Profit

Transportation planning is an important part of the supply chain or wood flow chain in forestry. There are often several forest companies operating in the same region and collaboration between two or more companies is rare. However, there is an increasing interest in collaborative planning as the potential savings are large, often in the range 5-15%. There are several issues to agree on before such collaborative planning can be used in practice. A key question is how savings should be distributed among the participants. In this paper, we investigate a number of possibilities based on economic models including Shapley value, the nucleolus, separable and non-separable costs, shadow prices and volume weights. We also propose a new allocation method, with the aim that the participants relative profits are as equal as possible. A large case study comprising eight forest companies in Sweden, is described and analyzed.

A study was conducted during 2011 to estimate profit, benefit cost ratio (BCR) and household income of mushroom production and also to explore the problems of producing mushroom and its marketing channels in Bangladesh. Thirty samples were randomly selected and information on mushroom production was collected using comprehensive questionnaire from Savar Upazila in Dhaka district. Mushroom was found to be a profitable agricultural enterprise (22,888 taka per farm). The benefit cost ratio (BCR) was 1.55. The average family household income was about Tk. 43,731. Usually, three intermediaries (mushroom office, wholesalers and retailers) are involved in the marketing channels of mushroom. The marketing margin of mushroom for farm-gate to wholesalers and wholesalers to retailers were taka 50 and 70 per kg, respectively. It was revealed that rich and middle income group people were the main mushroom customers. Even though mushroom is a profitable enterprise, the producers faced numerous pr...

In this paper, we present the results from two choice experiments that were employed to measure the benefits from changed levels of biodiversity due to nature-oriented silviculture in Lower Saxony, Germany. We also discuss different variants of calculating welfare measures for forest management strategies. The variants differ, among other things, with respect to taking the alternative specific constant (ASC), indicating the status quo option, into account or not. While including the ASC results in our study in overall negative welfare measures, excluding it causes positive measures. However, both variants might be inappropriate because of an underestimation or an overestimation of the benefits. Avoiding an underestimation or an overestimation would require differentiation between respondents who demand compensation for a move away from the status quo, and respondents who would not suffer a loss but chose the status quo alternative because of choice task complexity, for instance.

The application of information technology is very much needed in the implementation of village government. Especially in the field of public services. The administration of public services is carried out by the village government in easy access to information and communication. However, it is different if the public services that are carried out experience several obstacles such as a lack of information disclosure to the public, public services that take a long time, a convoluted process, and inaccessible services that lead to reduced level of community satisfaction. This is due to many factors, one of which is that the village government still uses a manual system, which hinders the performance of village employees in providing effective and efficient public services. To answer the problems that occurred, the Village Government created a SISPEDAL application to simplify village administration. This search uses a qualitative approach. The data collection technique is by studying the literature and using previous research. This study uses the theory of successful elements of E-Government in the public sector, namely support, capacity, and value. The results showed that through the official SISPEDAL application of the Aliantan village government, the village government could increase transparency in order to realize good village governance within the Aliantan village government.

Green spaces play a crucial role in supporting urban ecological and social systems, a fact recognised in public policy commitments in both the UK and Europe. The amount of provision, the distribution of green space and the ease of access to such spaces are key contributors to social and ecological function in urban environments. We measured distance along the transport network to public green space available to households in Sheffield, and compared this with the distribution of private garden space. In addition, we used a geodemographic database, Mosaic UK, to examine how access to green space varies across different sectors of society. Public green spaces are chronically underprovided relative to recommended targets. For example, 64% of Sheffield households fail to meet the recommendation of the regulatory agency English Nature (EN), that people should live no further than 300 m from their nearest green space. Moreover, this figure rises to 72% if we restrict attention to municipal parks recognised by the local council. There is an overall reduction in coverage by green space when moving from neighbourhoods where green space is primarily publicly provided to those where it is privately provided. While access to public green space varies significantly across different social groups, those enjoying the greatest access include more deprived groups and older people. This study highlights the need for additional green space to be created and existing green space to be protected in light of increasing development pressure.

