Foundations

In June 2001, the John A. Hartford Foundation of New York awarded the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) a 3.99 million dollar grant to enhance gerontology curriculum development and new clinical experiences in 20 baccalaureate and 10 graduate schools of nursing. Over the 4-year grant implementation period, AACN learned a valuable lesson from the grant's site directors: Faculty development is the single most necessary precursor to the successful implementation and maintenance of geriatric curricular enhancements. Unless faculty members foster positive attitudes toward aging, expand their geriatric nursing knowledge base, and are able to integrate geriatric content into the curricula, progress cannot be made. Enhancing Geriatric Nursing Education project directors recommend that the following steps be taken toward the creation of successful faculty development activities: (1) anoint a champion to mentor and persuade faculty members to embrace gerontology; (2) garner faculty buy-in by engaging the faculty early so that they become active participants in the curricular change process; (3) assess faculty knowledge and comfort level by administering tools developed by the John A. Hartford Foundation Institute for Geriatric Nursing and by conducting surveys based on AACN geriatric core competencies; (4) conduct faculty development workshops that include cutting-edge knowledge and research and provide the faculty with opportunities to discuss feelings and stereotypes about aging; (5) elicit the dean's support to encourage and allow time and opportunities for training; and (6) use the many excellent resources that help the faculty integrate geriatric content into their courses. This article will further elucidate such strategies and will highlight the range of faculty development activities in which grant-funded schools engaged. (Index words: Gerontology curriculum; Faculty development) J Prof Nurs 22: [79][80][81][82][83] 2006. A

Our country's rapidly growing older adult population represents the core business of health care; however, few nurses are adequately prepared to care for their unique needs. This is caused, in part, by the limited attention paid by nursing educators to incorporating basic gerontological nursing principles into undergraduate programs. During the last 7 years, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, through the generous support of the John A. Hartford Foundation, has led several initiatives to improve gerontological nursing education in baccalaureate programs. This article describes innovative educational strategies successfully implemented by three nursing programs-New York University, Tuskegee University, and University of Rhode Island-to increase knowledge and improve attitudes of nursing students in caring for older adults. Successful strategies include a long-term care guide, a senior mentor experience, student assignments addressing diversity issues, student debates, critical reflective journalizing, and an evaluation tool for measuring student attitudes. These strategies are readily reproducible and assist faculty to easily integrate gerontological nursing content into the curriculum while simultaneously enhancing student attitudes and knowledge. (Index words: Student attitudes; Health care; Nursing education; Older adults) J Prof Nurs 22: 91-97, 2006.

Twelve individuals took part in an experiment which investigated the feasibility of using physiological sensors to apply a pacing mitigation strategy to help prevent cognitive-overload-induced performance declines. The participants performed tasks using a ...

Background In 2001, the British Nutrition Foundation (BNF) was contracted to evaluate projects from the Antioxidants in Food research programme, now funded by the Food Standards Agency and previously the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. The programme aimed at testing the 'antioxidant hypothesis'.

The Diabetes Initiative of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation includes 14 demonstration projects in primary care settings and in community-clinical partnerships. Projects serve predominantly indigent populations from varied cultural and linguistic backgrounds in urban, rural, and ...

Pediatric cancer is highly curable in developed countries. Cure rates approach 90% for some tumors, and the overall cure rate has reached 75%." In developing countries, however, cure rates may reach only 25% at best. There are an estimated 210,000 new cases of childhood cancer per year worldwide, and more than 80% of these cases occur in countries that lack the resources to provide treatment.7 As shown in , this disparity results in a worldwide cure rate of only 33% for childhood cancer. Additionally, as infant mortality and death from infectious diseases have decreased in developing countries, cancer has become a more prominent cause of childhood mortality. In Latin America, Thailand, India, and China, cancer has become a leading cause of death among children 5 to 15 years old.I4 To address these inequities, institutions and organizations throughout the world are initiating international outreach programs. These efforts are often fragmented, and little information about them is available in the medical literature. This article describes several initiatives throughout the world, outlines the International Outreach Program at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and offers some suggestions for programs aimed at addressing this significant problem.

This study examines the asymmetries among the different interests of officials and medical doctors who worked for the Rockefeller Foundation and their Colombian counterparts in the development and consolidation of the concept of “jungle yellow fever,” as distinguished from the known urban form of yellow fever. We explore the research responses to a variety of disease out-breaks in Colombia in the context of the Rockefeller campaigns against yellow fever, from the time of Roberto Franco's initial description of “yellow fever of the forests” in 1907 until the consolidation of the concept of “jungle yellow fever” by Fred Soper in 1938.

