National Football League

The NFL protests are only one of many celebrity-fueled political controversies during the Trump presidency. Why is there such a proliferation of celebrity activism? More importantly, does it amount to anything? What does our knowledge of celebrity influence tell us about the recent NFL controversy?

We performed a retrospective review to evaluate acute medial collateral ligament injuries of the elbow in professional football players from 1991 to 1996 (5 seasons). There were 5 acute medial collateral ligament injuries in 4 players (1 player with bilateral involvement). All injuries occurred with the hand planted on the playing surface while a valgus or hyperextension force was applied to the elbow. There were 2 centers, both involved with long-snapping situations, 1 running back, and I quarterback. All elbows had valgus instability on physical examination. Despite this instability, all players were able to function without operative reconstruction of the medial collateral ligament. No evidence of valgus instability was seen at the time of follow-up (average, 3.4 years). Next, we reviewed all acute elbow injuries in the National Football League from the same 5-season period. Ninetyone acute elbow injuries were reviewed. Overall, there were 70 (76.9%) elbow sprains, 16 (17. 6 %) dislocation/ subluxation patterns, 4 (4.4%) fractures, and 1 (1.1%) miscellaneous injury. Review of the acute elbow sprains revealed 39 (55.7%) hyperextension injuries, 14 (20%) medial collateral ligament injuries, 2 (2.9%) lateral collateral ligament sprains, and 15 (21.4%) nonspecific sprains. The epidemiology of the 14 medial collateral ligament injuries was studied in more detail. The 2 most common mechanisms of injury were blocking at the line of scrimmage (50%) and the application of a valgus force with the hand planted on the playing surface

This study presents analysis of the impact of “official product” sports sponsorships with the National Football League (NFL), Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Hockey League (NHL), the National Basketball Association (NBA), and the Professional Golfers Association (PGA) on the stock prices of sponsoring firms. The primary finding of the study is that, in the main, announcements were accompanied by increases in shareholder wealth. The 53 sponsors analyzed experienced mean increases in stock valuations of about $257 million. A multiple regression analysis of firm-specific stock price changes and selected corporate and sponsorship attributes indicates that official product sponsorships with the NBA, NHL, and PGA and those with smaller market shares were associated with the largest gains in share prices. Although corporate cashflow (a proxy for agency conflicts) is statistically unrelated to shareholder approval, sponsorships by high-technology companies were associated with stronger stock price reactions than otherwise. Finally, product congruence with the sponsored sport was positively related to changes in stock prices.

Previous research suggests that minorities are more likely to perceive racially-based discrimination in a variety of settings than are whites, in large part because of the ways their personal experiences with racism shape the lens they use to view the world. We examine a labor market that is typically considered an exception to patterns of racism in employment, the industry of professional football. We interview athletes who attempted to gain employment in the National Football League, a labor market where access to valued positions is heavily restricted by industry practices. Findings from field research and semi-structured interviews indicate that minority workers experience symbolic discrimination during the hiring process. Differential treatment of players reflects stereotypes about minority families and masculinity. Although minority and white players describe much of the actual content of their labor market experiences in similar fashion, their perceptions of these experiences differ sharply, with minority athletes identifying far more negative repercussions.

This study is about an elite athlete's experiences with career termination from the National Football League. Researchers have suggested that the most significant and potentially traumatic experience encountered by athletes is career termination (Taylor & Ogilvie, 2001). An interview approach was used, where the second author developed the interview questions based on the conceptual model of career termination of sport by Taylor and Ogilvie, as well as items from the Athletic Retirement Inventory (Sinclair & Orlick, 1993 ...

