Naukratis

SUMMARY: Chapter 9, in Renfrew & Bahn's textbook (Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice), covers the various types of trade and exchange in past societies, and how one may assess it, including different types of interactions (e.g., gift exchange), various scientific techniques (e.g., microscopic examination of materials; trace-element analysis; isotopic analysis), studying material and/or artifact distributions, assessing production and consumption, and analyzing the various means of exchange and interaction.  In my view, this is one of the best college textbooks available, and is invaluable for students, archaeologists, and the public in general, to obtain a top notch overview of approaching and interpreting the archaeological record. UPDATED/REVISED March, 2021, some editing and new formatting, minimal new materials.

The presently accepted ceramic chronology places the earliest episodes of Greek colonisation in Libya some three to four decades earlier than the traditional historical dates. A similar offset between the archaeological and historical chronologies can be seen at Naukratis and other Archaic Greek sites. A review of ‘fixed points’ for Archaic dating shows that the balance of evidence now strongly favours a reduction of late seventh to early sixth century BC Greek ceramic chronology by three to four decades. Such a reduction would bring harmony between the archaeological and historical pictures for the founding of the Cyrenaican colonies, restoring confidence in the account given by Herodotus.

The Mediterranean basin was a multicultural region with a great diversity of linguistic, religious, social, and ethnic groups. This dynamic social and cultural landscape encouraged extensive contact and exchange among different communities. This book seeks to explain what happened when different ethnic, social, linguistic, and religious groups, among others, came into contact with each other. What means did they employ to mediate their interactions? How did each group construct distinct identities while interacting with others? What new identities came into existence because of these contacts? Denise Demetriou brings together several strands of scholarship that have emerged recently, especially ethnic, religious, and Mediterranean studies. It reveals new aspects of identity construction in the region examining the Mediterranean as a whole and focuses not only on ethnic identity but also other types of collective identities, such as civic, linguistic, religious, and social identities.

The Naukratis Project brought to light the underestimated Egyptian aspect of the Naukratite material culture, helping to outline the contemporaneous existence of different systems of beliefs – and their possible interaction or separation – in the cosmopolitan city. This paper focuses especially on contexts in which Egyptian votive and/or ritual objects were consecrated or deposited. Two particularly rich contexts are considered here, the ‘cache of bronzes’ discovered by Flinders Petrie in 1885, and deposits excavated in the vicinity of the Great Temenos by Francis Llewellyn Griffith in 1885 and David Hogarth in 1903. All yielded Late Period material. Despite the many challenges that the recontextualisation of these finds presents, these contexts offer a unique insight into Egyptian religious practices and beliefs at Naukratis. A few Egyptian votives discovered within Greek sanctuaries will be briefly mentioned. These recontextualised offerings will be assessed in the light of what we know of religious practices and beliefs at the site and beyond, in order to measure to what extent Naukratis fits the (Lower) Egyptian religious picture in the Late Period.

Many shell, horn, tooth and bone objects were revealed by the early excavations at Naukratis, but only 159 can be identified today.1 These probably represent only a small proportion of what was originally encountered by the early excavators at Naukratis who recorded finding numerous bones within burnt deposits across the site. Recent excavation at Naukratis by the British Museum,2 and the excavations directed by Leonard both revealed substantial numbers of faunal remains. The material below consists disproportionately of worked artefacts and ornaments, as the faunal remains from animals consumed as food are exceptionally rare. It seems that the excavators only kept faunal remains when they were worked artefacts, ornaments, or from specific contexts they found interesting, such as a small sample from burnt deposits within the Greek sanctuaries of Naukratis. For this reason most of what is discussed below concerns votives, sacrifices, ritual instruments, grave goods, and a few tools, with only a few rare instances of animal remains that represent the diet of Naukratites.
Most of the bone artefacts, with the exception of bone figurines, have been discussed in other chapters, which is why they are only briefly discussed in section 2 below. Jewellery (Fig. 1), Egyptian ritual equipment (Fig. 2) and tools (Figs 3–5) made of bone or ivory are covered in specialist chapters with objects in other materials.3 Noteworthy finds not discussed in other chapters comprise a range of carved and undecorated Tridacna shells, ostrich eggshell vessels and shell ornaments (section 3 below). The few faunal remains (along with a bone knife handle) from Naukratis come from a bone and charcoal ritual sacrifice deposit dated to c. 620–500 BC, excavated by Petrie from the Apollo sanctuary.4 These remains may be comparable with contemporary bone and charcoal deposits found near the Hellenion and Dioskouroi sanctuaries recently excavated at Naukratis.

