Pulp

The amino acid profile of the Synsepalum dulcificum berry was studied. Among the essential amino acid observed, leucine (2.35 g/100 g protein) was the highest while methionine (0.31 g/100 g protein) was the lowest. The nonessential amino acids were also discovered, with glutamic acid (3.43 g/100 g protein) being the highest and glycine (0.38 g/100 g protein), the lowest. The study of the oxidizable vitamins revealed that vitamin C (1.33 mg/100 g) was more abundant than vitamin A (2.54 µg) and vitamin E (0.78 mg/100 g). This information will hopefully enhance the fruits acceptability by more people and thus, generally promote its utilization and appreciation in our diets.

The main objective of this research study was to develop a palatable ready to drink fruit beverage which will be acceptable to consumers using lemon and lime concentrates. The aim of this research project is to help reduce the large stores of lemon concentrate in stock at Mazoe Citrus Estate since this company had been facing challenges of fermentation and gelation of the lemon concentrate due to long term storage. Three lemon and lime nectar samples (sample A, B, C) containing different juice percentages were developed using both qualitative and quantitative research designs. Through sensory evaluation by a panel of 20 respondents from Mazoe Citrus, Midlands State University Food Science department and residents of Senga, the most preferred nectar sample was identified. Sample C, which was the most preferred nectar sample was then tested for brix, pH, titratable acidity, pulp content, number of specks and microbes. The laboratory assessment results showed that the lemon and lime nectar conformed to the stipulated specifications of nectars and the lemon and lime nectar produced scored a shelf life of one month.

Little is known about the performance of South African cactus pear varieties in different agro-ecological regions. Effects of locality on internal quality parameters of available cactus pear varieties were examined. With only one exception, no significant differences among the mean replication values for the different parameters between the different locations were observed. The differences between mean values for most individual parameters at the three localities were highly significant. Highly significant differences between the mean values for the measured characteristics were observed, not only among the locations (except for the pulp glucose values), but also for the influences of genotype and interaction between locality and genotype. Significant variations existed between mean values of the different characteristics between localities. Genotype x environmental interactions were noted. It was concluded that Meyers is the most appropriate cultivar for economical purposes in Sou...

Lycopene is the principal pigment found in tomatoes and is important not only because of the color it imparts but also because of the recognized health benefits associated with its presence. Degradation of lycopene not only affects the attractive color of the final products but also their nutritive value. The objectives of this study were to determine the retention of lycopene during spray drying of tomato pulp and study the effect of drying conditions on the lycopene content of tomato powder. Sixty-four different experiments were conducted keeping constant the feed rate, the feed temperature and the atomizer pressure, and varying the compressed air flow rate, the flow rate of drying air and the air inlet temperature. Tomato powders were analysed for lycopene content. Lycopene content varied from 1016.05 to 1181.30 mg/g total solids, whereas lycopene loss ranged between 8.07 and 20.93%. Analysis of experimental data yielded correlations between lycopene retention and the variable operating conditions. Lycopene loss increased with increases in air inlet temperature and in both drying and compressed air flow rate. Multiple regression analysis was used to develop a predictive equation for final lycopene retention during spray drying. The decrease in lycopene content reported here was due to an actual degradation of lycopene, rather than to a progressive conversion from the all-trans-lycopene to a less strongly colored, less intensely absorbing cis form.

Pulp's so-called working-class anthem "Common People" positions itself in a twofold way towards the concept of authenticity, namely constructing and deconstructing it at the same time. Ths paper examines the different versions of "Common People", including the official music video, two live recordings, and of course the lyrics.

World demand for paper has increased at an average annual rate of 4.7% over the past 40 years. Although future growth will reduce to 2-3% the existing wood resources may be inadequate to meet this growing demand for paper especially in the Asia-Pacific region and Eastern Europe. In addition, logging is coming under increasing pressure from environmentalists concerned about habitat destruction and other longer-term impacts of forest harvesting. It is, therefore, necessary to consider alternative fiber sources to meet the possible shortfall of wood fiber for papermaking. Suitable nonwood fibers are abundantly available in many countries and are the major source of fiber for papermaking in some developing nations.

The effect of high-pressure (HP) treatment (100–400 MPa for 15 or 30 min at 20 °C) on the rheological characteristics and colour of fresh and canned mango pulps was evaluated. Differences were observed in the rheological behaviour of fresh and canned mango pulps treated with HP. Shear stress–shear rate data of pulps were well described by the Herschel–Bulkley model. The consistency index (K) of fresh pulp increased with pressure level from 100 to 200 MPa while a steady decrease was noticed for canned pulp. For fresh pulp the flow behaviour index decreased with pressure treatment whereas an increasing trend was observed with canned pulp. Storage and loss moduli of treated fresh pulp with HP increased linearly with angular frequency up to 200 MPa for a treatment time of 30 min while a steady decreasing trend was found for processed pulp. No significant variation in colour was observed during pressure treatment.