Football is currently facing a “concussion epidemic” with no fix-all solution in sight. “You got your bell rung, that’s all!” “Shake out the cob- webs!” Coaches and medical experts alike have commonly made comments like these on football fields across the country. While the intent of such “encouragement” is usually to challenge young athletes to toughen up and learn to persevere through adversity—to become better versions of them- selves—what these comments really portray is a dark story of our society’s misunderstanding about, and mishandling of, brain injuries and their associated health consequences.
    There is no better example of this mishandling than the NFL’s past management of the concussion epidemic. After recent advances in neurologi- cal knowledge have revealed the devastating short and long-term conse- quences of concussions, the NFL now finds itself scrambling to mitigate the threat being posed to what makes the NFL, and football in general, so popu- lar—the gladiator-esque nature of the game. High concussion rates threaten to shrink the NFL’s talent pool, erode public support, decrease viewership (and consequently advertising and TV revenue), and expose the NFL to significant employment-related legal liability.
    While some of the NFL’s responses to date hold promise for helping to mitigate the concussion epidemic, they are nonetheless inadequate because a fix-all is unlikely to be developed soon, if ever. As such, this article argues the NFL should commit, through their collective bargaining agreement, to developing (1) genetic screening techniques that will inform players if they are acutely susceptible to substandard concussion recovery outcomes and long-term effects; (2) diagnostic tests that enable objective confirmation of concussion occurrence and recovery (or lack thereof); and (3) pre-mortem testing for concussion-related neurological diseases such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).
    A genuine commitment to these initiatives will not only accelerate the innovation of concussion epidemic-mitigating technologies, but also ensure the NFL is providing its players with the necessary information for them to properly “assume the risk” of playing football.

Body size and composition of National Football League players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 19(3).- 485^89. 2005.-The purpose of this study was to present a profile of body size and composition of National Football League (NFLl players prior to the start of the regular season. Fifty-three members of the Indianapolis Colts professional football team were measured for height, body mass, and percentage body fat using the BOD POD air-displacement plethysmography system during summer camp of the 2003 football season. These data were categorized by position for comparison with previous studies of NFL football players. The relationships observed were as follows I -^ represents nonsignificant; > represents ;; s 0.05): Height: Offensive Line = Defensive Line = Quarterbacks/Kickers/Punters = Tight Ends > Linebackers > Running Backs = Wide Receivers = Defensive Backs. Body Mass: Offensive Line ^ Defensive Line > Tight Ends = Linebackers > Running Backs ^ Quarterbacks/ Kickers/Punters > Wide Receivers -Defensive Backs. Percentage Body Fat: Offensive Line > Defensive Line > Quarterbacks/ Kickers/Punters ^ Linebackers = Tight Ends > Running Backs -Wide Receivers = Defensive Backs. Comparisons to teams in the 1970s indicate that body mass has increased only for offensive and defensive linemen; however, height and hody fat among player positions have not dramatically changed. Furthermore, the body mass index is not an accurate measure or representation of body fat or obesity in NFL players. These data provide a basic template for size profiles and differences among various positions and allow comparisons with other studies for changes in the NFL over the past 3 decades.

Purpose-Using the National Football League (NFL) concussion crisis context, the purpose of this paper is to provide sports marketers with a strategic approach to sports crisis management through consideration of crisis media coverage and organizational reputation. Design/methodology/approach-An online experiment assessed the impact of two crisis response strategies, fan involvement and exposure to crisis media coverage on emotional response, corporate message credibility, crisis perception and perceived corporate reputation. Findings-The accident response strategy was associated with more favorable perceptions of the NFL and corporate message credibility. Sports fan involvement facilitated more favorable perceptions of the NFL's reputation, while exposure to media coverage of the NFL's crisis created negative perceptions of the NFL's reputation. Exposure to media coverage of the NFL concussion crisis increased feelings of anger, which in turn decreased perceptions of corporate message credibility. Research limitations/implications-A limitation for this study is the specific crisis scenario that was used. The NFL concussion crisis is different from other crisis types in that it does not directly impact the audience's well-being, but instead affects their perceptions of an iconic institution. Practical implications-In light of study findings, it is suggested that sports marketers consider the following when dealing with crises: carefully determine proper framing methods when crafting a crisis response as different response types affect consumers in different ways; leverage public relations (PR) practices by engaging in media monitoring to inform an appropriate crisis response to control the narrative; and examine forces exernal of the organization that influence consumer emotions, paying special attention to feelings of anger as anger negatively impacts consumer perceptions of corporate credibility. Originality/value-This paper addresses sports crisis strategy from both marketing and public relations perspectives. It describes how strategic efforts protect a sports organization's reputation, thus increasing marketing effectiveness.