Abstract: The present paper offers a new theory with regard to the Greek presence at Naukratis during the late 7th and the first half of the 6th century BC, emphasising the hitherto unacknowledged role of Lydians as mediators between Egypt and Greeks. After establishing a reliable chronological framework for Naukratis’ foundation, it is suggested that the initial establishment of Greek commercial settlement at Naukratis should be seen as a by-product of the treaty that was contracted between Lydia and Miletus toward the end of the 7th century BC. Concerning the next significant phase of Naukratis’ history, which took place during the reign of Amasis and was accompanied by administrative reform and the construction of the Hellenion, it is suggested that only the Greek poleis that found themselves under the aegis of the Lydian empire, or who were on friendly terms with it, could officially operate on Egyptian soil during this period. Revealing the Lydian connection behind the commercial activities of Greeks in Naukratis, against the background of Lydian imperial aspirations, allows better understanding of contact zones in antiquity.

>>>>>>>>>>> update of 29.10.2024:

now I hope to have fixed the problem with the Greek font and it is readable in the pdf!!!

This article is very important for the understanding of the genesis of the cult of Greek Apollo (there is more to come on this topic from my side), as well as it is fundamental for understanding the function of the oracle of Apollo Didymeus Milesios in the process of Milesian colonisation of the Archaic period.

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Apollo, the most greek of all gods - even though he has his roots in western Asia Minor - can to a high degree be associated with the political, economic and cultural climax of the Ionian metropolis of Miletos in the 7th and 6th centuries BC. In two forms of his appearance the bi-polarity of the Milesian state religion is manifested. Apollo Delphinios, who displayed not only Greek, but also Cretan-Mycenaean as well as Hattic-Hittite traits, was the political god, the founder of the state and its future protector. Apollo Delphinios was worshipped in the heart of the city, in the Delphinion located in the agora. This was the place of citizen initiation, the location of the prytaneion, the original household with the sacred hearth and the seat of government of Miletos - all merged into one. The other Apollo, Apollo Didymeus, was the god of the oracle indigenous to Didyma and located 18 kilometers from Miletos. The spatial and imaginary fusion of both cults culminated in the ritual of the Milesian New Year festivities. Sacrificial offerings formed the beginning and end of the ritual in the Delphinion and Didyma and they were firmly connected to one another by a long state procession. As a result Didyma was part of the Milesian state and Apollo Didymeus became a 'Milesios', a "Milesian".
From a functional viewpoint Delphinios and Didymeus Milesios formed a complementary cultic couple, which can be considered specifically Milesian. This cultic couple sanctioned the Milesian colonisation in the Propontis and in the Black Sea regions, both highly successful ventures and in direct competition with the colonisation efforts of the closely related pan-Hellenic Apollo Pythios oracle in Delphi. Evidence of this is apparent from literary, epigraphic and archaeological sources concerning, for example, Borythenes-Olbie Polis, Kyzikos, Apollonia at Rhyndakos and Phasis.
Naukratis in the Nile delta constitutes a special and particularly complicated case as a colony. It cannot be described as a typical Milesian colony, even though ancient sources repeatedly attempted to do this, and even though the sanctuary of Apollo Didymeus Milesios in Naukratis actually dates back to the beginnings of the colony. It was here that both the oracle gods Apollo Didymeus from Miletos-Didyma and Apollo Pythios from Delphi encountered one another at the time when the pan-Hellenic polis of Naukratis, and the trading colony which belonged to it, were founded. This probably happened during the reign of the Pharaoh Amasis and with the approval of Delphi.

Amulets are small-sized objects with magic or prophylactic properties. At Naukratis, they represent a significant group of material with almost 1,400 finds spanning a time range from the Middle Kingdom to the Roman period, with a particular prominence in the 6th-3rd century BC. Scarabs and scaraboids, locally produced in the so-called Scarab Factory, have received much interest in scholarship for they were widely distributed across the Mediterranean and feature a variety of motifs that reflect the cross-cultural dynamics at Naukratis. By contrast, more than 90% of the Egyptian amulets brought back from Naukratis remained unpublished, and many more were left at the site as they were deemed not worthy to be collected.
The present study aims to provide a more complete vision of the extant finds from the early excavations, allowing for a fundamental reassessment of the amuletic corpus from Naukratis and its significance. It starts with a presentation of the Scarab Factory—its products and associated moulds—followed by a discussion of a group of less-known and difficult to interpret scarabs and scaraboids made in stone. It then focusses on the variety of other types of amulets discovered at the site, some of which were probably locally produced and possibly formed another key export from Naukratis. Their subjects tally in general with contemporary amulets found elsewhere in Egypt and the Mediterranean world. Finally, the recontextualisation of amuletic finds from Naukratis reveals how this material was not exclusively aimed at export, but also found a more local and traditional market. Beyond the trade perspective, amulets reflect beliefs and ritual practices by inhabitants and visitors to this international riverine port. Exploring questions of production and distribution as well as consumption of these amulets at Naukratis, this work opens new debates and stresses the need for new typological classifications, as much as for consideration of provenance, significance and use.