Ecology has a key role in our understanding of the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems (i.e. ecosystem services). Ecology can also contribute to developing environmentally sound technologies, markets for ecosystem services and approaches to decisionmaking that account for the changing relationship between humans and ecosystems. These contributions involve basic ecological research on, for example, the resilience of ecosystem services or relationships of ecosystem change to natural disasters. Much of the necessary work involves interdisciplinary collaboration among ecologists, social scientists and decision makers. As we discuss here, ecology should help formulate positive, plausible visions for relationships of society and ecosystems that can potentially sustain ecosystem services for long periods of time.

PurposeThis paper seeks to investigate the relationship between capital structure and profitability of listed firms on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE) during a five‐year period.Design/methodology/approachRegression analysis is used in the estimation of functions relating the return on equity (ROE) with measures of capital structure.FindingsThe results reveal a significantly positive relation between the ratio of short‐term debt to total assets and ROE. However, a negative relationship between the ratio of long‐term debt to total assets and ROE was found. With regard to the relationship between total debt and return rates, the results show a significantly positive association between the ratio of total debt to total assets and return on equity.Originality/valueThe research suggests that profitable firms depend more on debt as their main financing option. In the Ghanaian case, a high proportion (85 percent) of the debt is represented in short‐term debt.

The rise of the Industrial Revolution is often depicted as a cause of hazardous working conditions and is skillfully epitomized in William Blake's tale of a child chimney sweeper. Conventional wisdom puts firm profit in conflict with occupational safety. We reexamine this argument noting that injuries are very costly to firms because they lead to higher wage premiums, worker compensation, and costly work stoppages. We hypothesize that it is precisely for these reasons that firms in the industries with dangerous working conditions have the strongest incentives to innovate and substitute more capital for labor. Using a longitudinal panel of U.S. industries, we test and confirm our hypothesis that higher injury rates lead to higher capital stock per worker, over time. Moreover, our estimates suggest that firms provide more capital and equipment per worker than what would have been there based solely on the compensating wage differential.

Memasuki era revolusi industri 4.0 atau revolusi industri dunia keempat,teknologi informasi telah menjadi basis dalam kehidupan manusia,Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi (ICT) telah menjadi bagian darikehidupan kita sehari-hari terutama kedalam kurilkulum pendidikan sebagaisalah satu teknik pembelajaran.Terkait dengan hal tersebut, fokus penelitian ini adalah sebagai jawabanatas tantangan Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris memasuki era revolusi industri4.0 untuk mengetahui apakah ITN Malang, terutama Program StudiArsitektur dilengkapi dengan sarana prasarana Teknologi Informasi danKomunikasi (ICT) dan bagaimana Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi (ICT)bisa diterapkan dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan metode pengumpulandata melalui kuesioner dan wawancara. Penelitian ini dilakukan di ITNMalang pada semester ganjil 2018/2019. Populasi dalam penelitian iniadalah mahasiswa Arsitektur ITN Malang angkatan 2018 yang mengambilmata kuliah Bahasa...

This paper aims to shed some more light on the current debate related to corporate social responsibility (CSR), specifically considering multinational enterprises (MNEs) and the complexities they face when dealing with international issues and a range of stakeholders. It discusses notions of CSR in the context of wider debates, including the question for whom and for what the firm exists, how responsibilities can or should be managed and by whom, and what room there is for managerial discretion. Particular attention is paid to cross-cultural differences, exploring the existing variety in ethical and societal norms relevant to MNEs: those originating from international agreements, those that are part of a so-called 'market morality' and those applicable in home and host countries. Although these norms may overlap, they can diverge as well, leaving ample room for managerial discretion in a 'moral free space'. The paper also explores recent trends, particularly the increasing importance of emerging economies such as China, which suggests that the picture is becoming even more complex, pointing at clear challenges for research and practice.

