Motion Events

We examine universals and crosslinguistic variation in constraints on event segmentation. Previous typological studies have focused on segmentation into syntactic or intonational units (Givón 1991). We argue that the correlation between such units and semantic/conceptual event representations is language-specific. As an alternative, we introduce the 'macro-event property' (MEP): a construction has the MEP if it packages event representations such that temporal operators necessarily have scope over all subevents. A case study on the segmentation of motion events into macro-event expressions in eighteen genetically and typologically diverse languages has produced evidence of two types of design principles that impact motion-event segmentation: language-specific lexicalization patterns and universal constraints on form-to-meaning mapping.*

Research has indicated that during sentence processing, French native speakers predominantly rely upon lexico-semantic cues (i.e., animacy) while native speakers of English rely upon syntactic cues (i.e., word order). The present study examined sentence production in L1 French/L2 English and L1 English/L2 French sequential bilinguals. Participants used animate and inanimate entities as sentence subjects while describing motion events represented by static pictures. To test a gradual change in animacy cue weighting in second-language sequential bilinguals with different proficiency levels were included. Sentence production of sequential bilinguals was compared against that of simultaneous bilinguals.
The results indicated an overall preference for the use of animate subjects for both languages at all proficiency levels. The effect of animacy was stronger for English L2 than French L2 while it did not differ between languages in simultaneous bilinguals. Evidence for potential change in the animacy-cue weighting was only observed for English L2.

The present paper examines the acquisition of English physical motion constructions by Spanish translators in training. Drawing from Talmy’s (1985, 1991, 2000) typological framework for motion event descriptions and Slobin’s (1996, 2003) thinking-for-speaking hypothesis, the main aim of this research is to study whether the acquisition of English lexicalization patterns by Spanish translators in training could be facilitated by instructing them to think-for-translating into English. To this end, first, participants in the experimental and control group were told to translate some narrative fragments from Spanish into English. Then, once they completed the task, participants in the experimental group were instructed on the typological differences between English and Spanish with regard to the domain of physical motion and on how to render typical Spanish motion descriptions into English motion constructions. Finally, after a one week delay they were told to translate new fragments from Spanish into English. We observed that participants in the experimental group produced a higher number of manner verbs plus path expressions than the control group which, in turn, favoured the use of non-manner verbs plus path expressions. The results show that, overall, instruction contributes to better performance in the production of satellite-framed constructions but translators in training still have problems with the use of satellites and prepositional phrases.
Keywords: motion; constructions; translation; translators in training; Spanish; English.

<ABSTRACT> It has been noted that Chinese shows both satellite-and verb-framed properties (Slobin, 2004; Beavers, Levin, & Tham, 2010), a fact that offers the opportunity to explore the typological influence of the learner's dominant language, as learners can choose either option to describe the same motion events and be grammatically correct. This study comprehensively examined the impact of factors including the dominant language's thinking for speaking (TFS) (Slobin, 1987, 1996, 2003) as well as proficiency and degree of socialization with the target language. It examined oral narratives produced by 80 learners of Chinese representing two proficiency levels (low vs. high) and two linguistic backgrounds (heritage language vs. foreign language), as compared to two baseline groups of 40 Chinese native speakers (NSs) and 40 English NSs. Analysis of the motion verbs and motion constructions showed a limited role of the dominant TFS. While the more proficient learners were more capable of producing task-relevant motion expressions regardless of their language background, only advanced heritage learners

This article confronts the typology of motion lexicalization proposed by Len Talmy (1985, 1991, 2000a) with elicited narrative data from Basque. According to Talmy's typology, the characteristic expression of motion in Basque corresponds to that of verb-framed languages, where the semantic components of motion and path are conflated in the verb and the manner component is conveyed in a separate expression. On a packaging typology level such as Talmy's, Basque is adequately classified in this group; however, when we look at the description of motion events in language use à la Slobin ), at how the semantic components of path and manner are elaborated in real narratives, the picture changes. As far as manner is concerned, Basque behaves as expected for verb-framed languages such as Spanish with a scarce and poor description of this component, but with respect to path, Basque shows a di¤erent behavior. The description and elaboration of this semantic component is so pervasive and rich that Basque seems to be more similar to satellite-framed languages such as English than to those akin to its group. This tendency cannot be considered an individual-based feature but a typological one, and consequently, we suggest that Talmy's typology needs to be revised. In order to support this claim, we present data from L1 Basque Frog Stories and compare them with English and Spanish ones. In addition, we also use data from Basque novels and L2 Basque Frog Stories.