Classical Greek, Hellenistic and Roman sculpture was a rare find at Naukratis, comprising mainly small statuettes and a few fragments of full or half-life-sized statues. There are also a small number of relief sculptures from temples and grave monuments. Some Greek and Roman-style sculpture was also created from Egyptian raw materials, using Egyptian tools and techniques and sometimes displaying Egyptian subjects. An unusual group of 22 marble and limestone cats, a rare subject in Greek art, were dedicated to a 3rd-century BC temple of Boubastis in Naukratis. Parallels from a contemporary Boubasteion in Alexandria shed light on how the Greek elite at Naukratis participated in the cult of this Egyptian goddess. Her worship was associated with the dynastic cults of the deified Ptolemaic queens Arsinoe II and Berenike II, which integrated Greek and Egyptian religious practices as an expression of Ptolemaic dynastic propaganda.

Seals and seal impressions are officially charged objects that witness the presence of (and/or interaction between) tradesmen, administrators, priests and other officials at Naukratis, both Egyptian and foreign. Seals usually acted as personal or official signets for commercial, administrative or various archival purposes. Although the primary function of these objects was to leave an impression, they could also be used for adornment, as an offering or as amulets.

The small corpus from Naukratis covers the Middle Bronze Age (an ‘heirloom’) to the Roman period. It also covers a wide variety of shapes, materials and devices, ranging from a refined intaglio in chalcedony and cheaper versions in glass to a cylinder-seal in ivory or bone,  as well as roughly carved limestone seal-stamps. The seals’ diverse styles and motifs reflect the major cultures represented at the site, not only Egyptian and Greek but also Cypriot, Levantine and Punic. Similarly, seal-impressions can display Egyptian or Greek inscriptions or motifs. Some of the seals were imported while others were produced locally, as indicated by some unfinished examples.

Amphorae are common, distinctive and now a well understood field of archaeological study, constituting a major aspect of research into Hellenistic and Roman archaeology. Amphora sherds are commonly encountered walking through Naukratis to this day. However, they are relatively scarce within the assemblage collected by Petrie, Gardner and Hogarth, which is discussed alongside the subsequent research undertaken by Coulson and Leonard and recent fieldwork undertaken by the British Museum. The identification and provenance of amphorae can provide the source and contents of liquid commodities reaching cities such as Naukratis. This data enables us to track the changing sources of wine and oil that were consumed at Naukratis. The study of amphora stoppers allows one to check whether amphorae have been recycled locally and to associate quantifiable ceramic data with qualifiable epigraphic data concerning traders and agents involved in the transport of liquid goods; together the economy of Naukratis can be assessed in comparison with other major settlements in the region and further afield.

Thomas, R. I. 2018: Ptolemaic, Roman and Byzantine pottery. in A. Villing, M. Bergeron, G.Bourogiannis, A. Johnston, F. Leclère, A. Masson and R. Thomas,  Naukratis: Greeks in Egypt.  The British Museum, Online Research Catalogue.

Pottery is by far the most common artefact group found at Naukratis, and the Ptolemaic to Byzantine pottery spans over 10 centuries of the settlement’s history, from 331 BC until around AD 650. For this reason it is of particular importance for our understanding of the changing communities living at and visiting Naukratis over this long and dynamic period. Even though the assemblage known to us today is a heterogeneous selection made by successive excavators with different sampling strategies, careful assessment of the abundant evidence enables us to investigate the three key questions often asked of such assemblages: date, origin and function. The chapter surveys the large and varied assemblage so as to provide the reader with a good understanding of these broad questions, whilst also investigating, where possible, the complex and nuanced role of pottery in the expression of identities within the cosmopolitan communities of Naukratis.

