Native bees in Yucatán, México are treatened by agricultural land uses that limit their food reso... more Native bees in Yucatán, México are treatened by agricultural land uses that limit their food resources, alter their reproductive habitats and increase their mortality. Various species may disappear before their importance for regional agricultural productivity and ecosystem maintenance is known. In order to assess their assemblage as visitors of cucurbit crops, we sampled more than 2000 bee specimens on fourteen fields of pumpkin, cucumber, melon and watermelon from five localities between 1995 and 1997; sample units consisted of all bees collected by net sweeping in a given field during 25-30 accumulated hours on separate days. The fourteen samples comprised bees of six families, 29 genera and 58 species. Composition per sample ranged between 10 and 27 species and abundance between 28 and 444 individuals. Seven species (six genera) of Apidae, Anthophoridae and Halictidae comprised around 80% of all the individuals collected. Yet, diversity measures indicated intermediate to high evenness in most sampled bee assemblages, i.e. despite the frequent abundance of some species of Augochlora, Partamona, Ceratina, Trigona or Peponapis, other bee visitors were also relatively important, particularly in small samples. Individual samples of pumpkin bee visitors had significantly different evenness among themselves and to other cucurbit crops. The percent similarity and number of shared species among the fourteen samples were both usually low; lumping data per crop and locality showed, however, higher evenness and more common species than individual samples. Results are discussed in terms of future research priorities: natural history of tropical native bees and strategies to monitor bee community changes for conservation purposes.
Annual flower production ranged over four orders of magnitude among individuals of the tropical t... more Annual flower production ranged over four orders of magnitude among individuals of the tropical tree Prockia cruc& (Flacourtiaceae), but the number of visits per flower by bees did not increase with flower number. In a population in Jalisco, M~xico, the trees flower for about one week each year, offering only pollen to the bees (mostly solitary species). In a small group of trees, the number of visits per flower was less on trees with greater flower production but in a large group visitation did not vary between trees. Pollen flow probably was not directed from large to small trees or vice versa, because the number of flowers per tree did not determine the schedule of visits. The ratio of pollinators to pollen thieves decreased rapidly through the day, while individuals of both groups foraged more rapidly. Most bee species were rare, and only a small subset of medium-sized to large bees were effective pollinators. Large and small groups of trees differed in the relationship between individual flower crop and abundance and diversity of both pollinators and thieves.
... Felipe A. Noguera 1 , Miguel A. Ortega-Huerta 1 , Santiago Zaragoza-Caballero 2 , Enrique Gon... more ... Felipe A. Noguera 1 , Miguel A. Ortega-Huerta 1 , Santiago Zaragoza-Caballero 2 , Enrique González-Soriano 2 , and Enrique Ramírez-García 1 . (2009) A faunal study of ... Corona, Víctor H. Toledo, Juan J. Morrone. ... Jaime González, Andrés Baselga, Francisco Novoa. (2007) Di.
ABSTRACT Despite being in a competing epistemological ground, sociological ethnography has been g... more ABSTRACT Despite being in a competing epistemological ground, sociological ethnography has been gaining more value and acceptance amongst sociologists in the development of theory, especially in the understanding of everyday life at a micro social level. Following Grounded Theory (Glaser and Strauss, 1967) it can be said that inductive orientation has a role of great importance in theoretical statements formulation as hypotheses emerge continuously during data gathering and processing within the theory-data interplay. Whether or not statements of this kind are cogent shall not be argued here, but we assume reality has no absolute line between particular cases logic and universal patterns. Although systematic observation is by far the main and most common data gathering technique in inductive enquiry, deep understanding requires a set of research tools beyond observation scope, so that non-conventional methods can support this within ethnographic research in a further step to triangulation. Surprisingly, ethnography literature deals disproportionately more with observation technique, lacking full explanation of complementary methods. This fact justifies that some other techniques are needed to complement observation from another angles, in an attempt to better fine-tune meaning. This paper focuses thus on describing non-conventional methods, such as drawings and sociograms made by participants, and how they can support researchers to achieve and fine-tune deeper levels of understanding in ethnography.