This article discusses the role of science and its impact on the curricula of medical schools between 1930 and 1950, sketching out the web of interrelations built up around these institutions, and bringing to light the connection between the contents of the curricula and the prevailing social, political and economic context. The scientific concepts at the time influenced the development of university level institutions, and had particular significance in medical education. In this period, the political and economic ties with the USA were manifested by the Rockefeller Foundation, especially in the arena of education and health. As a concept and working method as well as an ideological category, science was an important factor in standardizing the curricula of Brazil's medical schools, especially as concerned basic research.

We declare no competing interests. Funding for the preparation of the Series was provided by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Conrad N Hilton Foundation through WHO and the US Fund for UNICEF, respectively. The sponsors had no role in conceptualising, analysing, interpreting, or writing this Comment. We thank all members of the Lancet Early Childhood Development Series Steering Committee for their tireless eff orts and invaluable contributions to the Series,

Bacterial resistance is critical for the selection of antibiotics in the treatment of infections, so it is vital to know its current status in our geographical area. To determine in vitro antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates obtained from keratitis and intraocular infections. A retrospective study of microbiological tests in Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander (FOSCAL) was carried out between June, 2011, and January, 2012. A total of 92 samples were examined and 110 bacteria, 27 fungi and 12 free-living amoebae were identified. Polymicrobial infections constituted 50% of the total; 1.1%, 0%, 1.1%, 16.9%, 29.3% and 85% of Gram-positive bacteria were resistant to imipenem, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and tobramycin, respectively, while 0%, 8.3%, 0%, 0%, 18.2% and 27.3% of Gram-negative bacteria were resistant to imipenem, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and tobramycin, respectively. For methicillin-resistant coagulase-pos...

A shallow urban tunnel for public transportation, built in difficult subsoil conditions with EPB tunnel boring machine, was instrumented to monitor its geotechnical behavior during construction. The parameters that define soil response were measured before, during and after the construction process. Herein the instrumentation used for the tunnel is described, as well as the implementation of new measurement systems. Relevant charts are shown. Immediate tunnel deformations were monitored and used to verify the shield tunneling process. Using the gathered data, correlations were developed to assess the confining influence on the surrounding soil and to describe the stress state during TBM advance. Subsidence on nearby buildings was appraised and related to the grouting support effect. Relevant conclusions regarding instrumentation, grouting and soil subsidence are provided.

Ernst von Glasersfeld's question concerning the relationship between scientific/ rational knowledge and the domain of wisdom and how these forms of knowledge come about is the starting point. This article aims at developing an epistemological as well as methodological framework that is capable of explaining how profound change can be brought about in various contexts, such as in individual cultivation, in organizations, in processes of radical innovation, etc. This framework is based on the triple-loop learning strategy and the U-theory approach, which opens up a perspective on how the domains of scientific/rational knowledge, constructivism, and wisdom could grow together more closely. Design/Structure: This article develops a strategy which is referred to as "tripleloop learning," which is not only the basis for processes of profound change, but also brings about a new dimension in the field of learning and knowledge dynamics: the existential realm and the domain of wisdom. A concrete approach that puts into practice the tripleloop learning strategy is presented. The final section shows, how these concepts can be interpreted in the context of the constructivist approach and how they might offer some extensions to this paradigm. Findings: The process of learning and change has to be extended to a domain that concerns existential issues as well as questions of wisdom. Profound change can only happen if these domains are taken into consideration. The tripleloop learning strategy offers a model that fulfills this criterion. It is an "epistemo-existential strategy" for profound change on various levels. Conclusions: The (cognitive) processes and attitudes of receptivity, suspension, redirecting, openness, deep knowing, as well as "profound change/innovation from the interior" turn out to be core concepts in this process. They are compatible with constructivist concepts. Von Glasersfeld's concept of functional fitness is carried to an extreme in the suggested approach of profound change and finds an extension in the existential domain.

The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation is a major contributor to global health; its infl uence on international health policy and the design of global health programmes and initiatives is profound. Although the foundation's contribution to global health generally receives acclaim, fairly little is known about its grant-making programme. We undertook an analysis of 1094 global health grants awarded between January, 1998, and December, 2007. We found that the total value of these grants was US$8. 95 billion, of which $5•82 billion (65%) was shared by only 20 organisations. Nevertheless, a wide range of global health organisations, such as WHO, the GAVI Alliance, the World Bank, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, prominent universities, and non-governmental organisations received grants. $3•62 billion (40% of all funding) was given to supranational organisations. Of the remaining amount, 82% went to recipients based in the USA. Just over a third ($3•27 billion) of funding was allocated to research and development (mainly for vaccines and microbicides), or to basic science research. The fi ndings of this report raise several questions about the foundation's global health grant-making programme, which needs further research and assessment.

