Plecoptera

The larvae and pupae of the ladybird Thalassa saginata develop inside colonies of the dolichoderine ant Dolichoderus bidens. This association is the first specific and obligatory relationship recorded between ants and ladybirds. The ants provide shelter and protection to the larvae but the diet of the latter remains unclear. The integration of T. saginata larvae into the ant colonies is achieved by mimicking the cuticular patterns of the ants’ brood. Moreover, the larvae secrete substances from their hairs and anal gland that are likely to enhance their attractiveness.

In the year of 2008, the Project Entomofauna of Turkey was begun privately. The main aim was to compile the hitherto recorded taxa of pterygot insects in Turkey. For this purpose, 24 pterygot orders in Turkey, their family, genus and species group taxa have been studying by the authors. Results of the fields studies have also been evaluating to some degree. Six reports of the temporary results were published so far. In these reports, not only the previously published information by other native or foreign authors were compiled, updated taxonomical or nomenclatural cases of the taxa, but also numerous new records to the provincial or country fauna were added. Unfortunately, there is no similar studying program, having such a perspective to the fauna of Turkey currently. Total number of the pterygot insect species of Turkey was reported by the authors on 8 January 2011 as 17629. Whereas, the current number reaches to 19492. Van, from the faunistical standpoint, is one of the little studied provinces of Turkey. Several years ago, the total pterygot fauna of this province was less than thousand species. Today, exact number of the species reached to 2000 species; among them, several hundred records belong to the field studies of the present authors. Expected number of species is around 5000 in the province. In the present paper, only the synonymical list of the species is given alphabetically together with their families, under the studied orders. Totally 16 orders are illustrated here representatively from various places of Van Province. Planned further faunistical studies in the province, such as Artos Mountain, Catak, etc. will be published separately.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) barcoding is an effective tool for species identification and lifestage association in a wide range of animal taxa. We developed a strategy for rapid construction of a regional DNA-barcode reference library and used the caddisflies (Trichoptera) of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) as a model. Nearly 1000 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences, representing 209 caddisfly species previously recorded from GSMNP, were obtained from the global Trichoptera Barcode of Life campaign. Most of these sequences were collected from outside the GSMNP area. Another 645 COI sequences, representing 80 species, were obtained from specimens collected in a 3-d bioblitz (short-term, intense sampling program) in GSMNP. The joint collections provided barcode coverage for 212 species, 91% of the GSMNP fauna. Inclusion of samples from other localities greatly expedited construction of the regional DNA-barcode reference library. This strategy increased intraspecific divergence and decreased average distances to nearest neighboring species, but the DNA-barcode library was able to differentiate 93% of the GSMNP Trichoptera species examined. Global barcoding projects will aid construction of regional DNA-barcode libraries, but local surveys make crucial contributions to progress by contributing rare or endemic species and full-length barcodes generated from high-quality DNA. DNA taxonomy is not a goal of our present work, but the investigation of COI divergence patterns in caddisflies is providing new insights into broader biodiversity patterns in this group and has directed attention to various issues, ranging from the need to re-evaluate species taxonomy with integrated morphological and molecular evidence to the necessity of an appropriate interpretation of barcode analyses and its implications in understanding species diversity (in contrast to a simple claim for barcoding failure).

Data about the distribution and ecology of 17 Taeniopterygidae species in Bulgaria are given in this study. The geographical distribution, based on a literature survey and available collection is presented with UTM codes and maps. Various hydro-ecological characteristics for every particular species are summarized and commented. Among the 17 species that have been recorded, one is regionally extinct (RE) from the country, 9 -critically endangered (CR), 3 -endangered (EN) and one is vulnerable (VU). From a zoogeographical point of view, 4 species from the Taeniopterygidae, recorded in Bulgaria, are endemics: Brachyptera thracica is a Bulgarian endemic (only in the Rhodopes Mts.) and B. bulgarica, B. helenica and Rhabdiopteryx triangulari are Balkan endemics. The correlations of seven Taeniopterygidae species with corresponding environmental data were analyzed using direct multivariate technique (CCA). A large majority of environmental factors showed significant correlations, but the strongest were those with the altitude, substrate types and oxygen content, tested additionally by a nonparametric Spearman rank order correlation.