ABSTRACT Despite being in a competing epistemological ground, sociological ethnography has been g... more ABSTRACT Despite being in a competing epistemological ground, sociological ethnography has been gaining more value and acceptance amongst sociologists in the development of theory, especially in the understanding of everyday life at a micro social level. Inductive orientation has a role of great importance in theoretical formulation as hypotheses emerge continuously during data gathering and data processing within the theory-data interplay, drawing attention to logics of particular cases and their eventual connection to universal patterns. Although systematic observation is by far the main and most common data gathering technique in ethnography, deep understanding requires a set of research tools exploring beyond the observation scope, so that non-conventional methods can support this within ethnographic research in a further step to fieldwork adjusting. This justifies the integration of other techniques to complement observation from other angles, in an attempt to better fine-tune meaning. Noticeably, ethnography literature deals disproportionately more with observation techniques, lacking full explanation on how to use complementary methods. This theoretically-driven article thus focuses on describing non-conventional methods, such as drawings and sociogrammes made by participants during interviews, and discussing how these registers may support researchers to achieve and fine-tune deeper levels of understanding in ethnography. Abstract Despite being in a competing epistemological ground, sociological ethnography has been gaining more value and acceptance amongst sociologists in the development of theory, especially in the understanding of everyday life at a micro social level. Inductive orientation has a role of great importance in theoretical formulation as hypotheses emerge continuously during data gathering and data processing within the theory-data interplay, drawing attention to logics of particular cases and their eventual connection to universal patterns. Although systematic observation is by far the main and most common data gathering technique in ethnography, deep understanding requires a set of research tools exploring beyond the observation scope, so that non-conventional methods can support this within ethnographic research in a further step to fieldwork adjusting. This justifies the integration of other techniques to complement observation from other angles, in an attempt to better fine-tune meaning. Noticeably, ethnography literature deals disproportionately more with observation techniques, lacking full explanation on how to use complementary methods. This theoretically-driven article thus focuses on describing non-conventional methods, such as drawings and sociogrammes made by participants during interviews, and discussing how these registers may support researchers to achieve and fine-tune deeper levels of understanding in ethnography.
Se presenta información sobre la fauna de abejas de la Sierra del Tigre, que está entre los pobla... more Se presenta información sobre la fauna de abejas de la Sierra del Tigre, que está entre los poblados de Mazamitla y La Manzanilla. Una área con bosques de pinos y pino-encino, con agricultura de maíz.
Capitulo que reúne el listado de abejas nativas de México, con datos sobre la diversidad de los A... more Capitulo que reúne el listado de abejas nativas de México, con datos sobre la diversidad de los Apoidea en México.
Abejas como bioindicadores de perturbaciones en los ecosistemas 347 347 17 Abejas como bioindicad... more Abejas como bioindicadores de perturbaciones en los ecosistemas 347 347 17 Abejas como bioindicadores de perturbaciones en los ecosistemas y el ambiente Bees as bioindicators of ecosystems and environmental perturbations Resumen. En la actualidad la contaminación ambiental y el deterioro de los ecosiste-mas requieren valorarse de manera rápida y eficiente, una herramienta efectiva para ello es el uso de grupos biológicos que funcionen como bioindicadores. Entre los in-sectos, las abejas, además de ser especies claves en los ecosistemas y brindar el servicio ecológico de la polinización, son sensibles a las perturbaciones naturales y a las cau-sadas por actividades humanas; por ello tienen especial importancia en la valoración de los ecosistemas y la calidad ambiental. En este capítulo se analizan diferentes gru-pos taxonómicos o especies de abejas que han sido utilizadas como bioindicadores y se incluyen las perspectivas e instrumentación de proyectos con abejas como bioin-dicadores...
Two new species of squash bees, Peponapis pacifica Ayala and Griswold sp. n. and P. parkeri Grisw... more Two new species of squash bees, Peponapis pacifica Ayala and Griswold sp. n. and P. parkeri Griswold and Ayala sp. n., are described and illustrated. Peponapis pacifica is oligolectic on flowers of Schizocarpum longisepalum (Cucurbitaceae) endemic to Mexico, where it is found in the tropical dry forest along the Pacific Coast, between Sonora and Chiapas and in the Balsas River basin; and P. parkeri is known only from the Pacific slope of Costa Rica. A key for the North and Central American species of Peponapis is provided.