This study aimed at empirically clarifying the similarities and differences between transformational, transactional, and charismatic leadership. More specifically, the convergent, divergent, and criterion validity of two instruments, the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5X) and the Conger and Kanungo Scales (CKS), was explored. It was found that transformational and charismatic leadership showed a high convergent validity. Moreover, these leadership styles were divergent from transactional leadership. With regard to criterion validity, subjective (e.g. satisfaction) as well as objective (profit) performance indicators were assessed. Firstly, results indicated that transformational as well as charismatic leadership augmented the impact of transactional leadership on subjective performance. In addition, transformational and charismatic leadership both contribute unique variance to subjective performance, over and above the respective other leadership style. Secondly, transformational leadership had an impact on profit, over and above transactional leadership. This augmentation effect could not be confirmed for charismatic leadership. Furthermore, transformational leadership augmented the impact of both transactional and charismatic leadership on profit. Implications for leadership theory and practice are discussed.

Although 50 percent of Fortune 1000 companies currently use a balanced scorecard (BSC), few small businesses are using a BSC. A review of the literature finds no BSC papers in leading small business/entrepreneurship journals. This article begins with a discussion of the BSC and why a small business should use it. Three small to medium-sized enterprise (SME) case studies are presented, with a copy of their BSC, to illustrate how Hyde Park Electronics, Futura Industries, and Southern Gardens Citrus use a BSC to set strategy and align operations to achieve breakthrough results. Implications are, that like large businesses, SMEs can also benefit from using a BSC. Entrepreneurs of SMEs can use the case studies to develop their own BSC to improve performance. Implications for practice and research are discussed.

an organization is a formal structure of relationships, responsibilities and authorities through which specific objectives are achieved an organization is a formal structure of relationships, responsibilities and authorities through which specific objectives are achieved ' A work organization is a social arrangement for the controlled performance of collective goals' (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004)

In this paper a linear programming technique is applied to determine the optimise other process cost of cultivation of major veg - tables in Coimbatore by using TNAU Horticulture department data with respect to various factors. In this paper we are using simplex method to maximizing the profit. Linear programming technique is relevant in optimization of resource allocation & achieving effectively in production planning particularly in achieving increased agriculture production of food crops (tomato, bhendi, chilli).

This is an essential reference for all investment clubs - both new and established - to ensure that they are run correctly and efficiently. A successful investment club needs to run smoothly with a great amount of reliability and confidence among its members. When all members of the club expect and meet the same requirements, everyone works together in a way that induces success and profitability. Ojijo’s Investment Clubs Manual is the investment clubs’ bible and tells me everything I need to know about joining, starting or running a successful investments club. The vast majority of investments clubs in Africa and beyond swear by this guide.

Research review boards, established to protect the rights and welfare of human research subjects, have to ensure that conflicts of interest do not interfere with the ethical conduct of medical research. Private, commercial review boards, which increasingly review research protocols, are themselves affected by a structural conflict of interest. Within the regulatory setting, procedural conflict-of-interest rules are essential because of the absence of clear substantive rules in research review and the reliance on the fairness and good judgment of institutional review board members. Current guidelines and regulations lack adequate conflict-of-interest rules and provide insufficient details on the substantive rules. Because commercial review boards are similar to administrative courts and tribunals, rules of administrative law on bias are applied to determine when a conflict of interest jeopardizes the purposes of research review; administrative law has always judged financial conflicts of interest severely. The structure of private review tends to breach a core principle of administrative law and procedural justice. Reform of the research review system will reinforce public trust in the process.

Shareholder value orientation has commonly been considered a hallmark of corporate financialization. Today, firms increasingly share their profits with shareholders in the form of cash dividends and share buybacks. Yet how the shareholder payouts are distributed by firms from various sectors, sizes and countries remains unexplored. To complement existing accumulation- and asset-centered approaches that focus, respectively, on how resources enter the firm and change its structure, we present a payouts-centered approach to corporate financialization that focuses on how resources leave the firm. This paper analyses firm-level trends in shareholder payouts in OECD member countries for the period 2000-2019, differentiating between types of distributed payouts. We show that shareholder payouts are high across various sectors and geographical locations, and not limited to a small subset of large, US-American financial corporations, but includes ‘big pharma’ and ‘big tech’ as well as Latin American and Israeli firms. The paper sheds light on the nature of the contemporary corporations and contributes to discussions on the increasing financialization of non-financial firms and their rising shareholder value orientation. 
Keywords: corporate financialization; corporate sectors; non-financial corporations; shareholder payouts; shareholder value

