Public Health Management

George Gotsis                   

        Historical and philosophical dimensions of ancient Chinese Medicine 
Implications for contemporary public health management   


                                                          Abstract

This book seeks to underscore the significance of adopting ancient Chinese medical tradition as both an instrument of public health management policies and a means of securing and protecting human life in the current covid 19 pandemic circumstances. More specifically, the study is intended to examine the potential of Chinese medicine as a prospective justificatory basis of contemporary health crisis management. In this re-spect, we review the historical development of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), discuss its basic anthropological tenets and core philosophical assumptions, analyze the concomitant regulative principles and assess its efficiency in addressing critical chal-lenges to human integrity and life, in both the historical past and the present.
In a nutshell, we make an explicit reference to major indigenous medical traditions that share a Taoist, Buddhist or Confucian underlying rationale in protecting life and alleviating extreme necessity in both private and public healthcare issues. We in turn review the predominant schools of thought, textual traditions and personal biographies of various Chinese literati who were perceived as influential in making a substantial con-tribution toward the formation, development and evolution of ancient Chinese medi-cine over an extremely long time period. Last but not least, ethical principles that are employed to orientate medical action and normative directives upon which traditional, as well as modern healthcare systems are founded, are taken into due consideration.         
We then proceed to discuss in brief the implementation of health management pro-grammes based on TCM to the current pandemics in China. In so doing, we underscore their admittedly beneficial outcomes and evaluate the efficacy of these policies in at-tenuating adverse effects induced by SARS Cov 2. We also argue that TCM remains a functional and comprehensive belief-system informed by various methods and practices that is in position to yield positive outcomes in states of emergencies.  Empirical find-ings centered on clinical trials as well as meta-analyses of published papers offer advo-cacy to our core  hypothesis that, resorting to an indigenous medical system such as that of TCM, is far from being an irrational or highly risky decision. On the contrary, we elaborate a set of arguments and advance a rationale in favour of such a choice in par-ticular cultural contexts in which TCM enjoys both a high level of institutionalization and s higher degree of social recognition.
In this respect, we elaborate a multilevel rationale for potential inclusion of TCM in current crisis management primarily, yet not exclusively, in the Chinese context. We in turn identified eight particular arguments, namely a historical, an inductive, a consequentialist, an institutional, an inclusive, a pragmatist, a deontological and finally, a virtue ethics argument in justi-fying such a policy decision. In a current international environment in which competing vac-cines strive for preeminence in view of more effectively addressing such an unpredicta-ble challenge even to the most advanced medical systems, TCM remains a both invalua-ble asset and a common good on which we can draw to impede virus proliferation, insofar as TCM may enrich our tools employed against SARS COV 2 and effectively safeguard the priority and dignity of human life. East meets west tenets and the ensuing social policies in favour of the common good could hardly be contested, thus indicating and delineating a field of prospective implementation of TCM in a rich diversity of cases that are worthy of further, meticulous consideration.

This brief study on TCM and covid 19 encompasses basic structured bibliography on a rich variety of research areas:  it includes general reviews, systematic reviews, studies focusing on a meta-analysis, clinical research, research on randomized control trials, research on policy issues, on efficacy and safety of TCM addressing a wide range of covid 19 cases etc. We have also enumerated the basic TCM formulas and prescritions employed thus far to fight the new pandemics and enrich our tools in dealing with new, unpredicted challenges and potential threats to human integrity.

Added value of this module: In sum, we seek to specify the salience of ethical factors in diverse business settings, elaborate on alternative ethical paradigms and initiate fruitful ways to conceive of practical implications, thus making the student more familiar with a wide range of organizational behaviors, as well as with ethical leadership types, ethical climates and cultures in a rich diversity of both Western and non-Western societal contexts. In so doing, we expand our scope by employing a comparative framework, so as to identify the underlying cognitions, values and belief-systems that shape business ethics in specific contexts, with particular emphasis on the relevance of shared value-systems to the need for building more humane, sustainable and socially responsible organizations.