1. The Ephemeroptera fauna of the World consists of 42 families, 400 genera and 3000 species, while the Ephemeroptera fauna of the Turkey consists of 14 families, 39 genera, 138 species and 5 subspecies.
2. The Ephemeroptera species of Turkey constitutes 4,6% of the Ephemeroptera species in the World.
3. With respect to the genera number, Ephemeroptera genera of Turkey constitutes 9,75%
of the Ephemeroptera genera in the World.
4. Ephemeroptera species play a critical role in order to define the reference sites and their fauna concerning the application of European Union Water Framework Directive (EUWFD) in Turkey.

This contribution describes seven new species of fossil stoneflies from Cretaceous Burmese amber, all of which are dedicated to present and past members of the Rolling Stones. Two species-Petroperla mickjaggeri gen. nov. sp. nov. and Lapisperla keithrichardsi gen. nov. sp. nov.-are placed in a new family Petroperlidae within the stemline of Systellognatha. The first Cretaceous larval specimen of Acroneuriinae, Electroneuria ronwoodi gen. nov. sp. nov., is also described along with another four new species that are placed within the Acroneuriinae genus Largusoperla Chen et al., 2018: Largusoperla charliewattsi sp. nov., Largusoperla brianjonesi sp. nov., Largusoperla micktaylori sp. nov., and Largusoperla billwymani sp. nov. Additional specimens of Acroneuriinae are described without formal assignment to new species due to insufficient preservation. Implications for stonefly phylogeny and palaeobiogeography are discussed.

"Gorgona is a Colombian continental island that biogeographically
belongs in the Choco region. This work constitutes a first approximation to the aquatic insects, with emphasis in Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera: distribution, ecology, and associations to the continental mainland. Between October 2010 and June 2011, immature and adult specimens were collected in five streams of the island´s Western sector using entomological nets, Malaise traps, and light traps. A total of nine orders, 28 families, 39 genera and 16 species of aquatic insects were found. New geographical records for Gorgona include: Dytiscidae (Coleoptera), Zelusia, Farrodes and Terpides (Ephemeroptera), Leucotrichia and Wormaldia (Trichoptera), Laccodytes, Neoelmis and Pheneps (Coleoptera), Maruina and Limonia (Diptera). As part of this study, four new species for each, Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera, were found. Leptohyphes jodiannae, L. maculatus and Hagenulopsis esmeralda are recorded for the first time for Colombia. Farrodes caribbianus, F. roundsi, Hagenulopsis zunigae, Zelusia principalis and Anacroneuria choco are reported for the first time for the National Park. The high abundance of families, genera, and species is similar to that of low order streams in the tropic mainland, particularly those associated to the Choco bio-geographical province."

Editors: Richard W. Baumann, M. L. B. L. S. M., Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602., L. F. Peter Zwick, Max-PlanckInstitut fur Limnologie, Postfach 260, D-6407, Schlitz, West Germany., et al. (1980). "Perla, A Newsletter For Plecopterologists." Annual Newsletter and Bibliography of The International Society of Plecopterologists, Brigham Young Univ. Press.

There are 176 species representing eight genera and two families of Plecoptera known from Brazil. However, only ten of these species are recorded from the State of Bahia. In this study, an inventory of stoneflies from the southern region of Bahia State, Serra Bonita, including the municipality of Camacan, was undertaken from 2007-2012. Stoneflies were collected using UV light pan traps, Malaise traps, and aerial nets. One new gripopterygid species, Tupiperla bispoi n. sp., is described and illustrated. Four genera representing ten other species are recorded: Gripopteryx cancellata, G. clemira, G. garbei, G. pinima, Paragripopteryx sp., and Tupiperla tessellata (Gripopterygidae), Kempnyia alterosarum, K. gracilenta, K. jatim, and K. neotropica (Perlidae). With the present study, the number of known species of stoneflies recorded from Bahia State is 17, ten of these recorded from the Serra Bonita region.