Fig fruit has been a typical component in the health-promoting Mediterranean diet for millennia. To study the potential health-promoting constituents of fig fruits, six commercial fig varieties differing in color (black, red, yellow, and green) were analyzed for total polyphenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, and amount and profile of anthocyanins. Using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC), various concentrations of anthocyanins but a similar profile was found in all varieties studied. Hydrolysis revealed cyanidin as the major aglycon. Proton and carbon NMR confirmed cyanidin-3-O-rhamnoglucoside (cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside; C3R) as the main anthocyanin in all fruits. Color appearance of fig extract correlated well with total polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity. Extracts of darker varieties showed higher contents of phytochemicals compared to lighter colored varieties. Fruit skins contributed most of the above phytochemicals and antioxidant activity compared to the fruit pulp. Antioxidant capacity correlated well with the amounts of polyphenols and anthocyanins (R 2 ) 0.985 and 0.992, respectively). In the dark-colored Mission and the red Brown-Turkey varieties, the anthocyanin fraction contributed 36 and 28% of the total antioxidant capacity, respectively. C3R contributed 92% of the total antioxidant capacity of the anthocyanin fraction. Fruits of the Mission variety contained the highest levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins and exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity.

This paper uses three different approaches for measuring the tightness of competition in the global pulp and paper markets. First, we evaluate the market shares of the world's largest pulp and paper companies. Second, we estimate the price elasticities of the export demand for pulp and paper. Third, we test the Law of One Price. All three approaches suggest that the pulp and paper markets are competitive in the sense that a single firm, no matter how large, cannot increase the price of its products without losing market shares and experiencing a fall in total revenues.

The main objective of this work is to evaluate the suitability of rice straw and sodaeanthraquinone (sodaeAQ) pulping process to produce pulp and paper. To reach this aim, it was used a central composite factorial design to study the influence of operational variables (temperature (155e185 C), cooking time (30e90 min), soda concentration (10e20%), anthraquinone concentration (0e1%) and liquid/solid ratio (6e8)), in sodaeanthraquinone cooking of rice straw on pulps and paper sheets properties obtained.

Linear Programming is a family of mathematical programming that is concerned with the allocation of scarce or limited resources i.e. raw materials, partially finished products, labour, investment capital or time to several competing activities on the basis of given optimality. It is employed in operation research for the purpose of optimization of linear functions subject to linear equality and inequality constraint. An optimal allocation may be one that maximizes some measure of benefit or utility, such as profit, or minimizes some measure of cost. The technique of linear programming is used in wide range of applications, including agriculture, industry, transportation, economic, health system, social science, and military. In this paper we will solve a linear programming problem using python language. As an analyst, we try to find a good optimal solution for the decision maker to make a final decision. Our attempt is to give the mathematical description of the product-mix optimization problem. The objective of this paper is to find the best mix that maximizes profit. To obtain the solution to this Linear program, we have to write a short program in Python to call PuLP’s modeling functions, which will then call a solver. Then we will obtain the graph using python commands, which will give the shaded area enclosed by the constraints called feasible region, which is the set of points satisfying all the constraints. To find the optimal solution we look at the lines of equal profits to find the corner of the feasible region which yield the highest profit. This corner can be found out at the farthest line of equal profit which still touches the feasible region.

Survival analysis concepts to be used in sensory shelf life studies were introduced, together with the equations necessary for calculations. The survival function was defined as the probability of consumers accepting a product beyond a certain storage time. Censoring phenomena, a key concept in survival analysis, was defined and has been shown to occur in sensory shelf-life data. Concepts and calculations were applied to a data set obtained from 50 consumers who each tasted seven yogurt samples with different storage times, answering "yes" or "no" to whether they would consume the samples. From this censored data set, nonparametric and parametric models were obtained that allowed shelf-life estimations.