With rise in population and urbanisation, the urge to ensure energy security both for the rural and urban areas has emerged as a major challenge in India. This article explores the possibilities of recovering energy and nutrients from human waste. Presently the system of human waste collection and disposal system in India is not adequate and creates several public health hazards as well as sustainability challenges. Collection and disposal of human waste is integrally linked with key government initiatives like Provision for Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA), National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), National Urban Health Mission (NUHM), National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG), ‘Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan’ (NBA) and ‘Swachh Bharat Mission’ (SBM). The collected human waste can be utilized for generating biogas, which can be used both directly for various purposes and indirectly for electricity generation. The analysis surveys various alternative technologies available for human waste based biogas generation system, given the nature of feed stock used in the biogas plant, process of drying /enriching the solid content of sewage and end use, and attempts to identify the best possible option for India. The analysis recommends that the cost of energy generation can be financed through various channels, including budgetary resources, the National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) and private participation.

Although participatory research has been applied by a wide range of disciplines, the engagement of youth as partners in research and evaluation efforts is relatively new. The positive youth development movement has influenced scholars and practitioners to include youth as partners in the design and implementation of research involving issues that affect their lives. Engaging youth in research and evaluation not only generates useful knowledge for communities and individuals but also provides opportunities for the development and empowerment of youth participants, leading to benefits for young people, organizations, the broader community, and the research process. However, there has been little systematic study to establish an evidence base for these effects. This article describes four projects that illustrate active youth participation in research. These examples demonstrate opportunities for positive youth development, create a context for intergenerational partnerships, and generate research findings to inform future interventions and organizational improvements, including community mobilization.

The article addresses a multidimensional influence of globalization on health of individuals and societies (so called public health) and also presents a critical evaluation of the "health global public goods" concept judged from the perspective of the undertaken "health for the poorest" activities .  Moreover, it discusses four probable scenarios of developments in societies' health depending on the direction of changes in the globalization process(es).

A review of the public health literature reveals a dearth of research that focuses on applying management theories to public health work. This article applies systems thinking to public health practice. A sample of health officers and health department executives were asked to identify the ...

Inspirational leadership is one of many different forms of leadership. The COVID-19 pandemic provides an opportunity to assess its relevance in relation to other approaches in the context of decision making during this international public health crisis. The experience suggests the relevance of inspirational leadership may vary over the course of a pandemic and according to the nature of the society and culture concerned. The requirement may be for a competent contextual and situational form of leadership that is appropriate, relevant and supportive in the circumstances, rather than one which is consciously and/or noticeably inspirational. For many medical practitioners, health professionals and emergency workers who are inwardly motivated, whether or not leadership is authentic or inspirational may be less important than whether it is contextual and regarded as effective, timely, responsible and proportionate, messages from leaders are clear and unambiguous, and their decisions are thought to be balanced and fair and to reflect evidence and scientific advice.

George Gotsis 
                          Professor of Economics

  Ancient Chinese medicine as a foundation of public health crisis management in a pandemic era