Open letters offer a unique focus for rhetorical analysis in sport communication, forming a message that is both interpersonal (the attempt to reflect dialogue through a letter writer and its recipients) and public (the “open” part of the open letter). The National Football League (NFL) attempted image repair when it used open letters to respond to accusations that it was not doing enough to protect athletes against devastating effects of concussions. Through the use of Benoit’s theory of image repair, the authors found that Commissioner Goodell’s open letters relied on 2 main image repair strategies: reducing offensiveness and corrective action. They consider the implications of these rhetorical choices for the complicated merging areas of sport, communication, and health in the NFL’s open letters.

Body size and composition of National Football League players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 19(3).- 485^89. 2005.-The purpose of this study was to present a profile of body size and composition of National Football League (NFLl players prior to the start of the regular season. Fifty-three members of the Indianapolis Colts professional football team were measured for height, body mass, and percentage body fat using the BOD POD air-displacement plethysmography system during summer camp of the 2003 football season. These data were categorized by position for comparison with previous studies of NFL football players. The relationships observed were as follows I -^ represents nonsignificant; > represents ;; s 0.05): Height: Offensive Line = Defensive Line = Quarterbacks/Kickers/Punters = Tight Ends > Linebackers > Running Backs = Wide Receivers = Defensive Backs. Body Mass: Offensive Line ^ Defensive Line > Tight Ends = Linebackers > Running Backs ^ Quarterbacks/ Kickers/Punters > Wide Receivers -Defensive Backs. Percentage Body Fat: Offensive Line > Defensive Line > Quarterbacks/ Kickers/Punters ^ Linebackers = Tight Ends > Running Backs -Wide Receivers = Defensive Backs. Comparisons to teams in the 1970s indicate that body mass has increased only for offensive and defensive linemen; however, height and hody fat among player positions have not dramatically changed. Furthermore, the body mass index is not an accurate measure or representation of body fat or obesity in NFL players. These data provide a basic template for size profiles and differences among various positions and allow comparisons with other studies for changes in the NFL over the past 3 decades.

A mathematical model of operant choice, the generalized matching law was used to analyze playcalling data from the 2004 National Football League season. In all analyses, the relative ratio of passing to rushing plays was examined as a function of the relative ratio of reinforcement, defined as yards gained, from passing versus rushing. Different analyses focused on season-aggregate data for the league as a whole, game-by-game data for the league as a whole, and game-by-game data for individual teams. In all analyses except those for a few individual teams, the generalized matching law accounted for a majority of variance in play calling. The typical play-calling pattern reflected undermatching (suggesting imperfect sensitivity of play calling to yardagegained reinforcers) and a bias for calling rushing plays. Bias was found to be a function of both the relative risk of turnovers and the relative variability in yards gained associated with passing versus rushing plays. The external validity of the matching analyses was supported by significant correlations between parameters of the generalized matching law and team success on offense and season winning percentage. These results illustrate the broad applicability of the generalized matching law to problems outside of the laboratory.

This article explores how the PBS Frontline documentary League of Denial reframes the “concussion crisis” in three ways that contest the rationalization of injury and the normalization of violence in the hegemonic masculine discourses (visual, written, oral) produced about professional football. First, the film problematizes the notion of head injury as merely “part of the
game” and a risk that players ostensibly understand when they enter the National Football League. Second, the film’s depiction of Mike Webster’s “unruly” body further de-naturalizes concussions and contests the masculine ideal of bodily sacrifice in pro football. Third, the film explicitly critiques the role of sports media in constructing a mythology and spectacle of pro football that contributed to the cultural context in which the concussion
crisis has emerged.

Popular Communication (Vol. 14, No. 1 (2016): 49-57

A fundamental belief in professional sport leagues is that competitive balance is needed to maximize demand and revenues; therefore, leagues have created policies attempting to attain proper competitive balance. Further, research posits that objectives of professional sport teams' owners include some combination of winning and profit maximization. Although the pursuit of wins is a zero sum game, revenue generation and potential profit making is not. This article focuses upon the National Football League's potential unintended consequences of creating the incentive for some teams to free ride on the rest of the league's talent and brand. It examines whether an owner's objectives to generate increased revenues and profits are potentially enhanced by operating as a continual low-cost provider while making money from the shared revenues and brand value of the league. The present evidence indicates that, overall, being a lowcost provider is more profitable than increasing player salaries in an attempt to win additional games.