La produzione letteraria contemporanea (o post-contemporanea, che dir si voglia) è caratterizzata in primis dall'estrema accessibilità. La letteratura, negli ultimi trent'anni, è diventata un bene 'di uso e consumo': non solo il lettore, ma anche lo scrittore possono accedervi con grande facilità. Il fenomeno di 'democratizzazione' dell'opera letteraria, di per sé positivo, comporta tuttavia i rischi di una degenerazione 'anarchica', dovuta alla crescita esponenziale delle pubblicazioni e a un generale appiattimento qualitativo. Il pubblico, «il quale […] non è più costituito, se non in minima parte, da persone dotate di una formazione compiutamente umanistica, in grado di riconoscere la superiorità di una nuova opera grazie a un confronto ampio con la tradizione più alta» 1 , non ha più un metro di giudizio che gli permetta di capire quali sono le opere che hanno valore. Nel labirinto della narrativa contemporanea rischiano di perdersi anche la critica e la storiografia, le quali, manchevoli «di un canone condiviso, tale da indicare modelli con cui confrontare le nuove opere» 2 , tendono a considerare il nuovo come qualcosa di

Non-wood plants were increasingly utilized for the pulp and paper production especially in countries witnessing decreased wood supply for such industry. Since they are somewhat different from pulp wood, they need special attention dealing with them as raw materials for pulping. Some of the common pretreatment efforts were reviewed.

Empty fruit bunches (EFB) from palm oil were characterized. The holocellulose (66.97%), α-cellulose (47.91%), and lignin (24.45%) are similar to wood materials, and various non-wood materials, but the fiber length is shorter (0.53 mm). The influence of operational variables in the EFB pulping [formic acid (75-95%), hydrochloric acid (0.05-0.15%), and time (30-150 min)], on the yield, kappa number, viscosity, and brightness of the pulps was studied. By using a factorial design, equations that reproduced the experimental results for the dependent variables, errors less than 10% were obtained. These equations could be used to find suitable conditions, so that operating with not too high values of operating variables (with minor costs of capital and of operation), pulps could be obtained with acceptable properties. In this way, a cellulosic pulp with a 42.3% yield, 22.7% brightness, and a 512 mL/g viscosity was obtained under the following conditions: 92.5% of formic acid, 0.075% of hydrochloric acid, and a time of 60 min. A pulp (31.1 kappa number and 606 mL/g viscosity) was bleached by EPabOPoP sequence, achieving a brightness of 69.4%, a loss of viscosity and yield of 34.8% and 13.1%, respectively. The residual liquor from the pulping with formic acid 95%, 0.05% hydrochloric acid and 30 min, provides a liquor with 18.2% residual lignin, 4.1% glucose, 9.8% xylose, and 1.2% arabinose, all on dry weight of original material.

ABSTRAK Penggunaan pulp dan kertas di Indonesia hingga saat ini masih dominan menggunakan kayu alam sebagai bahan baku untuk diambil selulosanya. Dominasi ini beakibat buruk terhadap lingkungan dan berpeluang sangat besar terjadinya deforestasi. Pada makalah ini akan membahas mengenai pengolahan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) menjadi Pulp/Paper sehingga makalah ini akan menjadi media pembelajaran yang akan membuka peluang potensi dan kerangka berfikir untuk menjadikan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) sebagai pengganti kayu alam dalam pembuatan kertas. PENDAHULUAN Salah satu komoditas unggulan Indonesia yaitu kelapa sawit sangat memiliki andil yang signifikan bagi perekonomian Indonesia. Indonesia saat ini berada pada posisi pertama sebagai negara penghasil CPO terbesar di dunia. Pertanian dan perkebunan kelapa sawit untuk pembangunan pabrik kelapa sawit masih menjadi peluang bisnis yang sangat menjanjikan karena salah satu faktor pertumbuhan kelapa sawit yaitu faktor iklim atau cuaca yang sesuai dengan iklim tropis di Indonesia sehingga memungkinkan kelapa sawit tumbuh dengan baik di wilayah Indonesia (suandi, 2016). Salah satu tujuan yang menjadi penentu dalam keberhasilan usaha pengolahan dan perkebunan kelapa sawit serta juga merupakan hasil utama yang ingin diperolah ialah minyak sawit mentah atau crude palm oil (CPO), minyak inti sawit atau palm kernel oil (PKO) dan produk sampingnya yang berupa serabut, cangkang, dan tandan kososng kelapa sawit (TKKS) (ekaprasetya, 2006) Banyak contoh yang berkaitan dengan pengolahan kelapa sawit salah satunya yang dilakukan Nazarudin mengenai penelitian tentang pengolahan sawit yang berfokus pada proses pengolahan minyak sawit mentah atau crude palm oil (CPO) menjadi bahan bakar bakar nabati atau biofuel dengan proses perengkahan menggunakan katalis Cr-zeolit alam. Terdapat juga penelitian beliau yang merupakan lanjutan dari penelitian sebelumnya mengenai pengaruh penambahan logam alkali (K, Li, Na) dalam katalis Cr-Zeolit Alam terhadap koversi minyak sawit mentah atau crude palm oil (CPO) menjadi bensin. Contoh lain dalam pemanfaatan produk kelapa sawit yaitu memanfaatkan produk turunannya berupa Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS). Salah satu penelitian Nazarudin yang berfokus pada pengolahan Tanda Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) adalah mengkonversinya menjadi Bio-Oil dengan proses pyrolysis. Juga beliau pernah melakukan studi sintesis katalis Cr / SiO2 dari limbah arang pabrik kelapa sawit. Contoh lainnya yaitu penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Alfernando, penelitian ini berfokus pada pengoptimalan pengolahan minyak sawit mentah atau crude palm oil (CPO) menjadi bahan bakar cair dengan memperhatikan pengaruh perubahan suhu terhadap kinerja karbon aktif. Produk turunan kelapa sawit yaitu Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) memiliki pasokan yang sangat melimpah atau hampir sama dengan rendemen minyak sawit mentah atau crude palm oil (CPO) (erwinsyah dkk, 2007). Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) adalah salah satu bahan baku untuk material atau bahan baku lainnya. Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) memiliki unsurr yang sama seperti tanaman kayu atau tanaman lain pada umumnya yaitu mengandung unsur kimiawi lemak, selulosa, lignin, dan hemiselulosa. Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) sangat memiliki potensi untuk menjadi bahan baku serat non-kayu untuk pembuatan pulp dan kertas. Serta pengelolaan "limbah" Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit dapat memberikan nilai guna bagi perindustrian kelapa sawit. Potensi Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Perkembangan perkebunan dan industry kelapa sawit sangat pesat belakangan ini. Dalam proses pengolahan kelapa sawit, pabrik kelapa sawit menghasilkan produk utama serta juga terdapat hasil produk samping berupa 'limbah'. Limbah tersebut teridir dari limbah cair, padat, dan gas. Limbah cari merupakan limbah yang dihasilkan dari pengukusan dan buangan hidrosiklon. Limbah padat yaitu berupa Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit, cangkang, dan sludge.