Native bees in Yucatán, México are treatened by agricultural land uses that limit their food reso... more Native bees in Yucatán, México are treatened by agricultural land uses that limit their food resources, alter their reproductive habitats and increase their mortality. Various species may disappear before their importance for regional agricultural productivity and ecosystem maintenance is known. In order to assess their assemblage as visitors of cucurbit crops, we sampled more than 2000 bee specimens on fourteen fields of pumpkin, cucumber, melon and watermelon from five localities between 1995 and 1997; sample units consisted of all bees collected by net sweeping in a given field during 25-30 accumulated hours on separate days. The fourteen samples comprised bees of six families, 29 genera and 58 species. Composition per sample ranged between 10 and 27 species and abundance between 28 and 444 individuals. Seven species (six genera) of Apidae, Anthophoridae and Halictidae comprised around 80% of all the individuals collected. Yet, diversity measures indicated intermediate to high evenness in most sampled bee assemblages, i.e. despite the frequent abundance of some species of Augochlora, Partamona, Ceratina, Trigona or Peponapis, other bee visitors were also relatively important, particularly in small samples. Individual samples of pumpkin bee visitors had significantly different evenness among themselves and to other cucurbit crops. The percent similarity and number of shared species among the fourteen samples were both usually low; lumping data per crop and locality showed, however, higher evenness and more common species than individual samples. Results are discussed in terms of future research priorities: natural history of tropical native bees and strategies to monitor bee community changes for conservation purposes.
Annual flower production ranged over four orders of magnitude among individuals of the tropical t... more Annual flower production ranged over four orders of magnitude among individuals of the tropical tree Prockia cruc& (Flacourtiaceae), but the number of visits per flower by bees did not increase with flower number. In a population in Jalisco, M~xico, the trees flower for about one week each year, offering only pollen to the bees (mostly solitary species). In a small group of trees, the number of visits per flower was less on trees with greater flower production but in a large group visitation did not vary between trees. Pollen flow probably was not directed from large to small trees or vice versa, because the number of flowers per tree did not determine the schedule of visits. The ratio of pollinators to pollen thieves decreased rapidly through the day, while individuals of both groups foraged more rapidly. Most bee species were rare, and only a small subset of medium-sized to large bees were effective pollinators. Large and small groups of trees differed in the relationship between individual flower crop and abundance and diversity of both pollinators and thieves.
... Felipe A. Noguera 1 , Miguel A. Ortega-Huerta 1 , Santiago Zaragoza-Caballero 2 , Enrique Gon... more ... Felipe A. Noguera 1 , Miguel A. Ortega-Huerta 1 , Santiago Zaragoza-Caballero 2 , Enrique González-Soriano 2 , and Enrique Ramírez-García 1 . (2009) A faunal study of ... Corona, Víctor H. Toledo, Juan J. Morrone. ... Jaime González, Andrés Baselga, Francisco Novoa. (2007) Di.
ABSTRACT Despite being in a competing epistemological ground, sociological ethnography has been g... more ABSTRACT Despite being in a competing epistemological ground, sociological ethnography has been gaining more value and acceptance amongst sociologists in the development of theory, especially in the understanding of everyday life at a micro social level. Following Grounded Theory (Glaser and Strauss, 1967) it can be said that inductive orientation has a role of great importance in theoretical statements formulation as hypotheses emerge continuously during data gathering and processing within the theory-data interplay. Whether or not statements of this kind are cogent shall not be argued here, but we assume reality has no absolute line between particular cases logic and universal patterns. Although systematic observation is by far the main and most common data gathering technique in inductive enquiry, deep understanding requires a set of research tools beyond observation scope, so that non-conventional methods can support this within ethnographic research in a further step to triangulation. Surprisingly, ethnography literature deals disproportionately more with observation technique, lacking full explanation of complementary methods. This fact justifies that some other techniques are needed to complement observation from another angles, in an attempt to better fine-tune meaning. This paper focuses thus on describing non-conventional methods, such as drawings and sociograms made by participants, and how they can support researchers to achieve and fine-tune deeper levels of understanding in ethnography.
