Nuclear Force

A formula, generating the Spinning Magnetic Field (SMF) has been derived, the interaction of two SMF by two protons, using the recently derived unified formula of fields, produced Spinning Magnetic Force (SMFs); while at each step, the mutual electrostatic force by both protons is subtracted from the relevant Spinning Magnetic Force (SMFs), this resulted in the nuclear strong force; this paper is a modified version of previous SMFs, it established and replicated the nuclear force as computed from potential graph; while the Weak Spinning Magnetic Force (F_W) which is the reverse of the Spinning Magnetic Force (SMFs), is produced as a result of an internal repulsive force caused by an agitation of two SMF, forming spiral rotation inside neutron leading to an internal instability, ended by the disconnection of both the electron and the proton; the knowledge of this mechanism will help in understanding both phenomena, and the production of the nuclear fusion, that may help to envision other forms of the most needed alternative renewable energy.

ON APRIL 14, 2000, THE SI'ART II TREA1Y was finally ratified by the Russian Duma, opening the way for a possible START Ill Treaty. START 11 was signed in January 1993 and ratified by the U.S. Senate on January 26, 1996. After his election in March, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated that Russia would not implement the treaty if the United States went ahead with plans to deploy a National Missile Defense system.

We investigate an asymmetry in the angular distribution of hard elastic proton-neutron scattering with respect to 90 0 center of mass scattering angle. We demonstrate that the magnitude of the angular asymmetry is related to the helicity-isospin symmetry of the quark wave function of the nucleon. Our estimate of the asymmetry within the quark-interchange model of hard scattering demonstrates that the quark wave function of a nucleon based on the exact SU(6) symmetry predicts an angular asymmetry opposite to that of experimental observations. On the other hand the quark wave function based on the diquark picture of the nucleon produces an asymmetry consistent with the data. Comparison with the data allowed us to extract the relative sign and the magnitude of the vector and scalar diquark components of the quark wave function of the nucleon. These two quantities are essential in constraining QCD models of a nucleon. Overall, our conclusion is that the angular asymmetry of a hard elastic scattering of baryons provides a new venue in probing quarkgluon structure of baryons and should be considered as an important observable in constraining the theoretical models.

An inspection game is a mathematical model of a situation in which an inspector verifies the adherence of an inspectee to some legal obligation, such as an arms control treaty, where the inspectee may have an interest in violating that obligation. The mathematical analysis ...

We show that the QCD van der Waals interaction due to multiple gluon exchange provides a new kind of attractive nuclear force capable of binding heavy quarkonia to nuclei. The parameters of the potential are estimated by identifying multi-gluon exchange with the pomeron contributions to elastic meson-nucleon scattering. The gluonic potential is then used to study the properties of CC nuclearbound states. In particular, we predict bound states of the qc with He3 and heavier nuclei. Production modes and rates are also discussed.

The concept of microstructure of the real space, considered as a mathematical lattice of cells (the tessel-lattice), and notions of canonical particles and fields, which are generated by the space, are analyzed. Submicroscopic mechanics based on this concept is discussed and employed for in-depth study of the nucleon-nucleon interaction. It is argued that a deformation coat is developed in the real space around the nucleon (as is the case with any other canonical particle such as electron, muon, etc.) and that they are the deformation coats that are responsible for the appearance of nuclear forces. One more source of nuclear forces is associated with inerton clouds, excitations of the space tessel-lattice (the excitations are a substructure of nucleons' matter waves), which accompany moving nucleons as in the case of any other canonical particles. Two nuclear systems are under consideration: the deuteron and a weight nucleus. It is shown that a weight nucleus is a cluster of in...

The accuracy of the Lipkin-Nogami version of the BCS method is examined and compared with other methods, for the ground and 0 + excited states of a symmetric two-level model. Unlike many other methods which fail for either very weak or very strong couplings, the Lipkin-Nogami method works well for any value of the force strength.