Tropical pulpy juices play an important role in nutrition as an excellent base for low-calorie and dietetic products. Goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) is one of the most promising exotic fruits and many interesting functional products could be developed from these berries. In this work we are reporting, for the first time, on the chemical composition and some physicochemical parameters of the goldenberry fruit juice. We have also investigated how some of these properties are affected by enzymatic treatment and pasteurisation. By enzymation, not only is the yield of juice increased, but also the macro- and micro-components. Application of enzymes, moreover, leads to juices with higher pulp content, higher acidity and higher total soluble solids. On the other side, enzyme-treated juices were characterised by lower alcohol-soluble solids and pH values. Water- and fat-soluble bioactives were estimated in appreciable amounts in the juice. The antioxidative potential of different processed juices was assessed by means of bleaching of the stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals and the resulting values were correlated with each of the antioxidant compounds. The results obtained can be considered very satisfactory and the juice could be widely appreciated when compared with other products commonly available on the market. The data are helpful for the optimisation of goldenberry juice production. It was the purpose to present a comprehensive assessment of the goldenberry juice and to address the potential for its delivery in functional drinks. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry

The aim of this in vitro study was to measure critical morphology of molar pulp chambers. One hundred random human maxillary and mandibular molars (200 teeth in total) were used. Each molar was radiographed mesiodistally on a millimeter grid. Using a stereomicroscope, the measurements were read to the nearest 0.5 mm. Results were as follows (mean, mm): pulp chamber floor to furcation, maxillary ‫؍‬ 3.05 ؎ 0.79, mandibular ‫؍‬ 2.96 ؎ 0.78; pulp chamber ceiling to furcation, maxillary ‫؍‬ 4.91 ؎ 1.06, mandibular ‫؍‬ 4.55 ؎ 0.91; buccal cusp to furcation, maxillary ‫؍‬ 11.15 ؎ 1.21, mandibular ‫؍‬ 10.90 ؎ 1.21; buccal cusp to pulp chamber floor, maxillary ‫؍‬ 8.08 ؎ 0.88, mandibular ‫؍‬ 7.95 ؎ 0.79; buccal cusp to pulp chamber ceiling, maxillary ‫؍‬ 6.24 ؎ 0.88, mandibular ‫؍‬ 6.36 ؎ 0.93; and pulp chamber height, maxillary ‫؍‬ 1.88 ؎ 0.69, mandibular ‫؍‬ 1.57 ؎ 0.68. The pulp chamber ceiling was at the level of the cementoenamel junction in maxillary, 98%, and mandibular, 97% of the specimens. The measurements showing the lowest percentage variance were buccal cusp to furcation (approximately 11%) and buccal cusp to pulp chamber ceiling (approximately 14%). The measurements were similar for both maxillary and mandibular molars.