PGA) on the stock prices of sponsoring firms. The primary finding of the study is that, in the main, announcements were accompanied by increases in shareholder wealth. The 53 sponsors analyzed experienced mean increases in stock valuations of about $257 million. A multipie regression analysis of firm-specific stock price changes and selected corporate and sponsorship attributes indicates that official product sponsorships with the NBA, NHL, and PGA and those with smaller market shares were associated with the largest gains in share prices. Although corporate cash flow (a pro~'for agency conflicts) is statistically unrelated to shareholder approval, sponsorships by high-technology companies were associated with stronger stock price reactions than otherwise. Finally, product congruence with the sponsored sport was positively related to changes in stock prices.

In this study, we evaluate the effects of both salary dispersion and incentive pay on team performance using data complied from the National Football League over the years 2000-2007. We consider the effect of pay structure on both in terms of on-field and financial performance.

We investigate the impact of a potential new sports venue on residential property values, focusing on the National Football League's Dallas Cowboys' search for a new host city in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. We find that residential property values in the city of Dallas increased following the announcement of a possible new stadium in the city of Dallas. At the same time, property values fell throughout the rest of Dallas County, which would have paid for the proposed stadium. These patterns reversed when the Dallas stadium proposal was abandoned. Subsequently, a series of announcements regarding a new publicly-subsidized stadium in nearby Arlington, Texas, had a deleterious effect on residential property values in Arlington. In aggregate, average property values declined approximately 1.5% relative to the surrounding area before stadium construction commenced. This decline was almost equal to the anticipated household sales tax burden, suggesting that the average expected amenity effect of hosting the Cowboys in Arlington was not significantly different from zero. JEL Classification Codes: L83, R53, H73

To review the epidemiology of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in the National Football League (NFL) and current treatment trends within this population. Type of Study: Descriptive. Methods: Part 1 of this study reviews the data collected in the NFL Injury Surveillance System from 1986 to 1995 with respect to these injuries. Included in this review are the specifics surrounding these injuries such as exposure type (game versus practice), position, mechanism, and playing surface on which the injury occurred. Part 2 of this analysis focuses on present treatment performed on these high-level athletes through a survey that was sent to and completed by all 31 NFL team orthopaedic surgeons. Results: The total number of ACL injuries in this select population has remained constant over the period analyzed. Conclusions: Current preferred treatment technique favors endoscopic patellar tendon autograft reconstruction.

This article analyzes how stakeholders are able to influence climate policy-making in the U.S.; emphasis is placed upon the most popular sports league in the United States, the National Football League (NFL). An empirical analysis of the 32 NFL franchises identifies pioneering clubs that have introduced ambitious green programs that include the utilization of renewable energies, the adoption of energy efficiency measures and carbon offsetting policies, as well as the facilitation of public transport and electric cars. Apart from environmental concerns, this paper identifies several drivers for pioneering actions: economic motives, pressure exerted by the local environment, public relations, and political incentives such as the promotion from the federal government's stimulus package. Finally, this article investigates the role that state actors, such as the Environmental Protection Agency, and non-state actors, such as the Natural Resources Defense Council, play in the innovation and diffusion processes of environmental programs in the NFL.

Marilyn Motz, Ph.D, Advisor In this thesis I address three specific questions that relate to the current state of NFL fandom. To what extent do religion, race, and gender influence various aspects of NFL fandom? How do these issues reflect the dominant culture and major demographics of NFL fans (white and male)? Finally, what implications do my findings have for sports culture, fandom, and popular culture as a whole? To answer these questions, I provide three different case studies of NFL fan activities such as fantasy football, issues of gender, and religious and social ideals which show how NFL fandom reflects a very conservative view of race, gender, and religion that in particular mirrors and supports the conservative backlash that has occurred since President Barack Obama took office in January 2009.