The present study adopted a cognitive linguistic framework—Talmy’s (1985, 1991, 2000) typological classification of motion events—to investigate how L2 Chinese learners come to express motion events in a target-like manner. Fifty-five US university students and 20 native speakers of Chinese participated in the study. A controlled composition task and a picture-cued written task were administered to elicit learners’ knowledge and degree of mastery of Chinese spatial morphemes, also known as directional complements (DCs). Analysis of learners’ interlanguage data shows that the difficulties came from the syntactic complexity of the target DC patterns and from the typological features of Chinese as a serial-verb language. The dual functions of DCs as path satellites and as independent verbs posed considerable difficulty for the learners whose L1, English, encodes path by means of satellites only. Based on the results, a developmental order of mastery of L2 Chinese DCs is proposed. The study illuminates areas of difficulty in adjusting to the L2 thinking-for-speaking patterns (Cadierno, 2004, 2008; Slobin, 1996a) that arise when differences in spatial categorization and in conventionalized ways of path encoding exist between the L1 and L2.

Drawing upon recent insights into the role of Goal preference as reflector of cross-linguistic differences, this paper investigates the factors affecting the realization of Goals in motion event descriptions. In particular, it examines the interplay between the lexicalization pattern of a language, on the one hand, and grammatical viewpoint aspect, on the other – factors which have commonly been treated in isolation. In so doing, three typologically distinct languages were examined: English, German and Greek. The empirical basis of this paper includes: (a) a corpus study, in which we examined the distribution of Goals in a small set of verbs, and (b) an experimental verbalization study, from which we elicited descriptions of different motion event types. While the former does not give a clear picture concerning the cross-linguistic differences in Goal prominence, the latter indicates that lexicalization pattern assumes a more prominent role than grammatical viewpoint aspect in affecting Goal realization.

The last four decades have seen huge progress in the description and analysis of cross-linguistic diversity in the encoding of motion (Talmy 1985, 1991, Slobin 1996, 2004). Comparisons between satellite-framed and verb-framed languages suggest that satellite-framed languages typically have a larger manner of motion verb lexicon (swim, dash), while verb-framed languages typically have a larger path of motion verb lexicon (enter, cross) (Slobin 2004, Verkerk 2013, 2014b). This paper investigates how differences between the motion verb lexicons of satellite-framed and verb-framed languages emerge. Phylogenetic comparative methods adopted from biology and an etymological study are used to investigate manner verb lexicons and path verb lexicons in an Indo-European dataset. I show that manner verbs and path verbs typically have different types of etymological origins and that manner verbs emerge faster in satellite-framed subgroups, while path verbs emerge faster in verb-framed subgroups.

Crosslinguistic studies of expressions of motion events have found that Talmy’s binary typology of verb-framed and satellite-framed languages is reflected in language use. In particular, Manner of motion is relatively more elaborated in satellite-framed languages (e.g., in narrative, picture description, conversation, translation). The present research builds on previous controlled studies of the domain of human motion by eliciting descriptions of a wide range of manners of walking and running filmed in natural circumstances. Descriptions were elicited from speakers of two satellite-framed languages (English, Polish) and three verb-framed languages (French, Spanish, Basque). The sampling of events in this study resulted in four major semantic clusters for these five languages: walking, running, non-canonical gaits (divided into bounce-and-recoil and syncopated movements), and quadrupedal movement (crawling). Counts of verb types found a broad tendency for satellite-framed languages to show greater lexical diversity, along with substantial within group variation. Going beyond most earlier studies, we also examined extended descriptions of manner of movement, isolating types of manner. The following categories of manner were identified and compared: attitude of actor, rate, effort, posture, and motor patterns of legs and feet. Satellite-framed speakers tended to elaborate expressive manner verbs, whereas verb-framed speakers used modification to add manner to neutral motion verbs.