Mycelial growth of two strains of the mushroom Lentinula edodes (IE-40 and IE-105) was evaluated on barley straw, corn cob, corn stover, rice bran, bracts of pineapple crown, coffee husk, sugarcane bagasse and sugarcane leaves. The last four substrates were chosen for mushroom production essays. A mixture of coffee husks, coffee pulp and sorghum grains was used as spawn. The substrates were sterilised and inoculated, under aseptic conditions, in plastic bags. The bags were incubated at 25 °C in darkness. There was no development of primordia in the coffee husks. In the other substrates, primordia were observed between 30 and 62 days. Both strains, IE-40 and IE-105, showed their highest production in sugarcane bagasse, with biological efficiencies of 130-133 %, followed by 83-98 % in sugarcane leaves and 36-37 % in bracts of pineapple crown. (© Inra/Elsevier, Paris.) Lentinula edodes / shiitake / mushroom cultivation / alternative substrates / Mexico Résumé. La culture du shiitake, Lentinula edodes, sur quelques matériaux lignocellulosiques originaires des soustropiques. La croissance mycélienne de deux souches du champignon comestible Lentinula edodes (IE 40 et IE 105) a été testée sur divers substrats : paille d'orge, rafles et paille de maïs, son de riz, bractées de la couronne d'ananas, cosse du grain de café, bagasse et feuilles de la canne à sucre. La meilleure croissance a été obtenue avec les quatre derniers substrats et en conséquence ces substrats ont été utilisés pour des essais de production de champignons. L'inoculum a été produit dans un mélange de cosse du grain café, de pulpe de café et de grains de sorgho. Le substrat, conditionné dans des poches plastiques, a été stérilisé puis ensemencé en conditions aseptiques. Les souches ont été incubées à 25 °C à l'obscurité. Selon les souches, l'apparition des primordia a varié entre 30 et 62 j. Dans le substrat de cosse du grain de café, aucune souche, n'a produit de fructifications. C'est pour la bagasse de canne à sucre que les deux souches ont montré la productivité la plus élevée avec une efficience biologique de 130-133 %; pour les feuilles de canne à sucre, elle était de 83-98 % et pour les bractées de la couronne d'ananas, de 36-37 %. (© Inra/Elsevier, Paris.

in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). Laccase, through its versatile mode of action, has the potential to revolutionize the pulping and paper making industry. It not only plays a role in the delignification and brightening of the pulp but has also been described for the removal of the lipophilic extractives responsible for pitch deposition from both wood and nonwood paper pulps. Laccases are capable of improving physical, chemical, as well as mechanical properties of pulp either by forming reactive radicals with lignin or by functionalizing lignocellulosic fibers. Laccases can also target the colored and toxic compounds released as effluents from various industries and render them nontoxic through its polymerization and depolymerization reactions. This article reviews the use of both fungal and bacterial laccases in improving pulp properties and bioremediation of pulp and paper mill effluents. V

The pulp and paper industry has experienced dramatic changes during the past several decades with large variations in world regional market shares of production capacity and consumption patterns. Based on panel data available (1961-2000) from the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization, this paper estimates dynamic demand models for pulp and paper products in four major trading regions: Asia, Europe, the North American Free Trade Agreement Area, and South America. With or without price in the model, short-run demands are generally output inelastic. However, without price in the model, long-run output elasticities were more elastic, particularly in the Paper/ Paperboard, Printing/Writing, and Household/Sanitary sectors with most elasticities greater than 1. With price included in the model, long-run demands were generally output inelastic, with primary exceptions being the Paper/Paperboard sector for all but the NAFTA region and Wrapping/Packaging for Asia and South America. Price was generally significant with long-run elasticities, in absolute value, in the (0.05, 0.11) range. And as a measure of urbanization, the percent of the population living in urban areas significantly affects consumption in total and in the Pulp and Printing/Writing sectors.

The influence of green banana pulp (GBP) on rheological behaviour and chemical characteristics of emulsions (mayonnaises) was investigated in this work. Five formulations were developed, using an experimental design for constrained surfaces and mixtures, with the following proportions (water/soybean oil/GBP): F1 (0.10/0.20/0.70), F2 (0.20/0.20/0.60), F3 (0.10/0.25/0.65), F4 (0.20/0.25/0.55) and F5 (0.15/0.225/0.625). Rheological properties of the emulsions were obtained with a rotational Haake Rheostress 600 rheometer and a cone and plate geometry sensor (60 mm diameter, 21 cone angle), with a gap distance of 1 mm. The samples presented high values for mineral salts and low calories. The emulsions showed pseudoplastic behaviour at 10 and 25 1C and rheological data were well described by the Herschel-Bulkley model. Formulations with high GBP content (F1 and F3) presented higher yield stress and apparent viscosity values. The results obtained with the response surface methodology, which were adjusted by the quadratic model, showed that GBP had a significant influence on the increase of yield stress and apparent viscosity. The consistency coefficient increased with an increase in soybean oil concentration and water contributed to high values of flow behaviour index in all emulsions samples.