The case flows from an entrepreneurial perspective based on the effect that Warren Buffett had on Tim Johnston, a recent graduate from Florida State University. The case starts with Johnston's difficult background and his desire to learn more about Buffett's life. His entrepreneurship professor at Florida State, Scott Silver, taught a variety of principles and lessons about Buffett over the two years that Johnston earned a degree in Entrepreneurship and Finance. Silver, who became a close friend of Johnston, invited him to attend the 2016 Berkshire Hathaway Shareholder Meeting and listen to Warren Buffett. Together they learned a great deal about the company and Buffett. The case reviews Buffett's background including his pursuit of entrepreneurial ventures from his youth through adulthood. The case also reviews Buffett's values system, philanthropy, keys to success, and views on happiness. At the end of the case, Silver asks Johnston several questions about the effect that Warren Buffett had on Johnston's life.

The MacArthur Fellows Program would be more effective in supporting creatives if it simply stopped giving fellowships to people with secure jobs at elite institutions; they don’t need help in order to function. This paper elaborates that argument; considers three fellows gifted in the first year; examines the problems involved in evaluating talent; and evaluates three elite schools. It concludes by looking at the careers of three certified geniuses: Louis Armstrong, John von Neumann, and Richard Feynman.

Version 7 has updates on the classes of 2014,  2015, 2016, and 2018.

Increased use of computers has led to sophisticated techniques of structural analysis and has increased manufacturing and fabrication capabilities. This added degree of sophistication has resulted in more complex structures being designed and built with structural members that have long spans, shallow depths, and contain a high percentage of reinforcing steel.

In this review article we discuss some of the applications of noncommutative geometry in physics that are of recent interest, such as noncommutative many-body systems, noncommutative extension of Special Theory of Relativity kinematics, twisted gauge theories and noncommutative gravity.

Piles have been traditionally designed to ensure the transfer of the whole structural load to the soil in which they are embedded. It is now largely accepted that this way of doing is unduly conservative, especially in those cases in which an unpiled raft is sufficient to guarantee a satisfactory safety level. Nevertheless, it is still very common in the daily practice, sometimes for the restrictions imposed by local codes and regulations. Much research efforts have been dedicated to a more rational design of piled foundations, essentially based on a proper collaboration among raft and piles not only for increasing the overall stiffness of an unpiled raft but, if required, also for increasing its capacity, for controlling differential settlements, for reducing the state of stress into the raft. With no claim to cover any single aspects, some design options will be presented, providing some insight into a rational approach to piled raft design.

The provision of safe high-quality care in obstetrics and gynaecology is a key target in the UK National Health Service (NHS), in part because of the high cost of litigation in this area. Good risk management processes should improve safety and reduce the cost of litigation to the NHS. This chapter looks at structures and processes for improving quality and patient safety, using the stepwise approach described by the National Patient Safety Authority (NPSA). This encompasses building a safety culture, leading and supporting staff, integrating risk management activity, promoting reporting, involving and communicating with patients and the public, learning and sharing safety lessons, and implementing solutions to prevent harm. Examples from the Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust are used to illustrate these steps, including how they were developed, what obstacles had to be overcome, ongoing challenges, and whether good risk management has translated into better, safer health care.

The effect of foundation embedment on settlement calculation is a widely researched topic in which there is no scientific consensus regarding the magnitude of settlement reduction. In this paper, a non-linear three dimensional Finite Element analysis has been performed with the aim of evaluating the aforementioned effect. For this purpose, 1800 models were run considering different variables, such as the depth and dimensions of the foundation and the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the soil. The settlements from models with foundations at surface level and at depth were then compared and the relationship between them established. The statistical analysis of this data allowed two new expressions, with a mean maximum error of 1.80%, for the embedment influence factor of a foundation to be proposed and these to be compared with commonly used corrections. The proposed equations were validated by comparing the settlements calculated with the proposed influence factors and the true settlements measured in several real foundations. From the comprehensive study of all modelled cases, an improved approach, when compared to those proposed by other authors, for the calculation of the true elastic settlements of an embedded foundation is proposed.