Well-preserved arthropods are reported from Miocene sedimentary rocks of the Skarðsströnd-Mókollsdalur (9-8 Ma) and Hreðavatn-Stafholt (7-6 Ma) Formations in Iceland. Fossil remains of terrestrial and/or freshwater animals have rarely been reported from the island before. Here we provide the first overview of the surprisingly rich Tortonian fauna from the Hrútagil locality and additional Messinian-aged trichopteran larval cases from the Stafholt locality. The Hrútagil fauna includes representatives of Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) and seven insect orders, including several morphotypes of the orders Plecoptera, Dermaptera, Hemiptera (Cercopoidea, Aphididae), Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Trichoptera (Drusinae), and Diptera (Bibionidae). Previous studies on the Miocene of Iceland have been based principally on pollen analysis and the macrobotanical record with little attention paid to other aspects of the island's palaeontology. This study provides the first comprehensive systematic description of Miocene arthropods from the northern North Atlantic region and offers the opportunity for a rare glimpse into the late Cenozoic arthropod fauna of Iceland in the context of transatlantic migration and palaeobiogeography and the onset of major global cooling events.

In 2010 the metadata of the Plecoptera collection created by the late Albert Lillehammer at the Natural History Museum in Oslo (NHMO) were digitised and georeferenced. 4319 species records, mostly of common species collected in the 1960s and early 1970s, were delivered to the online databases of Artsdatabanken, the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre. The NHMO collection, and other collection-based records in Artsdatabanken are used to evaluate and update the stonefly checklists of the Norwegian provinces. The changes relative to previous checklists are documented and discussed. The riverine species Xanthoperla apicalis (Newman, 1836) and Isogenus nubecula Newman, 1833 are rare and vulnerable species whose occurrence in Norway merits monitoring.

During a large-scale survey in the Norwegian county of Finnmark in 2010, insects were collected with Malaise traps and manual collecting techniques. Almost 6000 specimens of stoneflies collected during this survey are reviewed, and the incidence and abundance of the northern Scandinavian species are discussed. The species composition at the sites of the Malaise traps is explained by stream characteristics like width and velocity, rather than the altitude and continentality of the trap sites. The morphological distinction between the rare Arctic stonefly Amphinemura palmeni and the common A. standfussi (Ris, 1902) is discussed, and both species as well as the Fennoscandian endemic Nemoura viki Lillehammer, 1972 are illustrated with colour photographs. Initial results from DNA barcoding of Norwegian stoneflies show that A. standfussi colonised the Scandinavian Peninsula from the south as well as the northeast. Comparison with North American barcode data reveals that A. palmeni and Nemoura sahlbergi Morton, 1896 have a Holarctic distribution.

Two-dimensional hydrodynamic models are being used increasingly as alternatives to traditional one-dimensional instream flow methodologies for assessing adequacy of flow and associated faunal habitat. Two-dimensional modelling of habitat has focused primarily on fishes, but fish-based assessments may not model benthic macroinvertebrate habitat effectively. We extend two-dimensional techniques to a macroinvertebrate assemblage in a high-elevation stream in the Sierra Nevada (Dana Fork of the Tuolumne River, Yosemite National Park, CA, USA). This stream frequently flows at less than 0.03 m 3 s À1 in late summer and is representative of a common water abstraction scenario: maximum water abstraction coinciding with seasonally low flows. We used two-dimensional modelling to predict invertebrate responses to reduced flows that might result from increased abstraction. We collected site-specific field data on the macroinvertebrate assemblage, bed topography and flow conditions and then coupled a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model with macroinvertebrate indices to evaluate habitat across a range of low flows. Macroinvertebrate indices were calculated for the wetted area at each flow. A surrogate flow record based on an adjacent watershed was used to evaluate frequency and duration of low flow events. Using surrogate historical records, we estimated that flow should fall below 0.071 m 3 s À1 at least 1 day in 82 of 95 years and below 0.028 m 3 s À1 in 48 of 95 years. Invertebrate metric means indicated minor losses in response to modelled discharge reductions, but wetted area decreased substantially. Responses of invertebrates to water abstraction will likely be a function of changing habitat quantity rather than quality. Figure 5. Observed and calibrated water surface profile. The channel segment north of the island is higher than the south channel resulting in two profile plots that converge in the upstream pool. SUBALPINE MACROINVERTEBRATE LOW FLOW RESPONSE Figure 6. Depth and patchy wetted area for three simulated discharges. Boundary of modelled area shown in red. Q = discharge, E(S) = expected (rarefied) number of species, %EPT = percent of fauna represented by Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera, Pn/m 2 = number of Plecoptera/square meter.