Typological studies on the linguistic expression of motion are certainly of interest to translation
scholars. The study of how motion is expressed across languages has indeed revealed some
striking typological differences (e.g. Talmy 1985, 1991, 2000a, 2000b; Berman and Slobin 1994;
Stromqvist and Verhoeven 2004), which can account for some of the strategies translators resort
to when dealing with motion expressions (Slobin 1996; Ibarretxe-Antuñano 2003; Cifuentes-
Férez 2006, in press a; Ibarretxe-Antuñano and Filipović 2013). However, the question still
remains as to whether translators’ decisions are exclusively guided by such typological
differences or whether there are other experience- or task-related factors that may explain their
behaviour. This paper provides empirical evidence on the type of factors that guide translators’
decisions when translating manner-of-motion verbs, exploring the impact of different types of
texts and the translator’s level of expertise. For this purpose, a pilot think-aloud protocol is
implemented in order to examine the translation process of ten Spanish translators (five
professionals and five graduate students without professional experience) when transferring
manner-of-motion verbs from English into Spanish. Our results reveal that the way translators
deal with manner information is mainly influenced by typological differences between the two
languages. But differences in the translators’ level of professional expertise and in task-related
constraints (e.g. the degree in which different type of texts focus on motion verbs) also have an
effect on the strategy that translators choose to convey manner information.

This study is based on the theoretical framework of conceptual transfer established by Jarvis (1998, 2007) and on the typology of satellite-framed and verb-framed languages developed by Talmy (1985, 2000). The relationship between conceptual transfer and the thinking for speaking hypothesis (Slobin, 1996b) is also considered. We show that conceptual transfer applies in the translation of lexicalisation patterns in Motion events from Spanish into English. Our informants are twenty Spanish speaking translation students who specialize in translation from Spanish/English, English/Spanish. They were faced with a series of ten sentences containing 7 examples including motion verbs and 3 distractors. The results seem to show that the translations from Spanish to English indicate a preference to follow the L1 lexicalisation pattern, coding Path in the main verb and Manner in a separate constituent, as opposed to the English lexicalisation pattern where Manner of Motion is conflated in a single lexical item and Path is indicated in a satellite. This misuse of the English pattern can be interpreted as an example of conceptual transfer. When conceptual transfer is at work non-target-like translations are produced. More attention needs to be paid to the different conceptual structures of motion events in both languages

has argued that the typological differences between languages with either a satellite-framed or a verb-framed lexicalisation pattern (Talmy, 2000) have important discourse and rhetorical consequences for the expression of 'paths of movement' and 'manner of movement'. These differences are especially significant for the translator since s/he has to adapt the rhetorical style of the source language to that of the target language. According to Slobin (1 996a, 2000, ms.), the major difference lies in the loss or gain of information about path and manner specifications during the translation process.We will focus on three languages, English (satellite-framed), Spanish and Basque (both verb-frarned but with important intratypological differences). Basing ourselves on data from translations of the same English text (Tolkien's The Hobbit) into these two target languages, we will compare and analyse in detail the different strategies that Spanish and Basque translators follow when adapting the English text to the stylistic and typological characteristics of their own languages.

The study addresses the diachronic relationship between locative marking and the marking of goals and sources of motion. In ancient Indo-European languages, and in some modern ones, static spatial relations can be described by means of inherently dynamic expressions, which are normally used for encoding goals and sources (as in to the left of the door). I suggest that this strategy presents an alternative to the use of rich systems of spatial prepositions specialized for encoding particular configurations. Its use pre-dates the development of basic spatial prepositions, which came to replace, in Indo-European languages, directional adverbs (sometimes also described as particles). The directional adverbs played a prominent role in the encoding of spatial notions in ancient languages. After they were reanalyzed as spatial prepositions and verbal prefixes, the directional strategy continued to be used for the expression of peripheral spatial meanings, for which no prepositional expression had developed. I illustrate this phenomenon with data from Ancient Greek and modern Russian, and discuss how it can explain the data commonly described by the somewhat mysterious term “ablative-locative transfer”.