The reverse order college draft gives the worst teams in the National Football League (NFL) the opportunity to hire the best amateur talent. For it to work effectively, teams must be able to identify the ''best'' talent. Our study of NFL quarterbacks highlights problems with the draft process. We find only a weak correlation between teams' evaluations on draft day and subsequent quarterback performance in the NFL. Moreover, many of the factors that enhance a quarterback's draft position are unrelated to future NFL performance. Our analysis highlights the difficulties in evaluating workers in the uncertain environment of professional sports.

Leader succession often occurs because a performance decline highlights the need for change within an organization. When this need is especially high, successors are likely to be drawn from different cognitive communities than those of the replaced incumbents. Successors representing different cognitive communities carry out more change immediately after succession. This increased, rapid change will be most effective when the new leaders have had successful recent "top-job" experience. When successors lack recent top-job success, too much change too soon will actually hurt performance. We find moderate support for these relationships using panel data from the USA's National Football League.

Background-Athletes with injury-related pain, especially National Football League (NFL) players, are at increased risk for opioid use and misuse which may result in medical, psychiatric and social problems. This is the first study to evaluate the intersection of sports pain and opioid use and misuse among former NFL players.

American football has long been central to the construction of masculinity in the United States. Of the multiple masculine scripts promoting professional players' hegemonic masculine status, sacrificing one's body for the sake of sporting glory is a key tenet. Sport journalists have traditionally used their media platform to reify this social script, an act which simultaneously promotes their own masculine capital. However, this article investigates a crack in this hegemonic system. Through a media analysis of the reporting on Aaron Rodgers' self-withdrawal (after hitting his head) from an important National Football League (NFL) game, we argue that increasing cultural awareness as to the devastating effects of concussions, in the form of chronic traumatic encephalopathy, combined with a softening of American masculinity is beginning to permit some prominent players to distance themselves from the self-sacrifice component of sporting masculinity. Concerning concussions, we conclude major sport media are beginning to support the notion of health over a masculine warrior narrative.

Tax law revisions of 2004 altered the "roster depreciation allowance" enjoyed by pro sports team owners. Supporters claimed this would practically eliminate costly legal oversight by the IRS and, ultimately, increase owner tax bills. Government officials and leagues remained silent on team value impacts but outside analysts argued they would rise by 5%. We model this policy change and investigate it empirically. Supporters in Congress were absolutely correct that owner tax payments should increase but outside analysts underestimated team value increases by half. No wonder Major League Baseball and the National Football League favored the revision. (JEL D21, G38, H25, L83) * We thank Michael Wark for helpful research assistance, and Michael Coulson, Virginia Bullard, and anonymous referees for helpful comments.

This study explored first-, second-, and third-person effects related to the outcome of televised National Football League (NFL) games among an online sample of NFL fans (N = 646). Overall findings indicated that first-person and second-person perceptual biases were projected toward comparison groups that were labeled as fans of other NFL teams or as the average person. In addition, support was found for both first and second-person behavioral effects in the form of postgame Basking In Reflected Glory (BIRGing) and Cutting Off Reflected Failure (CORFing) behaviors. However, the strength of NFL fans' team identification was a more robust predictor of these effects than NFL fans self-reported BIRGing/CORFing behaviors. These findings support the hypothesis that self-enhancement processes (i.e., BIRGing/CORFing) are usurped by self-categorization processes when a social identity is made salient (i.e., NFL team identification). Areas of future research and limitations are also addressed.

As a Jew like myself, I ask Daniel Snyder to turn the tables on your National Football League team, the Washington Redskins, by imagining the name of his team as the “Washington Large Noses” under the team symbol of an old orthodox Jewish man, elongated full-nostriled nose, long white beard, and side locks streaming from his tired face, head covered with a black hat. In his right hand he has gently lifted a gold coin from a full leather pouch clenched in his left hand. Well, Mr. Snyder, this is exactly the image I encounter each time I visit my ancestral hometown of Krosno, Poland and throughout the country of Poland when I conduct Holocaust and genealogy research.