A simple, inexpensive light trap is described for collecting night-flying insects. The components for constructing the light trap are described and the advantages and disadvantages for collecting different taxa of aquatic insects are discussed.

1. Marthamea vitripennis has been first captured from Çekerek Stream at Yeşilırmak Basin in Turkey since 1979.
2. Marthamea vitripennis is extinct in most of its geographical range. It is accepted as threatened species and included in red list. However, it was recently recorded again some parts of its old distribution area such as Croatia, Hungary.
3. The habitats of Marthamea vitripennis are hyporhithron and potamon zones of running waters. These zones are the most impacted parts of rivers and streams due to pollution and physical degradation.
4. The old and new collecting sites of Marthamea vitripennis were at hyporhithron and potamon zones of running waters at Sakarya, Kızılırmak and Yeşilırmak Basins.
5. The water quality of collecting site of Marthamea vitripennis were given by using of physicochemical variables and multimetric indices included in EU Water Framework Directive (WFD).
6. The water quality of habitat of Marthamea vitripennis was IV. class (polluted and deteriorated habitat) due to pollution and effects of dam. Yeşilırmak River and its tributaries were heavily affected by anthropogenic activities.
7. In this case Marthamea vitripennis is faced with the threat of extinction in Yeşilırmak Basin.

In this study, the diversity of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera
and Coleoptera communities was surveyed in the Toropi River basin, a watershed localized
in a slope region, in southernmost Brazil. The influence of some local abiotic factors
on the most common genera was also analyzed. Methods: Samplings were conducted
at 40 sites in 1st-4th order streams, along a short elevation gradient (70-500 m), with a
Surber sampler. Water physico-chemical factors, as well as substrate type, were obtained
at each site. Results: At all, 5,320 specimens were collected, belonging to 18 families and
52 genera. The caddisflies Austrotinodes and Celaenotrichia, and an undescribed Elmidae,
Genus M, are new records for the region. The caddisfly Smicridea was the most frequent
genus in the study area. The mayflies Camelobaetidius, Paracloeodes and Americabaetis were
influenced by stream order. Smicridea was related to air temperature, while the mayfly
Thraulodes was influenced by high levels of electrical conductivity. Conclusions: The
high diversity found in the study area, compared to other Brazilian regions, reflects the
environmental heterogeneity in the region. These data show that hydrographic basins
in slope areas from extreme Southern Brazil sustain high levels of diversity of aquatic
insect communities.

1. Marthamea vitripennis has been first captured from Çekerek Stream at Yeşilırmak Basin in Turkey since 1979. 2. Marthamea vitripennis is extinct in most of its geographical range. It is accepted as threatened species and included in red list. However, it was recently recorded again some parts of its old distribution area such as Croatia, Hungary. 3. The habitats of Marthamea vitripennis are hyporhithron and potamon zones of running waters. These zones are the most impacted parts of rivers and streams due to pollution and physical degradation. 4. The old and new collecting sites of Marthamea vitripennis were at hyporhithron and potamon zones of running waters at Sakarya, Kızılırmak and Yeşilırmak Basins. 5. The water quality of collecting site of Marthamea vitripennis were given by using of physicochemical variables and multimetric indices included in EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). 6. The water quality of habitat of Marthamea vitripennis was IV. class (polluted and deteriorate...

This work summarizes both literature and new data on the fauna of Plecoptera (Insecta) of the Vrachanska Planina Mountains, Bulgaria. A total of 20 species and seven €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ Among the 27 species that have been recorded, two are Critically Endangered (CR), one-Endangered (EN) and ten-Vulnerable (VU). From a zoogeographical point of view, one subspecies and four species from the Plecoptera, recorded in Vrachanska Planina Mts., are Balkan endemics: Capnopsis schilleri balcanicaLeuctra balcanica Rauser, Leuctra hirsuta Nemoura braaschi Isoperla belai