The study aimed to investigate the influence of the cross-linguistic variation on the construction of boundary-crossing motion events in the translation production of the Turkish speakers of L2 English and to measure the impact of explicit instruction and metalinguistic awareness on the learners' understanding of typological differences and hence their development of L2 ways of expressing motion events. To this aim, the study followed a pre-test post-test quasi-experimental research design, involving a treatment and a control group. A total of 46 second-year university students participated in the study. They were all majoring in English at the English Language Teaching Department, at a state university in Turkey. The control (18 females and 5 males) and the treatment group (14 females and 9 males) received a two-week instructional treatment, the first group receiving an implicit instruction, and the second an explicit instruction of the boundary-crossing motion event constructions. Prior to the instructional intervention, a pre-test was administered to the participants. Mann-Whitney U test run on the mean scores obtained from the pre-tests indicated no significant differences between the control and the treatment group, U = 282.5, z = .416, p = .678. Within-group analysis based on post-test results after the termination of the instructional treatment revealed that while the implicit instruction had no effect on learners' acquisition of motion events, z = 1.842, p = .066., the explicit instruction had a significant effect on L1 Turkish learners' development of their knowledge of L2-like English patterns in construing motion events. Similarly, between-group analysis revealed that the treatment group (Mdn = 4.00), who received an explicit instruction significantly outperformed the control group (Mdn = 2.00), who received implicit instruction, U = 410.5, z = 3.257, p = .001. The study concluded with the implications of findings for English language teaching and suggestions for future studies. Öz Çalışma, İngilizce'yi ikinci dil olarak öğrenen Türk konuşucularının çevirilerinde sınır-geçişli (boundary-crossing) devinim olaylarının kurulmasında dillerarası değişimin etkisini araştırmayı ve açık öğretim ve üst dil farkındalığının öğrenicilerin diller arası farklılıkları anlamadaki etkisini ölçmeyi hedeflemiştir. Bu amaçla, çalışma, öntest, sontest kontrol gruplu yarı-deneysel bir araştırma deseni takip etmiştir. Tamamı Türkiye'de bir üniversitede İngilizce öğretmenliğinde okuyan toplam 46 üniversite ikinci sınıf öğrencisi çalışmaya katılmıştır. Birinci grup örtük, ikinci grup açık olmak üzere kontrol grubu (18 kız, 5 erkek) ve uygulama grubuna (14 kız, 9 erkek) sınır-geçişli devinim olayları yapılarını içeren iki haftalık öğretim uygulandı. Öğretim uygulamasından önce öğrencilere verilen öntest sonuçlarının Mann-Whitney U test çözümlemesi iki grup arasında anlamlı farkın olmadığını gösterdi, U = 282.5, z = .416, p =.678. Öğretim uygulamasının ardından verilen sontest sonuçlarına dayalı grup içi Wilcoxon signed-rank test çözümlemeleri örtük öğretimin öğrenicilerin devinim olaylarını edinmesi üzerinde hiç bir etkisi olmazken, z = 1.842, p =.066., açık öğretimin öğrenicilerin hedef dil benzeri İngilizce örüntü bilgilerini geliştirmede anlamlı bir etkisi olduğunu göstermiştir, z = 3.406, p =.001. Aynı şekilde, gruplar arası çözümlemeler, açık öğretim uygulanan uygulama grubunun (Mdn = 4.00), örtük öğretim uygulanan kontrol grubundan (Mdn = 2.00), çok daha üstün bir edim gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur, U = 410.5, z = 3.257, p = .001. Çalışmanın sonunda, elde edilen bulguların İngilizce dil öğretimi açısından sezdirimleri ve gelecekte yapılabilecek çalışma önerileri sunulmaktadır. Anahtar sözcükler:sınır-geçişi, devinim olayları, açık öğretim, örtük öğretim, sözlükleşme