This research aims to study factors that can influence to future profit and cash flow on listed company from manufacture industry at Indonesian Stock Exchange in the year 2005-2007. This resesarch used profit, cash flow and cash dividend as independent variable. Type of this research is descriptive -verificative research. The object of this research is emiten from manufacture industry listed Indonesian Stock Exchange which publish income statement on December, 31, 2005 -2007, obtaining profit on resesarch period and use rupiah in income statement. By using purposive sampling technique, there are 65 companies as resesarch object. The unstandardized multiple regression model is used to examine the influence of profit, cash flow and cash dividend toward future profit and cash flow both partial and simultaneously.

In urban environments, green spaces have proven to act as ameliorating factors of some climatic features related to heat stress, reducing their effects and providing comfortable outdoor settings for people. In addition, green spaces have demonstrated greater capacity, compared with built-up areas, for promoting human health and well-being. In this paper, we present results of a study conducted in Italy and the UK with the general goal to contribute to the theoretical and empirical rationale for linking green spaces with well-being in urban environments. Specifically, the study focused on the physical and psychological benefits and the general well-being associated with the use of green spaces on people when heat stress episodes are more likely to occur. A questionnaire was set up and administered to users of selected green spaces in Italy and the UK (n ¼ 800). Results indicate that longer and frequent visits of green spaces generate significant improvements of the perceived benefits and well-being among users. These results are consistent with the idea that the use of green spaces could alleviate the perception of thermal discomfort during periods of heat stress.

SEAT NO: __________ TYB.Com (FINANCIAL MARKETS) Semester V th CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project entitled Working Capital Management is successfully done by Aklesh s.Morya during the Third Year, Fifth Semester of B.com [Financial Markets] under the University Of Mumbai through the Thakur

Capital theory is one of the most controversial topics in
economics and an object of debate inside the Austrian School of
Economics. If Böhm-Bawerk’s capital theory, usually identified
as the Austrian Capital Theory, left many Austrian economists
unsatisfied, a clear definition of capital, consistent with
Mengerian subjectivism, is still to be seen inside the School.
Following Ludwig Lachmann’s application of hermeneutics to
economics, this paper attemps to define capital as the outcome of subjective mental processes, determined by individual
intentions and expectations, rather than by specific physical or
economic features. The paper does not aim to totally redefine
capital theory but, more specifically, to reach a definition for
capital, capital goods, and capital value; these definitions
attempt to complete the work initiated by Lachmann in the
hope of finding a certain consensus among scholars dissatisfied
with the present state of capital theory, which is dominated by
an objectivist post-Ricardian perspective. Indeed, when
defining capital Lachmann seems unable to remain consistent
with his own brilliant criticism of the Ricardian perspective. In
particular, by distinguishing between ‘potential’ and ‘actual’
capital goods and capital in general, I try to overcome this gap
and to define capital and capital goods in radically subjectivist
terms.

_______________________________________________________________________ This study examines the profitability of bee-keeping under matured rubber plantation at the Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, Iyanomo near Benin City. One hectare each of a GT I rubber clone (rubber clone developed at the Gondang Tapan Estate in Indonesia) plantation planted in 1995 and opened for tapping in 2002 was used for the study. Eight Kenyan Top-Bar bee hives were arranged peripherally in between the last four rubber trees in the plantation leaving the rides free for tappers and supervisors, thereby reducing distraction of the bees and risk of attacks on workers. The rubber tapping system was the Half Spiral Alternate Day no Stimulation (S/2 d/2 Nil stim). The rubber yield was evaluated for sales on kg DRC (Dry Rubber Content), while the honey from bee keeping was processed using the local method and yield determine on per litres based on two export grades . Results show that the total revenue per hectare for sole rubber and rubber + honey bee production was N 742, 823.00 and N 1, 169, 323.00 respectively. The gross margin and net income that accrued to the sole rubber and rubber + honey bee production were found to be N287, 573.00 and N689, 573.00; and N 228, 215.47 and N615, 595.72 respectively, indicating that there were certain levels of returns or profit derivable from the two enterprises, but introduction of honey bee into the plantation increased the profitability of the enterprise by N387, 380.25 in three years. The rates of return on the two investments were found to be 31% and 53% for the sole rubber and rubber + honey bee production with an operating ratio 0.61 and 0.41 respectively.