Patches of riparian woody vegetation potentially help mitigate environmental impacts of agriculture and safeguard biodiversity. We investigated the effects of riparian forest on invertebrate diversity in coupled stream-riparian networks using a case study in the Zwalm river basin (Flanders, Belgium). Agriculture is one of the main pressures in the basin and riparian forest is limited to a number of isolated patches. Our 32 study sites comprised nine unshaded "unbuffered" sites which were paired with nine shaded "buffered" sites on the same stream reach, along with five 'least-disturbed' sites and nine downstream sites. We sampled water chemistry, habitat characteristics and stream and riparian invertebrates (carabid beetles and spiders) at each site. Three methods were used to quantify riparian attributes at different spatial scales: a visually-assessed qualitative index, quantitative estimates of habitat categories in six rectangular plots (10 × 5 m) and geographic information system (GIS)-derived land cover data. We investigated relationships between invertebrates and riparian attributes at different scales with linear regression and redundancy analyses. Spiders and carabids were most associated with local riparian attributes. In contrast, aquatic macroinvertebrates were strongly influenced by the extent of riparian vegetation in a riparian band upstream (100-300 m). These findings demonstrate the value of quantifying GIS-based metrics of riparian cover over larger spatial scales into assessments of the efficacy of riparian management as a complement to more detailed local scale riparian assessments in situ. Our findings highlight the value of even small patches of riparian vegetation in an otherwise extensively disturbed landscape in supporting biodiversity of both terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates and emphasize the need to consider multiple spatial scales in riparian management strategies which aim to mitigate human impacts on biodiversity in stream-riparian networks.

Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey is a subecoregion
of the Caucasus Ecoregion, and its Plecoptera
fauna is similar to fauna of Caucasus with unique endemic
species of the region. The Caucasus Ecoregion is one of the
‘‘WWF Global 200 Ecoregions,’’ and it is also included in
the list of top 25 hotspots in the World. Running water
ecosystems of Eastern Black Sea sub-ecoregion are the
most sensitive to land use change and global climate
change. High-altitude aquatic ecosystems are more
strongly threatened by global climate change in the region.
Plecoptera constitute the most important part of the biodiversity
of running waters in the region. Among the
benthic macroinvertebrate taxa, Plecoptera is the best
indicator of ecological conditions of running waters. The
influence of environmental variables on the distribution of
twenty Plecoptera species in running water ecosystems
(headwaters, crenon, epirhithron, metarhithron) was
assessed using canonical correspondence analysis. Sampling
was carried out in 2009 and 2011. Eleven end groups
were generated from the TWINSPAN analysis. Isoperla
rhododendri, Isoperla grammatica, Protonemura bifida,
Protonemura eumontana and Perla caucasica were closely
related to pH, dissolved oxygen and riparian vegetation.
Brachyptera transcaucasica transcaucasica, Nemoura
martynovia, Nemoura taurica and Protonemura eumontana
were related to Mg and Cu. The results show that the
Plecoptera assemblage composition was affected by DO,
pH, EC, temperature, nitrite, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Al,
riparian vegetation, altitude and stream width

Data about the distribution and ecology of 17 Taeniopterygidae species in Bulgaria are given in this study. The geographical distribution, based on a literature survey and available collection is presented with UTM codes and maps. Various hydro-ecological characteristics for every particular species are summarized and commented. Among the 17 species that have been recorded, one is regionally extinct (RE) from the country, 9 -critically endangered (CR), 3 -endangered (EN) and one is vulnerable (VU). From a zoogeographical point of view, 4 species from the Taeniopterygidae, recorded in Bulgaria, are endemics: Brachyptera thracica is a Bulgarian endemic (only in the Rhodopes Mts.) and B. bulgarica, B. helenica and Rhabdiopteryx triangulari are Balkan endemics. The correlations of seven Taeniopterygidae species with corresponding environmental data were analyzed using direct multivariate technique (CCA). A large majority of environmental factors showed significant correlations, but the strongest were those with the altitude, substrate types and oxygen content, tested additionally by a nonparametric Spearman rank order correlation.