The authors use race-level data from 2003 and 2004 to test von Allmen's hypothesis regarding the inefficiency of the NASCAR reward system, where compensation is in the form of points that are accumulated throughout a season. They define drivers as two types, skilled and unskilled. Skilled drivers are hypothesized to be less aggressive than unskilled drivers because they are more

This study investigated the criterion-related validity of past performance and physical ability tests over time in a physically demanding context, the National Football League (NFL). Results suggested that an indicator of past performance, collegiate performance, engendered a stronger relationship with future NFL performance than a variety of physical ability tests administered during the NFL Combine. Unlike physical ability, past performance

Civic boosters generally have estimated the Super Bowl to have an impact of $300 to $400 million on a host city's economy. The National Football League has used the promise of an economic windfall to convince skeptical cities that investments in new stadiums for their teams in exchange for the right to host the event makes economic sense. Evidence from host cities from 1970-2001 indicates the Super Bowl contributes approximately one-quarter of what the boosters have promised and that the game could not have contributed by any reasonable standard of statistical significance, more than $300 million to host economies.

Keefer's recent article in the Journal of Sports Economics (2013) finds evidence of wage discrimination in the National Football League (NFL) market for linebackers. We examine the market for NFL wide receivers using similar techniques as Keefer, though we explore only rookies rather than all current players and wide receivers rather than linebackers. While we would expect to find stronger evidence of discrimination in the rookie market, as rookies are captured sellers, we find no pervasive pattern of pay discrimination by race in this market.

Black is viewed as the color of evil and death in virtually all cultures. With this association in mind, we were interested in whether a cue as subtle as the color of a person's clothing might have a significant impact on his or her behavior. To test this possibility, we examined whether professional football and ice hockey teams that wear black uniforms are more aggressive than those that wear nonblack uniforms. An analysis of the penalty records of the National Football League and the National Hockey League indicate that teams with black uniforms in both sports ranked near the top of their leagues in penalties throughout the period of study. On those occasions when a team switched from nonblack to black uniforms, the switch was accompanied by an immediate increase in penalties. The results of two laboratory experiments indicate that this finding can be attributed to both social perception and self-perception processes-that is, to the biased judgments of referees and to the increased aggressiveness of the players themselves. Our discussion focuses on the theoretical implications of these data for an understanding of the variable, or "situated," nature of the self. A convenient feature of the traditional American Western film was the ease with which the viewer could distinguish the good guys from the bad guys: The bad guys wore the black hats. Of course, film directors did not invent this connection between black and evil, but built upon an existing association that extends deep into our culture and language. When a terrible thing happens on a given day, we refer to it as a "black day," as when the Depression was ushered in by the infamous "Black Thursday." We can hurt ourselves by "blackening" our reputation or be hurt by others by being "blacklisted," "blackballed," or "blackmailed" (Williams, 1964). When the Chicago White Sox deliberately lost the 1919 World Series as part of a betting scheme, they became known as the Chicago Black Sox, and to this day this "dark" chapter in American sports history is known as the Black Sox Scandal. In a similar vein, Muhammed Ali has observed that we refer to white cake as "angel food cake" and dark cake as "devil's food cake." These anecdotes concerning people's negative associations to the color black are reinforced by the research literature on color meanings. In one representative experiment, groups of college students and seventh graders who were asked to make semantic differential ratings of colors were found to associate black with evil, death, and badness (Williams & McMurty, 1970). More

The recently announced “Deflategate” findings and penalties against quarterback Tom Brady and the New England Patriots have garnered many reactions. The situation raises complex issues related to guilt, punishment, prevention, equity and precedent that touch on our ideals of fairness, responsibility and systems of justice that extend beyond the scope of football.