Il volume integra gli studi precedenti dell’autore sugli Aegyptiaca della penisola appenninica, sulla Sardegna fenicia e punica e sulle isole maltesi. Vi si trattano le importazioni dalla terra del Nilo e gli oggetti egittizzanti di altra origine, scoperti in siti della Sicilia greca e d’influenza greca. Oltre a reperti eccezionali come i frammenti di un vaso di Ramesse II, ricostruito con il metodo fotogrammetrico, proveniente da Siracusa, una situla in bronzo o uno straordinario falco in blu egiziano, ambedue recuperati a Selinunte, sono esaminati gli scarabei egizi provenienti da tombe della seconda metà dell’VIII sec. a.C. (Villasmundo, vicino a Siracusa), molti scarabei di produzione egea e alcuni fenici con motivi egizi, vasi, amuleti (tra cui bellissime cipree) e statuette in faïence egizia di varia origine del VII secolo, così come i prodotti dell’insediamento greco a Naukratis situato nel Delta del Nilo (VI sec. a.C.).
Illustrano il volume 40 tavole, in parte a colori.
Con il contributo di Elfriede Haslauer sugli ushabti di Lipari

Naukratis was a Nile Delta settlement in which many inhabitants followed the Egyptian religious and cultural practices of Lower Egypt. The over 550 Late Period Egyptian figures found at the site are a large and important group among the finds from Naukratis because they attest a clear link with native Egyptian practices at a settlement commonly misunderstood as predominantly Greek. Manufactured from both terracotta and limestone, they are of typical Lower Egyptian types, with representations of nude female, ithyphallic male and Bes figures particularly frequent. Indeed, phallic figures and ‘erotic’ figure groups used to be commonly known as ‘Naukratite figures’ because of the ‘great quantity of indecent statuettes’ (Edgar 1905, 130) uncovered at the site. This chapter discusses the production, meaning and use of this little understood group. Their production continued into the early Ptolemaic period when the industry was transformed by the introduction of new production techniques and styles from the late 4th century BC onwards.

in Robinson, D. and Goddio, F. (eds), Thonis Heracleion in Context: The Maritime Economy of the Egyptian Late Period, Proceedings of the Conference in the University of Oxford, 15-17 March 2013. Oxford: Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology, 229-246

Naukratis was an important hub for trade and cross-cultural
exchange long before the foundation of Alexandria.
Established in the late seventh century BC as a base for
Greek and eastern Mediterranean traders, Naukratis also
functioned as the port of the royal pharaonic city of Saïs.
Previous fieldwork by Petrie and Gardner (1884–1886),
Hogarth (1899–1903) and Coulson and Leonard (1970s–
1980s) concentrated particularly on the central areas of
the town. Recent investigations were undertaken by the
Supreme Council of Antiquities within the surrounding
villages of Rashwan, Abu Mishfa, Gebril Abbas, Hassan
Kasim and El Baradany, directed by Mohammed Aly
Hakim. The early excavations were pioneering for their
time, revealing a wealth of information, but left many
questions unanswered; their significance and their effect
on scholarship have been discussed in recent publications
by the British Museum’s Naukratis Project.
In October 2012 and April 2013 two brief seasons of
new fieldwork at the site were carried out by members of
the Naukratis Project in collaboration with the Egyptian
Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA). The key incentive
was to gain new and additional contextual information
about Naukratis as part of the on-going reassessment the
site, and to assess the potential of the site for a possible
larger-scale fieldwork project. Specifically, our primary
objectives were to undertake preliminary investigations
of the full extent of the city and its development, its
urban structures, palaeo-landscape and position in the
system of waterways in the Nile Delta—pressing research
questions that could not be answered solely through our
on-going reassessment of the nineteenth century fieldwork
at the site.

While studying the Archaic finds from Naucratis within the Research Unit 295 of DFG at Mainz University, the question of cult practices within this Greek emporion, and in particular votive practices, became an increasingly interesting aspect to us. Seen against the backdrop of some dedicatory inscriptions to Apollo Milesios on pottery vessels from Naucratis, the dedicatory inscription to Apollo Didymeus on a sherd of an Ionic cup with everted rim is discussed. According to Schlotzhauer the cup was produced in Southern Ionia, presumably in Miletos; he dates the cup, which was used during cult feasts, to 580 – 550 BC. Only one parallel dating from the Archaic period is known for both epithets and that is found on the inscribed bone plaque from Berezan, the predecessor settlement of the Milesian apoikia Olbia. Ehrhardt links both these epithets on the vessels from Naucratis to Apollo in Miletus and Didyma, in particular with the settlers that originally came from Miletus. In addition Ehrhardt and Höckmann demonstrate links between their cults, in particular the aspect of Apollo’s function as protector of young warriors. This aspect becomes evident in an unusually large number of kouros statuettes in Naucratis. Höckmann conjectures that they were votive dedications to Apollo. They are worked in the Cypro-Greek style. As large numbers of kouros statuettes of this same style from Ionia, and in particular from Eastern Doris are known, it is perhaps justifiable to assume that the dedicants were Greek merchants and mercenaries in the Pharaoh’s army. The presence of these mercenaries in Egypt is recorded on inscriptions from Abu Simbel and at other locations. It would seem that by these means the mercenaries offered thanks to their gods not just in Egypt, but also in their home cities on their return.