The genus Anacroneuria is widely distributed in the Neotropical Region. There are about 80 species listed from Brazil, five of which are recorded from the northeastern semi-arid region of Brazil, an area characterized by irregular and low precipitation. Examination of adult Anacroneuria material from this including areas of Caatinga desert vegetation and Atlantic forest revealed two new species records, A. debilis (Pictet) and A. terere Righi-Cavallaro & Lecci. Additionally, two new species, A. calori n. sp. and A. singela n. sp., are described from this material. These new records and new species reflect a major effort to document the biodiversity of the aquatic insects of the northeastern semi-arid region of Brazil by the Research Program in Semi-arid Biodiversity.

No Brasil, os Plecoptera são representados por 143 espécies, distribuídos em 8 gêneros, descritas em duas famílias, Gripopterygidae e Perlidae. As ninfas dessa ordem são estritamente aquáticas e, junto com os indivíduos da ordem Ephemeroptera e Trichoptera, são utilizados como bioindicadores da qualidade de água, por ocorrerem em águas limpas e oxigenadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer a distribuição espacial e temporal e a diversidade de imaturos de Plecoptera em oito córregos de primeira ordem nos municípios de Luminárias, Carrancas e São Tomé das Letras. As coletas foram realizadas em quatro pontos ao longo dos córregos nas estações seca e chuvosa. Inicialmente foram medidas variáveis abióticas (velocidade de correnteza, temperatura da água, teor de oxigênio, e outras). As coletas foram realizadas com uma rede "Surber", tendo sido coletadas 3 unidades amostrais em cada ponto de cada córrego que foram triadas e os Plecoptera preservados em etanol 70% e, posteriormente, identificados. Na estação seca foram coletados 68 indivíduos e na estação chuvosa 31 indivíduos. Foram registradas duas famílias: Gripopterygidae e Perlidae. Da família Gripopterygidae, foram encontrados representantes dos gêneros: Gripopteryx, Tupiperla, Paragripopteryx, sendo que o gênero Tupiperla só foi encontrado na estação seca. Da família Perlidae, foram encontrados representantes de três gêneros: Anacroneuria, Kempnyia, Macrogynoplax, nas duas estações. No córrego do município de Carrancas foi registrado o maior número de indivíduos, tanto na estação seca (22) quanto na chuvosa . Neste córrego foi registrada a maior riqueza de gêneros (5), nas duas estações, o que pode estar relacionado com o grau de preservação do local. Este córrego possui em seu entorno mata ciliar preservada, suas águas são frias e transparentes, com sedimento rochoso composto principalmente por seixos e grânulos, característico de ambiente preservado ideal para a comunidade de Plecoptera.

In the present work, based on material from several localities in Brazil, the genus Aturbina is reviewed. Two new species, A. maculata, sp. nov. and A. nigra, sp. nov. are described based on nymphs and adults; the type-species, A. georgei, is redescribed based on nymphs and reared adults; the nymphs and adults of A. beatrixae are respectively described and redescribed, as well as recorded from Brazil for the first time. Based on these findings, an updated key to nymphs and adults of the genus is provided.

During a large-scale survey in the Norwegian county of Finnmark in 2010, insects were collected with Malaise traps and manual collecting techniques. Almost 6000 specimens of stoneflies collected during this survey are reviewed, and the incidence and abundance of the northern Scandinavian species are discussed. The species composition at the sites of the Malaise traps is explained by stream characteristics like width and velocity, rather than the altitude and continentality of the trap sites. The morphological distinction between the rare Arctic stonefly Amphinemura palmeni (Koponen, 1917) and the common A. standfussi (Ris, 1902) is discussed, and both species as well as the Fennoscandian endemic Nemoura viki Lillehammer, 1972 are illustrated with colour photographs. Initial results from DNA barcoding of Norwegian stoneflies show that A. standfussi colonised the Scandinavian Peninsula from the south as well as the northeast. Comparison with North American barcode data reveals that A. palmeni and Nemoura sahlbergi Morton, 1896 have a Holarctic distribution.

Nearly 5,000 historical and contemporary specimen records of stoneßies (Plecoptera) from Illinois demonstrated that this fauna is highly imperiled, boding poorly for aquatic insect communities in North America and elsewhere. Losses include two extinctions of endemics and 20 extirpations of 77 total species, a rate of loss that is higher than for either mussels or Þsh in Illinois. Another 19 species (24.7%) were designated as critically imperiled, being known from Þve or fewer locations. Two families, Perlidae and Perlodidae, experienced the greatest number of losses. Species lost were mostly those with longer life cycles and direct egg hatch. Three historically hyperdiverse regions were identiÞed and losses in all 14 natural divisions were documented. Large river habitats and historically prairie regions have experienced the greatest proportional losses of species. This scenario probably follows for Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, and Odonata in the Midwest and in other areas with similar glacial and cultural histories.