Abstract
        This paper examines the significance of adopting ancient Chinese medical tradition as both an instrument of public health management policies and a means of securing and protecting human life in the current covid 19 pandemic circumstances. More specifically, the study is intended to explore the potential of Chinese medicine as a prospective justificatory basis of contemporary health crisis management. In this respect, we review the historical development of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), discuss its basic tenets and core principles and assess its efficiency in addressing critical challenges to human life in both the historical past and the present. 
      We then proceed to discuss in brief the implementation of health management programmes based on TCM in the current pandemics in China, underscore its admittedly beneficial outcomes and evaluate the efficacy of these policies in attenuating adverse effects induced by SARS Cov 2. TCM remains a functional and comprehensive belief-system informed by various methods and practices that is in position to yield positive outcomes in states of emergencies. Empirical findings centered on clinical trials as well as meta-analyses of published papers offer an advocacy of our initial hypothesis that resorting to an indigenous medical system is far from being an irrational or highly risky decision. On the contrary, we elaborate a set of arguments and advance a rationale in favour of such a choice in particular cultural contexts in which TCM enjoys a high level of institutionalization and social recognition.
        We then identified a multilevel rationale for potential inclusion of TCM in current crisis management in China. We thus identified eight particular arguments, namely a historical, an inductive, a consequentialist, an institutional, an inclusive, a pragmatist, a deontological and finally, a virtue ethics argument in justifying such a policy decision. In a current international environment in which competing vaccines strive for preeminence in view of more effectively addressing such an unpredictable challenge even to the most advanced medical systems, TCM remains a both invaluable asset and a common good on which we can draw to impede virus proliferation, insofar as TCM may enrich our tools employed against covid 19 and safeguard the priority of human life.

Introduction: Health systems in low-middle income countries are undergoing considerable changes in a context of ongoing health sector reforms. Districts have, therefore, been increasingly recognised as the level where health policies and health sector reforms are interpreted and implemented. At the same time, decentralisation in its different forms has become a popular reform in many countries, and this increases the importance of ensuring that districts have the organisational capacity to offer a good service. Aim: The article investigates the process, challenges and opportunities of health system development at district level in low-middle income countries. Discussion: While district strengthening is probably necessary in relation to the success of all other health reforms, it is argued that it has not been accorded the importance probably because it is not seen as glamorous. The district health management team must include both strengthening the capacity of individuals, but crucially also, improvement of systems. Many initiatives have been patchy and fail to provide a consistent national approach. The persistence of top-down approaches to health care works directly against districts being able to take charge of their own affairs. Conclusions: A shared vision of district strengthening must be achieved in order to progress with the achievement of Universal Health Coverage and Sustainable Development Goals.

IMR and MMR in tribal areas of Telangana are still worrisome. Often two main reasons attributed to this problem were; low number of institutional deliveries and deliveries in the absence of skilled health provider. This study intended to know how skilled are the skilled health providers and it attempted to measure the knowledge and skills of Female Health Workers in maternal care, labour/child birth and neonatal care including communication skills. The participants’ perceived training needs were also considered as important and included in this study. Out of 700 notified scheduled villages, the participants were covered approximately in 1:2 ratio (n=350). Nearly 80%(mean=281.5) of the participants obtained scores below 50% and nearly 50% (mean=168.5) of the participants have scored below 30%. The scores of 40% of the participants reflected poor communication skills. Scores in all the areas found to be poor. Scores on skills in maternal care were better than skills in childbirth and scores on skills in childbirth better than neonatal care. On the scale of perceived training needs, skills in Labour/Child birth was given top priority by participants followed by Neonatal care, Communication skills and Maternal care respectively.

Pandemi Covid-19 menyebabkan program voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) pada wanita pekerja seks (WPS) terganggu yang dibuktikan dengan adanya penurunan pemanfaatan VCT pada WPS. Oleh sebab itu, adanya covid-19 dibutuhkan adaptasi keberlanjutan program (adaptive management). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui adaptive management VCT pada wanita pekerja seks di Puskesmas Kabupaten Pemalang dalam situasi pandemi Covid-19. Jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan metode focus group discussion (FGD) untuk mengumpulkan data terkait adaptive VCT pada wanita pekerja seks di puskesmas dalam situasi pandemi Covid-19. Peserta yang terlibat dalam FGD adalah para pemangku kepentingan pada pengelolaan program VCT HIV pada wanita pekerja seks. Analisis data menggunakan metode content analysis (analisis isi). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa adaptive yang dilakukan yaitu tidak melakukan VCT mobile, konseling dan tes (VCT) di puskesmas dengan protokol kesehatan, penyampaian hasil tes melalui sms, tidak melakukan konseling pasca tes. Tantangan dan hambatan dalam mengadaptasi yaitu minat wanita pekerja seks untuk melakukan VCT dipuskesmas masih rendah, konseling yang diberikan terbatas, wanita pekerja seks kurang memahami hasil tes dan resiko pesan tidak dibuka. Desain perbaikan berdasarkan ide dan gagasan yaitu promosi kesehatan melalui media sosial, ada dari komunitas wanita pekerja seks menjadi role model, pemilik spot (mucikari) mewajibkan WPSnya VCT rutin di puskesmas, menjalankan VCT mobile (6 bulan sekali) dengan protokol kesehatan, dapat menggunakan telefon untuk menyampaikan hasil tes.