Frontier profit efficiency is examined for Spanish savings banks over 1986-1991, a period in which the Spanish banking industry has seen considerable deregulation. In Spain, the standard assumption that firms operate in a perfectly competitive output market is unlikely to be met. Thus we use an alternative profit function specification which allows for market power in the output market. Profit efficiency is determined using the thick frontier approach, and estimated using both altemative and standard profit function specifications to illustrate the effect of different assumptions regarding the competitiveness of the output market. Estimation of the alternative profit function suggests that the profit inefficiency of Spanish savings banks, which averaged 28%, fell by forty percent between 1986 to 1991. The standard profit function, which we believe yields less reliable results, generated greater average inefficiency. There was no significant shift-up or down-in the profit frontier itself.

This paper aims to shed some more light on the current debate related to corporate social responsibility (CSR), specifically considering multinational enterprises (MNEs) and the complexities they face when dealing with international issues and a range of stakeholders. It discusses notions of CSR in the context of wider debates, including the question for whom and for what the firm exists, how responsibilities can or should be managed and by whom, and what room there is for managerial discretion. Particular attention is paid to cross-cultural differences, exploring the existing variety in ethical and societal norms relevant to MNEs: those originating from international agreements, those that are part of a so-called 'market morality' and those applicable in home and host countries. Although these norms may overlap, they can diverge as well, leaving ample room for managerial discretion in a 'moral free space'. The paper also explores recent trends, particularly the increasing importance of emerging economies such as China, which suggests that the picture is becoming even more complex, pointing at clear challenges for research and practice.

The definition and modeling of customer loyalty have been central issues in customer relationship management since many years. Recent papers propose solutions to detect customers that are becoming less loyal, also called churners. The churner status is then defined as a function of the volume of commercial transactions. In the context of a Belgian retail financial service company, our first contribution is to redefine the notion of customer loyalty by considering it from a customer-centric viewpoint instead of a productcentric one. We hereby use the customer lifetime value (CLV) defined as the discounted value of future marginal earnings, based on the customer's activity. Hence, a churner is defined as someone whose CLV, thus the related marginal profit, is decreasing. As a second contribution, the loss incurred by the CLV decrease is used to appraise the cost to misclassify a customer by introducing a new loss function. In the empirical study, we compare the accuracy of various classification techniques commonly used in the domain of churn prediction, including two cost-sensitive classifiers. Our final conclusion is that since profit is what really matters in a commercial environment, standard statistical accuracy measures for prediction need to be revised and a more profit oriented focus may be desirable.

Prof. Univ. Dr. Constantin Căruntu Universitatea "Constantin Brâncuşi" din Târgu Jiu Lect.univ.dr. Lăpăduşi Mihaela Loredana Universitatea "Constantin Brâncuşi" din Târgu Jiu Rezumat: Rata rentabilităţii financiare este un indicator semnificativ pentru evaluarea performanţelor economice şi financiare ale întreprinderii pentru diagnosticul intern, ca şi pentru analizele cerute de partenerii externi. Rentabilitatea financiară constituie un indicator de bază care caracterizează performanţelor întreprinderilor care se găseşte sub incidenţa directă a politicii comerciale (rentabilitate comercială), a eficienţei capitalurilor angajate (rentabilitate economică), dar şi a politicii financiare a întreprinderii. Dacă rata rentabilităţii economice exprimă remunerarea capitalului investit doar în relaţie cu activitatea de exploatare, rata rentabilităţii financiare cuantifică remunerarea capitalurilor personale prin intermediul tuturor celor trei tipuri de activitate: de exploatare, financiară şi extraordinară. Plecând de la considerentul că rata rentabilităţii financiare exprimă eficienţa utilizării capitalului propriu sau permanent al firmei putem afirma ca aceasta prezintă o importanţă deosebită pentru acţionarii firmei, care apreciază în funcţie de nivelul acesteia dacă investiţiile lor sunt justificate şi dacă totodată vor continua să sprijine dezvoltarea firmei prin aportul de noi capitaluri sau prin renunţarea pentru o perioadă limitată la o parte din dividendele cuvenite. Managerii, la rândul lor, vor fi interesaţi să păstreze un nivel corespunzător a acestei rate, pentru a-şi putea păstra poziţiile şi a realiza criteriile de performanţă ale firmei.