The Natural History Museum, University of Oslo (NHM) houses a very large ethanol collection of Norwegian stoneflies. About half of this material is sorted and labelled; the other half consists of unsorted and largely unidentified samples. In addition, there are some 5000 high quality microscope slides of nymphal and adult body parts. Most samples were collected by the late Albert Lillehammer (1930-1992). In 2010 the collection built by Lillehammer has been digitized and georeferenced. 4305 specimen-based records have been made accessible online through the data portals of Artskart, a web service of the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre Artsdatabanken, and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). In order to facilitate access and future use, the Plecoptera collection at the NHM is described, with comments on the less common Norwegian species. The slide-mounted epiprocts of the males of the Arctic species Nemoura arctica Esben-Petersen 1910, N. sahlbergi Morton 1896 and N. viki Lillehammer 1972 are depicted. The paper concludes with suggestions for future applications of the NHM's stonefly collection.

1. The water quality of the streams in Yedigöller National Park and in surrounding areas were in class I and class II The dominant genus found in this study were Baetis, Ephemerella, Iron and Rhrithrogena respectively. 2. Saprobic values of identified species were concordant with their known saprobic values in literature. The saprobic values of species were between oligosaprobic and beta-mesosaprobic. 3. Ecdyonurus starmachi Sowa 1971, Paraleptophlebia cincta (Retzius 1835) and Caenis martae Belfiore 1984 were new records for Turkey. 4. Baetis lapponicus (Bengtsson 1912) was a new record with imago for Turkey. First larval record was given for Turkey in this study. 5. Reference habitat concept applied for the first time to Yedigöller National Park in Turkey. Also indicator species of Ephemeroptera were given.

Ephemeroptera fauna of the streams in Yedigöller National Park were identified and the types and the characteristics of the streams in a protected area were detected by using indicator Ephemeroptera species. According to the results, degradations in the habitats of some part of the streams in the national park were determined. Furthermore, using Ephemeroptera species as indicator species to determine the borders of the national park was discussed.

""Gorgona is a Colombian continental island that biogeographically belongs in the Choco region. This work constitutes a first approximation to the aquatic insects, with emphasis in Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera: distribution, ecology, and associations to the continental mainland. Between October 2010 and June 2011, immature and adult specimens were collected in five streams of the island´s Western sector using entomological nets, Malaise traps, and light traps. A total of nine orders, 28 families, 39 genera and 16 species of aquatic insects were found. New geographical records for Gorgona include: Dytiscidae (Coleoptera), Zelusia, Farrodes and Terpides (Ephemeroptera), Leucotrichia and Wormaldia (Trichoptera), Laccodytes, Neoelmis and Pheneps (Coleoptera), Maruina and Limonia (Diptera). As part of this study, four new species for each, Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera, were found. Leptohyphes jodiannae, L. maculatus and Hagenulopsis esmeralda are recorded for the first time for Colombia. Farrodes caribbianus, F. roundsi, Hagenulopsis zunigae, Zelusia principalis and Anacroneuria choco are reported for the first time for the National Park. The high abundance of families, genera, and species is similar to that of low order streams in the tropic mainland, particularly those associated to the Choco bio-geographical province.""

This study details a workflow used to accession a large stonefly (Plecoptera) collection resulting from several donations. The eastern North American material of Kenneth W. Stewart (deceased, University of North Texas), the entire collection of Stanley W. Szczytko (deceased, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point), and a small portion of the Barry C. Poulton collection (active, United States Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri) were donated to the Illinois Natural History Survey in 2013. These 5,767 vials of specimens were processed to help preserve the specimen legacy of these world renowned Plecoptera researchers. The workflow used an industrialized approach to organize the specimens taxonomically, image the specimens and labels, and place the specimens into new storage. Utilizing the images as a verbatim data source, we transcribed labels in iterative steps that yielded more information with each pass.