La lengua alemana y la lengua española pertenecen a tipologías distintas y en sus usuarios encontramos divergencias con respecto a la importancia que éstos conceden al componente semántico Manera. Siguiendo los principios de los Estudios descriptivos de traducción y tomando como base algunos conceptos clave de la Lingüística cognitiva, esta obra estudia la traducción alemán-español de los eventos de movimiento con manera. Asimismo, presenta una propuesta de técnicas adaptada a dicho problema de traducción e incluye dos estudios en torno a la hipótesis de la universalidad. La metodología usada se corresponde con el análisis de una serie de corpus ad hoc de literatura infantil y juvenil. Los resultados confirman la importancia e influencia que tiene la tipología lingüística en la traducción.

This paper draws on ongoing research of the Event Representation group within the Argument Structure project
at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen. The Event Representation group is dedicated to
investigating universals and cross-linguistic variation in the linguistic representation of complex events. Motion
is one of three domains in which members of the group have been studying the coding of complex events. The
results of a pilot study conducted in 1999 on thirteen mostly unrelated languages from six continents show a
striking amount of variation in the coding of locomotion events. Section 2 introduces the stimuli that have been
used in this investigation and illustrates variation in the representation of motion paths (in the sense of
Jackendoff 1983 and Talmy 1972, 1985, 1991) with examples from Yukatek Maya. In this language, path is
exclusively lexicalized in a set of verbs of ‘inherently directed motion’ (Levin 1993); there is no differentiation
whatsoever of source, goal, or location outside these verb roots. Therefore, a movement from source to goal
has to be distributed across a minimum of two mutually independent clauses in Yukatek, one referring to a
departure event and one referring to an arrival event.

This research asked whether speakers are influenced by systematic semantic patterns in their language in forming new word meanings. We used the novel word mapping technique to test whether English and Spanish speakers would show effects of their differing semantic systems in inferring the meanings of novel motion verbs. We also tested for any language-specific effects in inferring novel nouns. Participants were given short passages containing either a novel noun or a novel motion verb, and were asked to infer the meaning of the novel word. The passages provided information about both the path and the manner of a novel motion event. Consistent with the semantic patterns in the respective languages, English speakers were more likely to infer a manner interpretation than a path interpretation and Spanish speakers showed the reverse pattern. Language-specific effects were not found for the meanings inferred for novel nouns.

There have been opposing views on the possibility of a relationship between motion event encoding and the size of the path verb lexicon. Özçalışkan (2004) has proposed that verb-framed and satellite-framed languages should approximately have the same number of path verbs, whereas a review of some of the literature suggests that verb-framed languages typically have a bigger path verb lexicon than satellite-framed languages. In this article I demonstrate that evidence for this correlation can be found through phylogenetic comparative analysis of parallel corpus data from twenty Indo-European languages.

Languages differ in the way they convey paths. S-languages conveying manner of motion directly in a main verb, while V-languages require a separate verb. This difference has been shown to influence the conceptualization and narration of motion events. We therefore asked: would this difference arise in the paths that people draw, particularly in visual narratives? We annotated the representations of path information (source, trajectory, goal) in a corpus of 35 comics from Sand V-languages. We found that panels from S-languages depicted the path of an action more often than those from V-languages, consistent with previous research on increased motion event salience for S-languages. These findings suggest that the conceptualization of paths from spoken language may influence the graphic depiction of paths.