This paper examines the validity of economic thoughts of Karl Marx and J.M. Keynes for the present time comparing them with distinguished extant economists. The Marx approach to business cycles and economic crisis today is relevant more than ever in the world economic history as well as his picture of the world in a new perspective. He has predicted the future of the world as new and globalised world before the world turns into post capitalist society. Marx and Keynes did have some ideas in common with neo-classical economists especially in the sphere of microeconomics, and differ from neo-classical economists significantly in their approach to both: macroeconomic issues and their consequences for a society as a whole. This is why these two economists together with A. Smith made economic history and help us to predict our' future.

Cooperative in Semarang with a sample of 70 respondents. Type of data collected are the primary data and secondary data. Data analysis methods used in this research include test validity, reliability test and wilcoxon sign rank test. Based on a wilcoxon sign rank test for variables obtained -p value of capital of 0.000 (0.000 < 0.05) which means there are different variables before and after obtaining micro-credit the Enkas Mulia Cooperative in Semarang or an increase of 108% of venture capital after getting micro-credit from the Enkas Mulia Cooperative in Semarang. For variable labor (working hours) obtained -p value of 0.000 (0.000 < 0.05) which means there are different variables before and after obtaining micro-credit from the Enkas Mulia Cooperative in Semarang or an increase in working hours by 12.5% after getting micro-credits from of the Enkas Mulia Cooperative in Semarang. Thus the presence of micro-credit the Enkas Mulia Cooperative in Semarang the could increase the variables business capital, labor (working hours), sales turnover and profit of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) experienced significant improvement.

Consumer credit risk assessment involves the use of risk assessment tools to manage a borrower’s account from the time of pre-screening a potential application through to the management of the account during its life and possible write-off. The riskiness of lending to a credit applicant is usually estimated using a logistic regression model though researchers have considered many other types of classifier and whilst preliminary evidence suggest support vector machines seem to be the most accurate, data quality issues may prevent these laboratory based results from being achieved in practice. The training of a classifier on a sample of accepted applicants rather than on a sample representative of the applicant population seems not to result in bias though it does result in difficulties in setting the cut off. Profit scoring is a promising line of research and the Basel 2 accord has had profound implications for the way in which credit applicants are assessed and bank policies adopted.

Assortment planning at a retailer entails both selecting the set of products to be carried and setting inventory levels for each product. We study an assortment planning model in which consumers might accept substitutes when their favorite product is unavailable. We develop an algorithmic process to help retailers compute the best assortment for each store. First, we present a procedure for estimating the parameters of substitution behavior and demand for products in each store, including the products that have not been previously carried in that store. Second, we propose an iterative optimization heuristic for solving the assortment planning problem. In a computational study, we find that its solutions, on average, are within 0.5% of the optimal solution. Third, we establish new structural properties (based on the heuristic solution) that relate the products included in the assortment and their inventory levels to product characteristics such as gross margin, case-pack sizes, and demand variability. We applied our method at Albert Heijn, a supermarket chain in The Netherlands. Comparing the recommendations of our system with the existing assortments suggests a more than 50% increase in profits.

There is a demand for development of low-fat products including fat replacers to limit the intake of total fat. The objective ofthis review is to show the requirements that are necessary for the assessment of the risks and benefits of a new fat replacer. An ideal fat replacer should be completely safe and physiologically inert for achieving a substantial fat and caloric reduction while maintaining the desired functional and sensory properties of a conventional high-fat product. A careful safety evaluation concerns both nutritional and toxicological aspects. This includes animal and human studies. There is also a need for post-marketing surveillance in assessing the long-term impact of fat replacers. It can be concluded that low-fat products potentially offer some assistance in achieving the goals of present dietary recommendations.