, kaliteli diyet hizmeti alma ihtiyacı, teknolojik olanaklar, özel sunulan olanaklar, bulunulan destinasyondaki olanaksızlıklar, daha uygun seans ücreti ve kurumun jeopolitik konumu" olarak tespit edilmiştir. Hastaların bu kapsamda gerçekleştirdikleri seyahatlerde tespit edilen itici faktörler ise; "diyetisyenin olumlu imajı, çevreye daha çekici görünme ihtiyacı, çevreden gelen kilo verme baskısı, sağlıklı olma ihtiyacı, özgüven kazanma, sağlıklı beslenme ihtiyacı, ebeveynliğe hazırlık ve yaşlanma hissini yenme" olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmada, elde edilen tüm bulgulara paralel olarak çeşitli öneriler de sunulmuştur.

This research is aimed to know the difference of perception between National Migrant Workers of Men And Women Against Push And Pull Factors. The variable of push factors used in this research is that of job field, low wage, seeking capital and necessity of life. And pull factors are job opportunities, high wages, distance and culture. Then the data is processed using SPSS 20 software with parametric metode that is independent sample t test. The result of the research revealed that there is no difference of perception between men and women on the job field (push factor), there is no difference of perception between men and women to low wages (push factor), there is no difference of perception between men and women against looking for capital (push factor), there are differences of perceptions between men and women on the necessity of life (push factor), there are differences of perceptions between man and woman to job opportunity (pull factor), there are differences of perceptions between men (pull factor), there are differences in perceptions between men and women on the distance factor (pull factor) and there are differences in perceptions between men and women to the pull factor.

This paper provides an econometric evaluation of migration choices by presenting a simple theoretical framework that investigates migration response to push and pull factors in such settings. The primary aim of this framework is to investigate to what extent a shock to the push factors in the origin leads to migration from developing countries to the developed countries. While its scope is continually extending, the first part of this paper will present the theoretical considerations of the migration-development nexus. The implications of this framework are verified in the context of international migration to the Czech Republic, using a panel of 82 countries developing countries observed in the 1995s. The analysis uses economic, political and demographic factors as "push" shocks and unemployment in destination countries as "pull" shocks. The findings show that an increase of the political factors increases migration abroad and suggest the presence of important liquidity constraints.

Comparative literature research have shown that there is a need of integration among migration theories. According to King (2012) “it should be clear from the foregoing that migration is too diverse and multifaced to be explained in a single theory”.  While some theoretical approaches remain anchored to an economic framework, others have been criticized for being purely descriptive and incapable of explaining social processes.
The present research uses three different theoretical approaches to analyze the case study published by Jon Gjerde in 1985: From Paesants to Farmers. The Migration from Balestrand, Norway, to the Upper Middle West. The book focuses on the emigration flows which occurred between the town of Balestrand, in the district of Sogn, west coast of Norway, to the United States, in the 19th century.
The aim of the research is to answer the interrogative “How can economic approaches and network theories explain the migration patterns of Norwegian to the USA?”. The approaches taken into consideration are the Push-pull economic theory, the New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM), and the Network theory.

Brain drain is not only an issue in Malaysia but also known globally. The definition of brain drain is the highly trained emigration people from a country into another country where they could find a better opportunity. The rapid growth in the past has brought Malaysia to its present state that it is now a middle-income nation and has caused the skilled people the urge for a better standard of living, better hospitality and other general needs which will benefit them with direct impacts onto the labour market. Usually, these people feel like they could have a better life elsewhere once they are highly educated. Because most of the educated and intelligent people leave Malaysia, the country will face difficulties in maintaining a high intellectual standard because these people are the key to create a more educated and professional society. Therefore, this study will address the pulling factors of macroeconomic fundamentals of host countries on brain drain from Malaysia. The objectives of this study are to determine the pulling effect and examine the gender differences of macroeconomic fundamentals on brain drain in Malaysia.

This paper investigates the factors motivating the large capital flows to a number of developing countries in recent years. We use monthly US capital flows to nine Latin American and nine Asian countries to analyze the behavior of bond and equity flows. Employing a panel data approach, we find that although global factors-the drop in US interest rates and the slowdown in US industrial production-are important in explaining capital inflows, country-specific developments are at least as important, especially for Asia. We also find that equity flows are more sensitive than bond flows to global factors, but that bond flows are generally more sensitive to a country's credit rating and secondary market debt price.