Now a day, the dependency of mankind on polythene has grown to larger extent because of its wide applications in storing food without allowing the moisture inside the packing and also as carry bags. But polythene is a non-biodegradable material which when buried in the soil doesn’t decompose. Because of this reason the soil looses it’s fertility due to the toxic chemicals it release by the action of temperature and also killing the micro organisms that are essential in the soil. In view of this, several attempts were made in recent years to develop paper that can show the oil proof as that of polythene. This project involves not the production of paper but the basic raw material for paper production that is pulp from banana plant (abundantly available on earth). Later this pulp can be blended with pulp obtained from bamboo which is less abundant, to obtain oil proof paper. The reason behind the selection of banana as raw material is, in banana plantations, after the fruits are harve...

Protein content of plant tissues is usually estimated by multiplying total nitrogen by a conversion factor of 6.25. This technique assumes that all nitrogen originates from protein. When applied to fruit pulp, it overestimates protein content because pulp typically contains free amino acids and many nitrogenous secondary metabolites. At issue is the extent of error and, consequently, what the conversion factor between nitrogen and protein should be. We calculated a conversion factor based on pulp samples from 18 species collected in the southeastern United States. We also report a new and simple method of estimating protein and free amino acids in fruit pulp. Because previous studies have found high variation in protein and secondary metabolite content among fruit species, use of a single conversion factor for all species will generate error. In an attempt to reduce such error, we calculated protein contents and conversion factors separately for two common fruit types: lipid-rich / carbohydrate-poor and lipid-poor / carbohydrate-rich. We found no difference between these types of fruit and hence combined results in calculating an average conversion factor of 5.64. Use of an accurate conversion factor is important in estimating protein consumption by wild animals and in formulating diets of captive animals. It can also reveal whether loss of body mass in captive animals on fruit diets is due to insufficient protein consumption, secondary metabolite toxicity, or an imbalance of amino acids.

Purpose: Tendon transfers are a routine procedure used to improve hand function in brachial plexus injuries; however, muscles from forearm donors are not always available for transfer. In this situation a distant muscle may be used. This study describes transfer of the brachialis muscle to the forearm muscles to reconstruct finger flexion or wrist extension in patients with brachial plexus injuries. Methods: In 6 patients the brachialis muscle was transferred to the flexor digitorum profundus and the flexor pollicis longus to restore finger and thumb flexion with the goal of reconstructing a key pinch and hook grasp. In 3 patients the brachialis muscle was transferred to the extensor carpi radialis brevis to restore wrist extension. The patients were evaluated at regular intervals and had final assessments between 10 and 12 months after surgery. Results: Brachialis transfer to the flexor digitorum profundus and the flexor pollicis longus resulted in active motion with full range of digital flexion in the 2 patients who had partial flexion before surgery, and for the 4 patients who had no finger flexion before surgery it resulted in a pulp-to-palm distance for the middle finger of 1 cm in 3 patients and of 2 cm in 1 patient. A lateral key pinch and hook grasp reconstruction was achieved in all patients. Grasping and lateral pinch strengths averaged 110 and 94 mm Hg, respectively. When the brachialis was transferred to the wrist extensors the patients recovered 20°of active wrist extension against resistance. Conclusions: Brachialis muscle transfer to the forearm muscle constitutes a valid strategy in the reconstruction of finger and thumb flexion and wrist extension after brachial plexus injury when forearm donor muscles are not available. (J Hand Surg 2006;31A:190 -196. Copyright

Kebutuhan terhadap kertas di Indonesia mengalami peningkatan dari tahun ke tahun. Pada tahun 2005 konsumsi kertas di Indonesia mencapai 5,60 juta ton dan pada tahun 2009 sebesar 6,45 juta ton. Semakin banyaknya kebutuhan terhadap kertas tersebut mengharuskan adanya alternatif pengganti bahan pembuatan kertas selain dari serat kayu. Salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai alternatif pengganti bahan pembuat kertas adalah batang pisang. Penelitian ini memanfaatkan limbah batang pisang mahuli dengan tujuan untuk menganalisa pengaruh perbandingan volume larutan dan massa batang pisang (L/kg) serta temperatur pemasakan (o C) terhadap perolehan pulp, menentukan besarnya perolehan pulp, gramatur dan kadar air kertas pada perbandingan volume larutan dan massa batang pisang (L/kg) dan temperatur pemasakan (o C) serta mengetahui struktur morfologi dari kertas yang memiliki perolehan terbaik. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan memasak limbah batang pisang mahuli dengan larutan NaOH selama 60 menit untuk menghasilkan pulp, kemudian pulp dibersihkan dan disaring serta diberi bahan pewarna. Pulp dicetak menggunakan screen pulp sehingga menghasilkan kertas setelah mengalami pengeringan. Variasi yang dilakukan yaitu temperatur pemasakan 100 o C, 110 o C dan 120 o C; serta perbandingan antara volume larutan dan massa potongan batang pisang 2/1, 3/1, 5/1 dan 7/1 (L/kg). Kesimpulan dari hasil eksperimen didapatkan nilai rendemen pulp pada berbagai variasi berkisar antara 29,57-76,21%. Sedangkan gramatur dan kadar kertas air yang didapat berkisar antara 83,83-455,00 g/m 2 dan 4,67-22,67%. Selain itu, didapat pula bahwa struktur morfologi kertas dengan rendemen pulp tertinggi yaitu kertas mengandung serat yang tersebar dengan lebih merata dibandingkan serat bahan, serat terlihat lebih kasar yang diakibatkan oleh proses pemasakan dan diameter serat yang dihasilkan berkisar antara 3-8µm.