With the application of post-colonial theoretical approaches in the last decades of the twentieth century, the study of archaic Greek overseas settlement has arrived at something of a terminological and methodological impasse. Scholars continue to debate whether Mediterranean and Black sea settlement can legitimately be termed ‘colonisation’ yet attempts to modify this language of imperialism have thus far failed to achieve significant alteration of the overarching paradigms. This paper will suggest a new approach to these problems using contemporary migration theory to conceptualise archaic Greek mobility and settlement, through the case studies of Milesian migration to Naukratis in Egypt and Abydos in the Troad during the 7th century BCE. Drawing on aspects of structuration and practice theory, it will seek to describe and explain the multi-faceted structures, practices and agency involved in the migration of Milesian Greeks to these areas. The two chosen case studies will be compared to understand how spatial, social, cultural and political factors may have impacted upon the characteristics of Naukratis and Abydos and the multitude of stimuli surrounding their settlement. This will provide ways to re-envisage an important period of Mediterranean history, offering a flexible methodological approach to be utilised in other contexts.

Shallow grinding bowls made of buff clay were dedicated in considerable numbers in the Archaic sanctuary of Apollo at Naukratis. They belong to a type of mortarium that was widespread across Eastern Mediterranean households but that was also used in the preparation of foods in sanctuaries. The type is known from many sites in the Nile Delta and is also particularly common in Palestine, Cyprus and Ionia; clay analysis suggests that Cyprus was the main production centre and that the type was widely traded. Nevertheless, local imitations of Egyptian clay are also attested. The Cypro-Phoenician type inspired the production of mortaria on the Greek mainland, notably Corinth, which in turn soon became a dominant player in the market in mortaria across the Mediterranean; Corinthian mortaria of the Classical period are also attested at Naukratis.* When Flinders Petrie excavated the temenos of Apollo at Naukratis in 1885, a group of 'coarse thick drab bowls' caught his attention; one of them he included among the drawings of pottery in Naukratis I, along with several other fragments of coarse bowls. The majority of them carry votive inscriptions to Apollo and form a quite coherent group. 1 Together with some related pieces, these bowls, now in the British Museum, are the focus of the present study. Even if at first glance they hardly seem promising material to study (and indeed they have escaped the attention of most scholars since Petrie), Petrie's diligence in recording and preserving them was not wasted. We shall see that they provide new and unexpected insights not just into the cult of Apollo at Naukratis but also into the network of exchange and influence across the ancient Mediterranean.

Amelia Edwards was the first to publish articles on ‘the terra-cottas of Naukratis’. In 1885, she stated that the pieces would ‘be distributed among various museums, and, scattered far and wide…. never again will it be possible to compare them one with another, except in photographs or engravings’ (Edwards 1885, 261). Following the Naukratis Project’s cataloguing of all of the more than 18,000 known objects excavated and collected in the late 19th–early 20th century at Naukratis, and currently in over seventy-five collections worldwide (Villing et al. 2013–19), as well as the restudy of over 4,000 finds from the later American fieldwork in the 1970s and 80s, it is possible to compare all figurines again, although the long years since have resulted in a number of casualties (destroyed, lost or provenance misattributed). The Project has now catalogued to date 1,613 terracotta and 432 stone figurines from the site that range from the Late Period to the Byzantine period. Like the inhabitants of Naukratis, they are diverse, comprising both local figures and pieces that had travelled far from across the Eastern Mediterranean. This large and varied, but poorly understood, corpus has long demanded systematic analysis, given the growing literature on figurines in general (if not specifically those from Naukratis). This article will introduce the catalogue, provide a brief overview of the figurines, their dating, techniques and technology including their production at Naukratis, and discuss some major trends and developments between the late 7th century BC and the 7th century AD within the corpus at Naukratis.