ABSTRACT Despite being in a competing epistemological ground, sociological ethnography has been g... more ABSTRACT Despite being in a competing epistemological ground, sociological ethnography has been gaining more value and acceptance amongst sociologists in the development of theory, especially in the understanding of everyday life at a micro social level. Inductive orientation has a role of great importance in theoretical formulation as hypotheses emerge continuously during data gathering and data processing within the theory-data interplay, drawing attention to logics of particular cases and their eventual connection to universal patterns. Although systematic observation is by far the main and most common data gathering technique in ethnography, deep understanding requires a set of research tools exploring beyond the observation scope, so that non-conventional methods can support this within ethnographic research in a further step to fieldwork adjusting. This justifies the integration of other techniques to complement observation from other angles, in an attempt to better fine-tune meaning. Noticeably, ethnography literature deals disproportionately more with observation techniques, lacking full explanation on how to use complementary methods. This theoretically-driven article thus focuses on describing non-conventional methods, such as drawings and sociogrammes made by participants during interviews, and discussing how these registers may support researchers to achieve and fine-tune deeper levels of understanding in ethnography. Abstract Despite being in a competing epistemological ground, sociological ethnography has been gaining more value and acceptance amongst sociologists in the development of theory, especially in the understanding of everyday life at a micro social level. Inductive orientation has a role of great importance in theoretical formulation as hypotheses emerge continuously during data gathering and data processing within the theory-data interplay, drawing attention to logics of particular cases and their eventual connection to universal patterns. Although systematic observation is by far the main and most common data gathering technique in ethnography, deep understanding requires a set of research tools exploring beyond the observation scope, so that non-conventional methods can support this within ethnographic research in a further step to fieldwork adjusting. This justifies the integration of other techniques to complement observation from other angles, in an attempt to better fine-tune meaning. Noticeably, ethnography literature deals disproportionately more with observation techniques, lacking full explanation on how to use complementary methods. This theoretically-driven article thus focuses on describing non-conventional methods, such as drawings and sociogrammes made by participants during interviews, and discussing how these registers may support researchers to achieve and fine-tune deeper levels of understanding in ethnography.
Se presenta información sobre la fauna de abejas de la Sierra del Tigre, que está entre los pobla... more Se presenta información sobre la fauna de abejas de la Sierra del Tigre, que está entre los poblados de Mazamitla y La Manzanilla. Una área con bosques de pinos y pino-encino, con agricultura de maíz.
Capitulo que reúne el listado de abejas nativas de México, con datos sobre la diversidad de los A... more Capitulo que reúne el listado de abejas nativas de México, con datos sobre la diversidad de los Apoidea en México.
Abejas como bioindicadores de perturbaciones en los ecosistemas 347 347 17 Abejas como bioindicad... more Abejas como bioindicadores de perturbaciones en los ecosistemas 347 347 17 Abejas como bioindicadores de perturbaciones en los ecosistemas y el ambiente Bees as bioindicators of ecosystems and environmental perturbations Resumen. En la actualidad la contaminación ambiental y el deterioro de los ecosiste-mas requieren valorarse de manera rápida y eficiente, una herramienta efectiva para ello es el uso de grupos biológicos que funcionen como bioindicadores. Entre los in-sectos, las abejas, además de ser especies claves en los ecosistemas y brindar el servicio ecológico de la polinización, son sensibles a las perturbaciones naturales y a las cau-sadas por actividades humanas; por ello tienen especial importancia en la valoración de los ecosistemas y la calidad ambiental. En este capítulo se analizan diferentes gru-pos taxonómicos o especies de abejas que han sido utilizadas como bioindicadores y se incluyen las perspectivas e instrumentación de proyectos con abejas como bioin-dicadores...
Two new species of squash bees, Peponapis pacifica Ayala and Griswold sp. n. and P. parkeri Grisw... more Two new species of squash bees, Peponapis pacifica Ayala and Griswold sp. n. and P. parkeri Griswold and Ayala sp. n., are described and illustrated. Peponapis pacifica is oligolectic on flowers of Schizocarpum longisepalum (Cucurbitaceae) endemic to Mexico, where it is found in the tropical dry forest along the Pacific Coast, between Sonora and Chiapas and in the Balsas River basin; and P. parkeri is known only from the Pacific slope of Costa Rica. A key for the North and Central American species of Peponapis is provided.
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