The rationale of this study is to compare the levels of different antioxidants present in commercially important tomato cultivars of India, specifically developed to grow in high altitude and plain regions. Major antioxidant components like lycopene, ascorbic acid, phenolics, and quenching capacity of free radicals were analysed in different fractions of tomato fruit, i.e., skin, pulp, and seed fractions. Significant differences in antioxidant components were observed among the fractions of the different cultivars studied. Lycopene content was found to be more in high altitude cultivars (‘Sindhu’ and ‘Shalimar’); however, ascorbic acid and phenolic content were found to be higher in plain region cultivars (‘PKM1’ and ‘CO3’). To evaluate the antioxidant capacity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were performed. High altitude cultivars showed 10–15% higher DPPH free radical scavenging activity and 20–30% increase in FRAP than the plain region cultivars. Among the different fruit fractions analysed, skin showed the highest level of antioxidants levels and free radical scavenging activities in all the cultivars tested. The difference in the antioxidants level and activity may be attributed to the genetic variability of the cultivars.

Phytochemical and biological screening is necessary for the isolation of functional groups which lead to the discovery of new active compounds. In the present work, the crude aqueous extract of Daucus carota were tested for phytochemical screening and HPLC analysis which indicated the presence of various class of bioactive secondary metabolite such as terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and glycosides. HPLC analysis was performed to quantify the β-carotene content in pulp and aerial extract of Daucus carota.

in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). Laccase, through its versatile mode of action, has the potential to revolutionize the pulping and paper making industry. It not only plays a role in the delignification and brightening of the pulp but has also been described for the removal of the lipophilic extractives responsible for pitch deposition from both wood and nonwood paper pulps. Laccases are capable of improving physical, chemical, as well as mechanical properties of pulp either by forming reactive radicals with lignin or by functionalizing lignocellulosic fibers. Laccases can also target the colored and toxic compounds released as effluents from various industries and render them nontoxic through its polymerization and depolymerization reactions. This article reviews the use of both fungal and bacterial laccases in improving pulp properties and bioremediation of pulp and paper mill effluents. V

The effect of adsorbed and soluble carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on dispersing, dewaterability, and fines retention of pulp fibre suspensions was investigated. CMC was added to a suspension in the presence of electrolytes, causing its adsorption to the fibre surfaces, or to a suspension without electrolytes, so that it stayed in the liquid phase. Both the CMC adsorbed on fibre surfaces and that in the liquid phase were able to disperse the fibre suspension due to the ability of CMC to reduce fibre-to-fibre friction in both phases. Adsorbed CMC promoted the formation of a water-rich microfibrillar gel on the fibre surfaces through the spreading out of microfibrils, leading to a decrease in friction at the fibre-fibre contact points and to the increased dispersion of fibres. CMC in the liquid phase of the suspension was in turn thought to prevent fibreto-fibre contacts due to the large physical size of the CMC molecules. CMC in both phases had detrimental effects on dewatering of the pulp suspension, but adsorbed CMC caused more plugging of the filter cake, and this was attributed to its ability to disperse fibre fines, in particular. Thus, adsorbed CMC also reduced fines retention considerably more than did CMC in the liquid phase of a suspension.

La guayaba (Psidium guajava L.) es una fruta tropical de gran aceptación en los trópicos, donde se consume fresca y procesada. En este trabajo se comparó la acidez libre, el pH, el contenido de cenizas, nitrógeno y la humedad, junto con el contenido de polifenoles totales y la capacidad antioxidante de la piel, el casco y la pulpa de la fruta fresca, y de la pulpa procesada y la mermelada de guayaba. El mayor contenido de polifenoles fue encontrado para la piel de la guayaba (10,36 g/100 g piel) y el menor en la mermelada (1,47g/ 100g mermelada), expresados en base seca. Se encontró que la capacidad antioxidante de la piel fue diez veces superior a la de la pulpa, y la de la mermelada el doble que la del casco. Palabras clave: Capacidad antioxidante, guayaba, polifenoles, pulpa, mermelada.