The photogaphs taken by Flinders Petrie at the site of Naukratis in 1884-5 are discussed in this article. They shed new light on aspects of Petrie's excavations and indicate the character of the ancient site at that time, a mass of mounds that has long since vanished. This is a shortened version of this paper without the inclusion of the full set of Petrie's photographs, for these, see https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/online_research_catalogues/ng/naukratis_greeks_in_egypt/archives/petrie_photographs.aspx

Naukratis was established in the late 7th century BC and held a privileged position as a controlled port of trade and base for Eastern Mediterranean traders during the Late Period, from its founding around 630–610 BC until the establishment of Alexandria after 331 BC. Fieldwork undertaken by Petrie (1886), Gardner (1888), Hogarth (Hogarth, Edgar and Gutch 1898–99; Hogarth, Lorimer and Edgar 1905), Coulson (1996) and Leonard (1997; 2001), and since 2012, the British Museum (Thomas and Villing 2013; forthcoming; Thomas 2015e), have revealed tens of thousands of artefacts found within discrete areas of the settlement that can be broadly grouped into: ‘Greek’ sanctuaries (the sanctuaries of Apollo, Aphrodite, Dioskouroi, Hera and the Hellenion); Egyptian religious areas (the sanctuary of Amun-Ra Baded and the ‘cache of bronzes’); and the (primarily) Egyptian domestic and industrial areas of the ‘town’, the ‘south site’ and Kom Hadid (Fig. 1). The British Museum Naukratis Project (Villing et al. 2013–19), which has been reappraising artefacts and archive material from the old excavations, has enabled the detailed study of many of these finds, including 431 stone figures and the contexts within which they were found. The catalogue of all figures (comprising free-standing statuettes or figurines and relief carved figure plaques) and sculpture from the old excavations is published with a full typological discussion in Thomas 2015a; 2015b; 2015c; and Thomas and Higgs 2017, where a full discussion of date, type and previous misinterpretations have been explored, negating the necessity to duplicate those discussions here. These can now be complemented by recent discoveries from new fieldwork by the British Museum.
This study will focus on the Cypriot and Egyptian stone statuettes that dominate the figurine assemblage during the period that starts around c. 630–610 and finishes around 330 BC (although some forms continue to c. 200 BC). This paper will focus on about 350 of the stone statuettes that represent the main forms distributed across Naukratis, starting with 204 examples from the Egyptian assemblage, then moving to the corpus of 145 Cypriot examples. The study will consider figures made of other materials, where they inform the use of those made of stone, and the conclusion will focus on comparisons between the groups and what this may tell us about the religious practices of different communities at Naukratis.

A small group of portable cult objects, furniture and minor architectural models and fragments were found in Naukratis, most of them from Greek and possibly Egyptian sanctuaries as well as Egyptian houses. They are treated in four separate sections: altars; house models; sundials; and architectural fragments. Portable altars like incense burners were used for burning offerings to the gods; their iconography and types belong to Egyptian, Greek and Phoenician/Punic cultures. House models, used as lamp shrines or to burn offerings, reproduce typical Egyptian tower house and temple architecture. Sundials were dedicated in the Apollo sanctuary. Most architectural fragments probably came from Greek sanctuaries, although some may have belonged to private residences.

NAUKRATIS ÖZELİNDE KOLONİZASYON KAVRAMI : (1-4)
NAUKRATIS : (5-6)
NAUKRATIS'İN YENİDEN KEŞFİ (PETRIE-GARDNER DÖNEMLERİ) : (7-12)
NAUKRATIS'İN PLANLARI (PETRIE DÖNEMİ) : (13-14)
NAUKRATIS'İN PLANLARI (GARDNER DÖNEMİ) : (15-16)
NAUKRATIS'İN YENİDEN KEŞFİ (HOGARTH DÖNEMİ) : (17-18)
NAUKRATIS'İN PLANLARI (HOGARTH DÖNEMİ) : (19)
NAUKRATIS'İN PETRIE-GARDNER-HOGARTH SONRASI DÖNEMLERİ : (20-26)
NAUKRATIS'İN MISIR İZLERİ VE BÜYÜK TEMENOS : (27-28)
NAUKRATIS'İN MİMARİSİ : (29)
NAUKRATIS BULUNTULARI : (30-39)
SONUÇ : (40)
KAYNAKÇA : (41)

When one examines the general characteristics of a colony established by a Greek city-state, Naukratis does not tick many boxes other than being inhabited by Greeks, that it had temples and Greek administrators that made sure the civic and economic life of the town ran smoothly.