Our compliments to Drs Kwon et al. on their recent review of hypothermia for spinal cord injury . This was an excellent summary of the currently available data. We strongly echo their concerns that further human research needs to be done before this can be accepted for routine use in spinal cord injuries. References to our patient, Kevin Everett, who was subjected to hypothermia after an acute cervical spinal cord injury, need clarification. We, being the only two physicians who examined Mr. Everett at the time of his injury, and who then conducted additional exams on his way to the hospital, noted his injury as conclusively complete (ASIA A, indicating complete absence of sensation and motion function below the injured level after resolution of spinal shock), with no motor or sensory function distal to the clavicles. This finding persisted even when he was out of spinal cord shock (in the ambulance on the way to the hospital). Even preoperatively, after 30 minutes of resuscitation (administration of methylprednisilone by National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study 2 protocol [2], fluid resuscitation, topical, and intravenous hypothermia measures) during transport, the patient was only noted to have a slight improvement with crude pressure and vibratory sensation in the extremities at the time the ambulance arrived in the emergency room. This information has been accurately reported neither in many of the popular media reports nor in non-peer reviewed medical reports , and is relevant to the accurate reporting of his case. Unfortunately, without discussing this with us or Mr. Everett, Drs. Kwon et al. had no way of knowing this. Even doctors peripherally involved in his care, who never examined him preoperatively, have misreported his initial status .

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficiency and equity of general mental ability (GMA) in a nontraditional employment setting—professional football. The National Football League (NFL) uses a measure of GMA, the Wonderlic Personnel Test, to evaluate potential draftees in an assessment-style environment. A total of 762 NFL players, represented from three draft classes, were included in our

We decided to survey college students to investigate the extent to which they are aware of concussion issues, and to gather their perceptions of the serious of NFL concussion issues and how the league is responding.  Questions for the survey were developed by carefully examining opinion polls, survey results and media reports about the NFL's concussion problem.

Under the common law, employment contracts are submitted to civil courts to resolve disputes over interpretation, breach, and remedies. As an alternative, parties in labor contexts can agree to resolution by an impartial arbitrator, whose decision is reviewed deferentially by judges. Where employees are subject to rules of a private association, they are often contractually obligated to submit their claims to an internal association officer or committee; the common law provides for judicial review more limited than a civil contract but more searching than is the case for an impartial labor arbitrator. Recently, the National Football League and its players have gone to federal court in well-known disputes concerning employee discipline. Although the collective bargaining agreement expressly removes these issues from impartial arbitration, the cases have curiously been litigated as if the league commissioner is an arbitrator. This Article suggests that this is the wrong standard. It c...

Keefer's recent article in the Journal of Sports Economics (2013) finds evidence of wage discrimination in the National Football League (NFL) market for linebackers. We examine the market for NFL wide receivers using similar techniques as Keefer, though we explore only rookies rather than all current players and wide receivers rather than linebackers. While we would expect to find stronger evidence of discrimination in the rookie market, as rookies are captured sellers, we find no pervasive pattern of pay discrimination by race in this market.

Until recently, the position of quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) was not an option for black athletes. Today many teams employ black quarterbacks, a development that might suggest race is no longer relevant when it comes to the evaluation of signal callers in the NFL. By modelling quarterback performance and salary over 1995-2006, we find that black quarterbacks are more likely to run with the football, yet this skill is not compensated in the market. Furthermore, we find evidence of performance-related salary discrimination against black quarterbacks in the top half of the salary distribution.

El presente artículo de investigación analiza la trayectoria de la publicación anual Guía Marca de la Liga de Fútbol Profesional durante sus veinticinco años de edición. Con el objetivo de comprender cuáles han sido los cambios esenciales que la han convertido en un icono informativo, se ha estudiado desde vertientes cuantitativas y cualitativas, las diferentes etapas de producción a través de los contenidos que han adquirido protagonismo: aspectos formales como portadas, titulares y paginado. Así como análisis informativo de las diferentes secciones: estudios estadísticos, fútbol profesional y categorías inferiores, selecciones nacionales y fútbol femenino. A raíz del éxito en sus primeros años, se convirtió en la guía deportiva por excelencia, hecho que la mantiene hasta la actualidad, adaptándose a las posibilidades que ofrece el papel. En el ámbito de la documentación futbolística, pocas publicaciones mantienen un ejemplar que ofrezca más de cuatrocientas páginas cada año y en formato papel, hecho trascendental en el actual contexto digital, que la sitúa como un referente periodístico y divulgativo.