The influence of green banana pulp (GBP) on rheological behaviour and chemical characteristics of emulsions (mayonnaises) was investigated in this work. Five formulations were developed, using an experimental design for constrained surfaces and mixtures, with the following proportions (water/soybean oil/GBP): F1 (0.10/0.20/0.70), F2 (0.20/0.20/0.60), F3 (0.10/0.25/0.65), F4 (0.20/0.25/0.55) and F5 (0.15/0.225/0.625). Rheological properties of the emulsions were obtained with a rotational Haake Rheostress 600 rheometer and a cone and plate geometry sensor (60 mm diameter, 21 cone angle), with a gap distance of 1 mm. The samples presented high values for mineral salts and low calories. The emulsions showed pseudoplastic behaviour at 10 and 25 1C and rheological data were well described by the Herschel-Bulkley model. Formulations with high GBP content (F1 and F3) presented higher yield stress and apparent viscosity values. The results obtained with the response surface methodology, which were adjusted by the quadratic model, showed that GBP had a significant influence on the increase of yield stress and apparent viscosity. The consistency coefficient increased with an increase in soybean oil concentration and water contributed to high values of flow behaviour index in all emulsions samples.

This paper reports on the influence of independent variables in the pulping of holm oak wood (Quercus ilex L.) [viz. temperature (135-195°C), cooking time (30-90 min) and soda concentration (10-20%)] on the yield, holocellulose content, a-cellulose content, brightness and viscosity of the resulting pulp.

Rheological, thermal and structural changes in high pressure (HP) treated Basmati rice flour dispersions were studied as function of pressure level (350–650 MPa), slurry concentration (with 1:5, 1:3 and 1:2 flour-to-water ratios) and holding time (7.5–15 min). Rice flour dispersions exhibited a gradual liquid–solid gel transformation as they gelatinized and/or denatured and behaved as viscoelastic fluid following HP treatment. Mechanical strength (G′) of pressurized gel increased with applied pressure and rice concentration. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) thermograms of rice slurry measured after pressure treatment indicated a reduction in peak enthalpy in proportion with the extent of gelatinization and/or denaturation of starch and proteins. Pressure-treated rice samples had a progressively lower gelatinization temperature. A 15 min pressure treatment at 550 MPa was found sufficient to complete gelatinization of protein free isolated rice starch while the slurry required 650 MPa. The presence of proteins might have been responsible for the slower starch gelatinization in the rice slurry during pressure treatment. The sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results indicated some minor changes in protein subunits and secondary structure of rice protein. This study has provided complementary information on pressure-induced changes in physical (thermal stability, overall structure) and molecular level (secondary structure) of rice protein.

The potential of NMR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis methods to detect the adulteration of orange juice with pulp wash is demonstrated. Principal component analysis has been applied to 1 H NMR spectra of >300 orange and pulp wash juices, and stepwise linear discriminant analysis was used to classify the samples. A model with six principal components gave a high success rate of classification (94%) for both training and validation sets. An important principal component loading showed that dimethylproline played a key role in the discrimination between the two types of juice, with higher levels in pulp wash. Dimethylproline was not previously known as a marker compound for orange juice adulteration. An ANOVA test revealed at least 21 other NMR signals that differed significantly between the authentic and pulp wash groups. The compounds they represent could be seen as potential marker compounds in addition to dimethylproline. This makes NMR with chemometrics an attractive screening tool with advantages in terms of rapidity, simplicity, and diversity of information provided.

The quantitative distribution of volatile compounds in the pulp, cloud, and serum of a freshly squeezed orange juice (cv. Naveline) was measured. Juice monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were primarily recovered from the pulp (74.0 and 87.2%, respectively) and cloud (7.3 and 14.9%, respectively). Esters and monoterpene alcohols were mainly found in the serum (90.4 and 84.1%, respectively). Long chain aliphatic aldehydes tend to concentrate in the pulp. The relative proportions of individual volatile compounds were similar in the pulp and cloud. Pulp and cloud alcohol insoluble residues exhibited similar compositions; half of them are made of nonwall proteins, and the rest are made of cell wall materials. Pulp and cloud total and neutral lipids had similar fatty acids distributions, although the cloud was much richer in total lipids than the pulp. No relationship was found between the retention of aroma compounds in the pulp or cloud and their AIR and lipid content or composition.