A colony tends to have a foundation myth and an oikist, a metropolis and a complicated relationship to the colonised “natives”, and its physical, civic and political organisation tended to conform to the general polis-style of most Greek states. Naukratis has neither of these aspects in the Archaic period (our period of focus). Yet it was a very successful settlement that thrived on its opportune location close to the Nile. Its main purpose for existence seems have been centred on trade and production. Though when one looks at what has been found during excavation, the picture becomes more complicated and multi-faceted.

This essay will try to show this far fuller picture of Naukratis, by highlighting other aspects than simply trade and production. Most aspects of Naukratite life were however very closely linked to the economic life of the town, and so it would be impossible to give a full picture of Naukratis without a strong emphasis on trade, but it is not the only aspect of Naukratis.

WHAT IS AN EMPORION? A REASSESSMENT * Studies on ancient polities, in general, and Greek poleis and ethne, in particular, continue to be at the forefront of research in ancient Greek history as can be evidenced by the prolifi c work of the Copenhagen Polis Centre. One ancient Greek type of settlement, however, remains understudied, and is thus largely obscure to scholars. I refer to emporia, usually translated in English as commercial settlements, trading posts, or ports-of-trade, which have been examined only in terms of their economic function and political nature. One problem, which might also explain why studies on this type of settlement have not been common, is that ancient authors are not forthcoming in the information they give about emporia. In turn, this has resulted in few excavations of settlements ancient sources called emporia. Nonetheless, recent archaeological surveys carried out to investigate settlement patterns and urbanization, mostly neglected by scholars working on emporia, do provide information relevant to this type of settlement. To ignore certain kinds of evidence, especially when it is becoming increasingly available, is to miss the opportunity to understand as comprehensively as possible the phenomenon of emporia. With this intention in mind, I propose fi rst to review the limited historiography on emporia in order to reveal the interpretive gridlock that has persisted in scholarship. Then, I provide further evidence that bears on the discussion of what an emporion was and what the ancients understood by this term. Finally, I propose new avenues of research that move beyond examinations of the ancient economy and the political nature of emporia and treat instead their social context.

The construction of sacred monuments, notably divine or funerary temples, was preceded in ancient Egypt by a complex foundation ceremony known to us through some rare textual and more abundant iconographic testimonies. This complex ritual also left behind a wealth of material evidence consisting of groups of objects and other elements buried below significant architectural points of the planned structure. Altogether votive, commemorative and performative in nature, foundation deposits are a tradition which goes back in Egypt as far as the Early Dynastic period.

The first excavation season in Naukratis under Petrie unveiled six deposits in the foundations of the Ptolemy II gateway of the Great Temenos. These deposits were the first to be scientifically excavated in Egypt and recognized for what they were. Their discovery, content and significance are discussed in the present study. The issue related to the orientation of the monument, which was usually determined during the foundation ceremony, is also briefly addressed.

The ‘long wished for and well found’ (Petrie 1891, 38) rediscovery of the Egyptian-Greek city of Naukratis in 1884 by Flinders Petrie initiated a period of pioneering ‘rescue’ excavations that contributed to the development of ‘scientific’ archaeology in Egypt and to the establishment of archaeology as a discipline. Nevertheless, the work of Petrie and subsequent excavators at Naukratis/Kom Geif has left many basic questions unanswered. As part of the on-going restudy of the old excavations by the British Museum’s Naukratis project, an initial season of new fieldwork was conducted at the site in October 2012. The results of this brief season clearly demonstrate the site’s potential for further archaeological work designed to answer central questions relating to the site’s layout and historical development.

The faience industry in Rhodes has been, and still remains, the subject of much debate. The objects found
appear to form a unique phenomenon of acculturation with styles and objects taken from one or more
cultures and transplanted to another. A number of discrete groups of faience objects can now be
distinguished, but a great deal still remains to be done. In the 7th century BCE, both closed and open shapes
intended to market precious liquid were made locally, while their symbolic messages are ultimately derived
from the Egyptian world. Other objects imitate prototypes from the Near East. Amulets and scarabs present
another varied and challenging field of investigation, and recent work on the Kamiros votive deposits
presents some interesting possibilities for categorizing these. Discrete groups of faience material can now
be distinguished, and this paper is intended to show, with a restricted number of examples, what can be
achieved. Concentrating on the 7th-century BCE material from the two deposits on the acropolis of Kamiros,
this study outlines the contact with the non-Greek world that these objects suggest.