High precision cross-section data of the deuteron-proton breakup reaction at 130 MeV are presented for 72 kinematically complete configurations. The data cover a large region of the available phase space, divided into a systematic grid of kinematical variables. They are compared with theoretical predictions, in which the full dynamics of the three-nucleon (3N) system is obtained in three different ways: realistic nucleon-nucleon (N N) potentials are combined with model 3N forces (3NF's) or with an effective 3NF resulting from explicit treatment of the ∆-isobar excitation. Alternatively, the chiral perturbation theory approach is used at the next-to-next-to-leading order with all relevant N N and 3N contributions taken into account. The generated dynamics is then applied to calculate cross-section values by rigorous solution of the 3N Faddeev equations. The comparison of the calculated cross sections with the experimental data shows a clear preference for the predictions in which the 3NF's are included. The majority of the experimental data points is well reproduced by the theoretical predictions. The remaining discrepancies are investigated by inspecting cross sections integrated over certain kinematical variables. The procedure of global comparisons leads to establishing regularities in disagreements between the experimental data and the theoretically predicted values of the cross sections. They indicate deficiencies still present in the assumed models of the 3N system dynamics.

We discuss the weak amplitudes which determine the parity violating nuclear force. By use of the quark model and the SU(6), symmetry, we unite the treatment of pion and vector meson vertices, and describe the interrelation of past techniques which have been applied to this problem. This allows us to catalog the uncertainties in the amplitudes, and to provide reasonable bounds on their values. The connection of OUT results with experiment is also discussed.

We are looking for a holographic explanation of nuclear forces, especially the attractive forces. Recently, the repulsive hard core of a nucleon-nucleon potential was obtained in the Sakai-Sugimoto model, and we show that a generalized version of that model-with an asymmetric configuration of the flavor D8 branes-also has an attractive potential. While the repulsive potential stems from the Chern-Simons interactions of the U(2) flavor gauge fields in 5D, the attractive potential is due to a coupling of the gauge fields to a scalar field describing fluctuations of the flavor branes' geometry. At intermediate distances r between baryons-smaller than R KK = O(1)/M ω meson but larger than the radius ρ ∼ R KK / √ λ′ t Hooft of the instanton at the core of a baryon-both the attractive and the repulsive potentials behave as 1/r 2 , but the attractive potential is weaker: Depending on the geometry of the flavor D8 branes, the ratio C a/r = −V attr (r)/V rep (r) ranges from 0 to 1 9. The 5D scalar fields also affect the isovector tensor and spin-spin forces, and the overall effect is similar to the isoscalar central forces, V (r) → (1 − C a/r) × V (r). At longer ranges r R KK , we find that the attractive potential decays faster than the repulsive potential, so the net potential is always repulsive. This unrealistic behavior may be peculiar to the Sakai-Sugimoto-like models, or it could be a general problem of the N c → ∞ limit inherent in holography.

Precise measurements of deuteron vector and tensor analyzing powers A y d , A xx , A yy , and A xz in d-p elastic scattering were performed via 1 H(d ជ ,d)p and 1 H(d ជ ,p)d reactions at three incoming deuteron energies of E d lab ϭ140, 200, and 270 MeV. A wide range of center-of-mass angles from Ϸ10°to 180°was covered. The cross section was measured at 140 and 270 MeV at the same angles. These high precision data were compared with theoretical predictions based on exact solutions of three-nucleon Faddeev equations and modern nucleonnucleon potentials combined with three-nucleon forces. Three-body interactions representing a wide range of present day models have been used: the Tucson-Melbourne 2-exchange model, a modification thereof closer to chiral symmetry, the Urbana IX model, and a phenomenological spin-orbit ansatz. Large three-nucleon force effects are predicted, especially at the two higher energies. However, only some of them, predominantly d/d⍀ and A y d , are supported by the present data. For tensor analyzing powers the predicted effects are in drastic conflict to the data, indicating defects of the present day three-nucleon force models.

Multi-electron production is studied at high electron transverse momentum in positronand electron-proton collisions using the H1 detector at HERA. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 115 pb −1. Di-electron and tri-electron event yields are measured. Cross sections are derived in a restricted phase space region dominated by photon-photon collisions. In general good agreement is found with the Standard Model predictions. However, for electron pair invariant masses above 100 GeV, three di-electron events and three tri-electron events are observed, compared to Standard Model expectations of 0.30 ± 0.04 and 0.23 ± 0.04, respectively.