Philosophers have studied geometry since ancient times. Geometrical knowledge has often played the role of a laboratory for the philosopher's conceptual experiments dedicated to the ideation of powerful theories of knowledge. Lorenzo Magnani's new book Philosophy and Geometry illustrates the rich intrigue of this fascinating story of human knowledge, providing a new analysis of the ideas of many scholars (including Plato, Proclus, Kant, and Poincaré), and discussing conventionalist and neopositivist perspectives and the problem of the origins of geometry. The book also ties together the concerns of philosophers of science and cognitive scientists, showing, for example, the connections between geometrical reasoning and cognition as well as the results of recent logical and computational models of geometrical reasoning. All the topics are dealt with using a novel combination of both historical and contemporary perspectives. Philosophy and Geometry is a valuable contribution to the renaissance of research in the field.

Increased use of computers has led to sophisticated techniques of structural analysis and has increased manufacturing and fabrication capabilities. This added degree of sophistication has resulted in more complex structures being designed and built with structural members that have long spans, shallow depths, and contain a high percentage of reinforcing steel.

Of today's 2.7 million registered nurses, less than 1% are certified in gerontological nursing and only 3% of advanced practice nurses (APNs) have specialized training in this area. These statistics indicate that there are not enough gerontological nurse practitioners or geriatric clinical nurse specialists to care for the burgeoning older adult population. Relying solely on certified geriatric APNs to care for older adults is not a viable solution. Educating all APNs with grounding in gerontological nursing care may well be the answer to expanding our nation's capacity to competently care for our rapidly aging population. As part of the 4-year Enhancing Geriatric Nursing Education in Baccalaureate and Advanced Practice Nursing Grant, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing developed a set of core gerontological competencies for graduate APN programs. These competencies, entitled Nurse Practitioner and Clinical Nurse Specialist Competencies for Older Adult Care, deli...

Ernst von Glasersfeld's question concerning the relationship between scientific/ rational knowledge and the domain of wisdom and how these forms of knowledge come about is the starting point. This article aims at developing an epistemological as well as methodological framework that is capable of explaining how profound change can be brought about in various contexts, such as in individual cultivation, in organizations, in processes of radical innovation, etc. This framework is based on the triple-loop learning strategy and the U-theory approach, which opens up a perspective on how the domains of scientific/rational knowledge, constructivism, and wisdom could grow together more closely. Design/Structure: This article develops a strategy which is referred to as "tripleloop learning," which is not only the basis for processes of profound change, but also brings about a new dimension in the field of learning and knowledge dynamics: the existential realm and the domain of wisdom. A concrete approach that puts into practice the tripleloop learning strategy is presented. The final section shows, how these concepts can be interpreted in the context of the constructivist approach and how they might offer some extensions to this paradigm. Findings: The process of learning and change has to be extended to a domain that concerns existential issues as well as questions of wisdom. Profound change can only happen if these domains are taken into consideration. The tripleloop learning strategy offers a model that fulfills this criterion. It is an "epistemo-existential strategy" for profound change on various levels. Conclusions: The (cognitive) processes and attitudes of receptivity, suspension, redirecting, openness, deep knowing, as well as "profound change/innovation from the interior" turn out to be core concepts in this process. They are compatible with constructivist concepts. Von Glasersfeld's concept of functional fitness is carried to an extreme in the suggested approach of profound change and finds an extension in the existential domain.

The column punching through the slab is most often related to floor structures, and less often to foundation slabs under columns. Calculation models for these two problems are often not separated. The deficit of experimental results for column footings results in the use of floor slab models. A review of the theoretical and experimental research references, including Codes/Regulations for punching calculation of column footings, is presented in the paper. The experimental research program and its implementation is described. The results obtained are compared with calculation results based on various regulations. Recommendations and directions for future research are outlined.

The interpretation of optical spectra requires thorough comprehension of quantum mechanics, especially understanding the concept of angular momentum operators. Suppose now that a transformation from laboratory-fixed to molecule-attached coordinates, by invoking the correspondence principle, induces reversed angular momentum operator identities. However, the foundations of quantum mechanics and the mathematical implementation of specific symmetries assert that reversal of motion or time reversal includes complex conjugation as part of anti-unitary operation. Quantum theory contraindicates sign changes of the fundamental angular momentum algebra. Reversed angular momentum sign changes are of heuristic nature and are actually not needed in analysis of diatomic spectra. This work addresses sustenance of usual angular momentum theory, including presentation of straightforward proofs leading to falsification of the occurrence of reversed angular momentum identities. This review also summa...