Data about the distribution and ecology of 17 Taeniopterygidae species in Bulgaria are given in this study. The geographical distribution, based on a literature survey and available collection is presented with UTM codes and maps. Various hydroecological characteristics for every particular species are summarized and commented. Among the 17 species that have been recorded, one is regionally extinct (RE) from the country, 9 – critically endangered (CR), 3 – endangered (EN) and one is vulnerable (VU). From a zoogeographical point of view, 4 species from the Taeniopterygidae, recorded in Bulgaria, are endemics: Brachyptera thracica is a Bulgarian endemic (only in the Rhodopes Mts.) and B. bulgarica, B. helenica and Rhabdiopteryx triangulari are Balkan endemics. The correlations of seven Taeniopterygidae species with corresponding environmental data were analyzed using direct multivariate technique (CCA). A large majority of environmental factors showed significant correlations, but the...

Wilderness stream crossings used by mules, horses, and hikers are localized disturbances that may
affect habitat immediately downstream, but the potential influence of fords on streams has received little investigation,
particularly in terms of possible effects on fauna. Our overall null hypothesis was absence of below-above differences for
either benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages or habitat characteristics at such fords. We further sought to determine
(1) whether any such differences were present prior to annual use, suggesting longer-term effects, and (2) whether differences
were present in late season, after annual use. We examined macroinvertebrates and habitat immediately below
and above 2 fords crossing subalpine streams in Yosemite National Park in the Sierra Nevada (California, USA) in early
and late season and over 2 years. There were both longer-term below-above differences, as well as differences that
became apparent in late season, both of which were indicative of below-ford effects. Below fords there was evidence,
either as main effects or interactions, of higher silt, sand, and gravel cover; a thicker periphyton layer; a greater Hilsenhoff
biotic index; a higher proportion of tolerant taxa; higher chironomid midge and total densities; and greater species
richness, largely a function of chironomid richness. There was also a lower expected number of species, a smaller proportion
of sensitive taxa and predators, and lower densities of some sensitive Ephemeroptera (mayflies) and Plecoptera
(stoneflies) below fords. Both hikers and stock may contribute to the apparent effects, but management interventions
targeting stock may be particularly achievable. Among other approaches, simply halting stock strings briefly before
reaching fords should reduce the volume of urine and feces directly entering streams, and handlers can expedite crossings
if watering is not necessary.

Two-dimensional hydrodynamic models are being used increasingly as alternatives to traditional one-dimensional instream flow methodologies for assessing adequacy of flow and associated faunal habitat. Two dimensional modeling of habitat has focused primarily on fishes, but fish-based assessments may not model benthic macroinvertebrate habitat effectively. We extend two dimensional techniques to a macroinvertebrate assemblage in a high elevation stream in the Sierra Nevada (Dana Fork of the Tuolumne River, Yosemite National Park, California, USA). This stream frequently flows at less than 0.03 m 3 /s in late summer and is representative of a common water abstraction scenario: maximum water abstraction coinciding with seasonally low flows. We used two dimensional modeling to predict invertebrate responses to reduced flows that might result from increased abstraction.

Kamimuria zwicki sp. n. and Neoperla peterzwicki sp. n. are described from specimens collected in South Korea and East Kalimantan, Indonesia respectively, Agnetina zwicki sp. n. from Sichuan, China, Neoperla schlitz sp. n. from Kerala State, India, and Haploperla zwicki sp. n. and Isoperla peterzwicki sp. n. are described from Thai specimens. Each species is compared with related congeners and a provisional key for males of the Neoperla borneensis species subgroup is provided.

The taxonomic status of Amphinemura palmeni, a rare stonefly from northern Fennoscandia, was re-evaluated in amorphological study combined with analyses of mitochondrial COI and nuclear 28S sequences. Taxon sampling includedA. standfussi, with which A. palmeni has been confused, the Nearctic A. linda and seven other Amphinemura species.Amphinemura palmeni is confirmed as a valid species, and A. norvegica and A. linda identified as junior synonyms. Thespecies is illustrated with line drawings, photographs and SEM micrographs. Its COI haplotype diversity is compared with the intraspecific diversity in other stonefly species.