RESUMEN En Colombia la llegada de fondos de inversión internacionales al mercado local de TES B es uno de los elementos más importantes al analizar la dinámica de la deuda del Gobierno Nacional en los últimos años. En el periodo 2010-2018, tras la crisis financiera internacional de 2008-2009, condiciones financieras globales favorables impulsaron la llegada de capitales a mercados emergentes, entre ellos Colombia. Estas condiciones fueron reforzadas por el logro del grado de inversión por el país en 2011 y el incremento de la participación del país en el índice GBI-EM Global Diversificado calculado por JP Morgan en 2014, este último hecho inclinó la llegada de recursos externos hacia el segmento de TES B en pesos. La participación de los Fondos de Capital Extranjero en las tenencias totales de TES B pasó del 1,0% al inicio de 2010 hasta el 26,4% al finalizar 2018 ($77,36 billones). Desde el punto de vista de balanza de pagos la entrada de estos capitales desde 2014 ayudó al financiamiento del mayor déficit en cuenta corriente tras el shock petrolero adverso que sufrió el país. Pero con el incremento de la participación de los fondos externos el mayor pago de interés ha contribuido al déficit en cuenta corriente a través de la cuenta de ingreso primario. La llegada de estos inversionistas ha permitido diversificar la base de inversionistas lo que, en concordancia con lo expuesto por la literatura sobre el tema, permitió reducir el costo de endeudamiento. Las estimaciones realizadas muestran que un incremento de un punto porcentual en la participación de los Fondos de Capital Extranjero en las tenencias de TES B en pesos disminuye la tasa de los títulos a 10 años en 5,5 puntos básicos. Este resultado está acorde con los estudios internacionales sobre el tema. Igualmente, con esta fuente de financiación el gobierno logra trasladar parte del riesgo cambiario a estos inversionistas. Sin embargo, la presencia creciente de estos fondos expone el portafolio de deuda del gobierno a los vaivenes de las condiciones financieras externas, ante cambios adversos en estas el gobierno no solo vería una mayor dificultad en el acceso a los mercados de capitales internacionales sino que podría enfrentar una posible salida de capitales del mercado de TES B. Ante una posible salida de los fondos de capital extranjero se requeriría de compras crecientes por parte de los otros grupos de tenedores lo que generaría presiones sobre el costo de endeudamiento del gobierno lo cual de entrada aumentaría las preocupaciones sobre la sostenibilidad de la deuda. Igualmente, una salida de los inversionistas extranjeros o una parada en la llegada de capitales generaría presiones sobre la tasa de cambio que aumentaría el saldo y la carga de la deuda. Palabras clave: Colombia, TES B, bonos domésticos en moneda local, Tenencias de inversionistas externos, Rendimientos, Determinantes pull y push.

Questo elaborato nasce dall' interesse di approfondire le pratiche migratorie di alcun* lavorat* stranier* presso un ristorante di Kristiansand, capitale della regione del Vest- Agder della Norvegia meridionale. Si mettono in evidenza i fattori di attrazione e di spinta, ma anche il ruolo dei network sociali, entrati in gioco nel processo decisionale che ha portato questi individui ad emigrare dal proprio paese di origine. Il metodo di ricerca di cui si è avvalsi è l' intervista qualitativa.

The purpose of this article is to explore the factors influencing residential decisions of Finnish seniors. Analysis draws on qualitative data gathered from in-depth interviews and open-ended survey questions completed by 37 seniors living in three independent living facilities in Finland. Content analysis was used to identify key factors pushing residents out of their former living situations and pulling them into their respective independent living facility. Analysis indicates that different senior houses attract different types of residents. Nevertheless, as a group, they reported similar motivational factors relating to community, physical, and social environments and to their personal circumstances.

This paper investigates why people take city break trips. The main objective of the study was to reveal the underlying push and pull motivational factors associated with taking a city break holiday to Dublin. In-depth interviews with 40 city break visitors uncovered six push factors and eight pull factors. The main push motives involved were, ‘escape,’ ‘socialising,’ and ‘self esteem