This paper first presents an important deposit of Egyptian votive offerings from Naukratis known as the ‘cache of bronzes’ and excavated by Petrie in 1885 in the southern part of town. They were probably buried at some point between the late fifth and first half of the fourth century BC and illustrate the previously little-acknowledged Egyptian material culture and religious beliefs in Naukratis during the Late Period.
The finds illustrate that Naukratis formed part of the Egypt-wide phenomenon of the growing production and consumption of bronze votives in the Late Period. Such increase must have been facilitated, or perhaps even incurred, by an affluent and secure supply of metal. Copper and lead, which are the primary metals used to produce votive bronzes in the Late Period, were most likely imported into Egypt. Their possible origin(s) are explored in the second part of the article.

This article compares Naukratis to other Greek emporia in the Mediterranean in order to explore religion in cosmopolitan settlements: Did individuals' choices of what gods to worship relate to the settlements' multiethnic and commercial nature? How did religious practices change in these communities? Did religion impart new ways of organizing society and structuring the polis? The article shows the competing religious discourses in Greek emporia and argues that religious practices were fluid, led to religious innovation, and actively shaped politics, trade, and even the polis itself.

Between 1947 and 2001, the African American professor, diplomat, and dean Frank M. Snowden, Jr laid out an influential thesis about ‘race relations’ in the ancient Mediterranean. According to Snowden, Greeks and Romans were ‘white’; Africans, whom Greeks and Romans called ‘Ethiopians’, were ‘black’; Greek and Roman societies lacked modern ‘color prejudice’. In this article, I contextualize the development of Snowden’s ‘race relations’ thesis in the politics of the early Cold War. Reviewing Snowden’s research notes archived at Howard University, I argue that Snowden — who travelled widely after the Second World War as a US diplomat — purposefully distanced his thesis from the sociology of race during the 1940-50s. Instead, Snowden envisioned American racial categories as permanent fixtures of world history, optimistically looking to Greece and Rome as models for a post-segregation America. Finally, I trace the enduring impact of Snowden’s thesis by unpacking his historiography of Naukratis in the Archaic Period, which he had identified as the west’s first multiracial society.

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The use of organic coatings on unglazed ceramic vessels, to seal surfaces and decrease permeability, has a long history extending from prehistory to modern traditional potters. A range of substances has been used, often water-insoluble natural products that tend to survive well under archaeological conditions. Identification of these coatings provides useful insights into past vessel production and properties and may also offer opportunities for interpretation of re-use and circulation of vessels. Results are presented here from the investigation of coatings on a small number of sixth century BC vessel sherds from Naukratis (Egypt). All the deposits were found to be composed of pitch derived from conifer wood, which may be the remains of linings used to seal the vessels or residues of the vessels’ contents. In one case, fig pulp and ‘seeds’ are associated with the pitch, which seem not only to suggest that the pitch was used as a lining, but have also offered a rare opportunity to elucidate both the sealing technology and vessel contents. The results are considered in terms of the broader interpretation of the past use of organic coated vessels and highlight the benefit of a multidisciplinary approach to organic residue analysis

According to Herodotus (ii , 178), Pharaoh Amasis of the xxvi Dynasty allowed Greek merchants to settle down in the town of Naukratis and build their temples. After a new analysis of archaeological evidences, Hogarth suggests that the site had been previously occupied during the reign of Psammetichus II by the Phoenicians, which should have founded the famous “Scarab Factory”. The possibility of a Phoenician presence in Naukratis could be confirmed by the discovery of carved tridacna shells and some objects in faience. Since for the moment we are unable to offer a precise solution to the issue of the foundation of Naukratis, this paper will limit itself to review some archaeological evidences found during excavations of the late Nineteenth century, which could be assigned to a Levatine and Cypriot production, in order to show that the general interpretation of this site should be revised.

This discussion of Late Period pottery from the site of Naukratis considers the material brought back to museum collections from excavations together with other evidence from published and unpublished records. It forms a chapter in the British Museum Naukratis online catalogue (www.britishmuseum.org/research/online_research_catalogues/ng/naukratis_greeks_in_egypt.aspx)

In this paper we review a saite New Year Flask housed at  the Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid). It was purchased in 1879 by the Museum from an Italian collector, monsignore Pietro Taggiasco who -most probably- had adquired this item from dealers in Etruscan and Roman antiquities.
Estudiamos en este trabajo una cantimplora saíta depositada en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid) procedente de la compra realizada por el Museo al coleccionista italiano monseñor Pietro Taggiasco en 1879 quien -casi con toda certeza- la había adquirido a tratantes de antigüedades etruscas y romanas.