The specialty of family medicine is centered on lasting, caring relationships with patients and their families. Family physiciansintegrate the biological, clinical and behavioral sciences to provide continuing and comprehensive health care. The scope of family medicine encompasses all ages, sexes, each organ system and every disease entity. Read more about the history, scope and definition of family medicine by reviewing the following resources.



Public-health-family-medicine



Family medicine is a three-dimensional specialty, incorporating (1) knowledge, (2) skill and (3) process. At the center of the process element is the patient-physician relationship with the patient viewed in the context of the family. It is the extent to which this relationship is valued, developed, nurtured and maintained that distinguishes family medicine from all other specialties.



Family physicians integrate the biological, clinical and behavioral sciences to provide continuing and comprehensive health care. Family medicine encompasses all ages, sexes, each organ system and every disease entity. Family physicians also pay special attention to their patients' lives within the context of family and the community.

Adolescent Medicine
Geriatric Medicine
Pain Medicine
Sleep Medicine
Sports Medicine
Sexual Health
Geriatric Medicine
For more details, PS: https://clinicalcasereports.conferenceseries.com/events-list/case-reports-on-public-health-family-medicine

Subsequent to the appearance of the COVID-19 contagion, governments around the world were confronted with the challenge of combating its spread. It has been established that the infection is predominantly human to human and this reality informed the approaches used to counter it. Governments, particularly those perceived to have impeccable democratic credentials, had the difficult decision to deploy martial laws against laissez faire tactics in order to save lives. Most countries resorted to martial law, which gave leaders of governments unfettered state power to make decisions "to save lives". Whereas most Western countries took a wait-and-see approach in implementing State of Emergencies, China and most countries in the developing world were quick to declare them. Developing countries' records on human rights are generally poor. There has been a worldwide human rights confrontation between governments and citizens on the extent of the instruments used to fight COVID 19. Have these instruments been effective? Have they been the only necessary and key instruments to fight the pandemic? To what extent did they impinge on the human rights imperatives of the citizen? This paper interrogates the necessity of using these instruments to combat COVID-19 and their consequences on people's rights. The paper presents the instruments used in Zimbabwe and Botswana and uses the Human Rights-Based Approach (HRBA) to compare their consequences on people's freedoms in these countries. This research uses mixed methods in interrogating the impact of the administrative instruments that were used to combat COVID 19. Where necessary, descriptive and ethnographic approaches are employed to deepen the understanding of the impact of these instruments on human rights.

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This article describes the efforts of public health leaders to develop local public health capacity across Maine. More than 200 individuals representing both government and nongovernmental organizations became engaged in The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation-sponsored Turning Point project in 1999. In recent years, the state has had only two local (city) health departments, only one of substantial capacity covering an extremely small proportion of the total state population. This article describes Maine Turning Point organizational efforts, challenges, successes, and failures, from the perspective of 3 individuals involved in the process. Five years later, a new network of state-financed, community-based partnerships focused on chronic disease risk factors has been established, apparently strong enough politically to survive in an era of severe state budget cuts. Tobacco use has been reduced. Many other serious public health issues, however, from obesity to mental illness and substance abuse, remain to be successfully addressed. The development of a sustainable statewide network of local agencies providing the essential public health services remains an elusive goal.