Languages differ strikingly in how they encode spatial information. This variability is realized with spatial semantic elements mapped across languages in very different ways onto lexical/syntactic structures. For example, satellite-framed languages (e.g., English) express MANNER: in the verb and PATH: in satellites, while verb-framed languages (e.g., French) lexicalize PATH: in the verb, leaving MANNER: implicit or peripheral. Some languages are harder to classify into these categories, rather presenting equipollently framed systems, such as Chinese (serial-verb constructions) or Greek (parallel verb- and satellite-framed structures in equally frequent contexts). Such properties seem to have implications not only on the formulation/articulation levels, but also on the conceptualization level, thereby reviving questions concerning the language-thought interface. The present study investigates the relative impact of language-independent and language-specific factors on spatial representations across three typologically different languages (English-French-Greek) combining a variety of complementary tasks (production, non-verbal, and verbal categorization). The findings show that typological properties of languages can have an impact on both linguistic and non-linguistic organization of spatial information, open new perspectives for the investigation of conceptualization, and contribute more generally to the debate concerning the universal and language-specific dimensions of cognition.

because path is an obligatory component of motion-event expressions, we can't compare languages in terms of the accessibility of path as a category: without a path verb or satellite or other path element, there is no motion event. However, languages differ with regard to the canonical segmentation of paths as well as the relative ease of building complex-path constructions. they also present an array of path elements going beyond the division into verb versus satellite. these differences are only partially determined by the talmian typology.

According to Landau & Gleitman’s (1985) Syntactic Bootstrapping Hypothesis,
children are guided in the acquisition of motion and state change expressions by
certain morphosyntactic clues which distinguish their meanings. In particular,
source- and goal-denoting expressions such as into and out of only occur with
motion event expressions. From the presence of these clues, children are able to
predict that the expression encodes motion rather than state change. It is shown
in this article that children acquiring Yukatek Maya cannot rely on such
morphosyntactic clues to differentiate between motion and state change
meanings. Yukatek is a native American language spoken by approximately
800.000 people living on the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico and Belize. In this
language, the referential ground in a motion event, i.e. the object or place with
respect to which motion is described, is expressed by adjuncts which distinguish
neither dynamicity (‘move to/from’ vs. ‘be at’) nor directionality (source vs.
goal), and the verbs deployed in such constructions to assert change of location
are morphologically members of a class of dedicated change-of-state verbs. So
there is no morphosyntactic difference in Yukatek between the translations of ‘enter the house’ and ‘die in the house’.

Several works inspired by Talmy’s typology have provided a very complete survey and description of different kinds of linguistic elements and strategies available across languages for expressing two basic components of motion events, namely path and manner. This research has mainly focused on lexical and syntactic means of expressing path and manner and on how these elements are combined in a single clause. As far as the morphological means are concerned, they are mentioned when talking about the encoding of path of motion but hardly ever when studying the expression of manner. The aim of this paper is to show that some languages widely use many affixational and non-affixational processes of what is called “evaluative” and “pluractional” morphology for expressing manner (e.g. sr. leteti ‘to fly’ > letuckati ‘to flutter’, zoque. wit ‘to walk’ > witwitnay ‘to walk aimlessly’). The present research mainly focuses on data from Serbian, but it also offers a comparative look to the issue in order to highlight the widespread use of such morphological means in encoding manner. It pays particular attention to the role of morphology in the linguistic expression of manner in the semantic domain of motion.

In this work we put forward a new approach to root insertion based on two tenets: 1) root insertion is strictly late, syntax manipulating exclusively functional material; 2) roots can be inserted directly into syntactic terminals nodes, by the very same mechanism as other Vocabulary Items. We explore how root insertion takes place, either at the first nodes merged in the derivation, the categorial heads (v, n, a), or higher up. The former case allows us to enter into a general discussion on the nature of categorisers in natural language; the latter case is linked to an explanation of a well-known case of cross-linguistic variation at the lexicalisation level .

This paper examines the degree to which learners' L1 typology may affect the comprehension and production of L2 constructions. It has been suggested that English makes more use of constructional meaning than other languages (Goldberg, 2006: 120).

Motion events are almost absent in the course syllabus of L2 German as an explicitly addressed structure in the classroom. Learners have a mostly receptive contact with this type of structures in reading texts or in aural activities. This hinders, therefore, the correct acquisition of their semantic and morphosyntactic features, when they are not explicitly addressed. The occurrence of motion events with the so-called “double particles” is even less frequent. These are composed of the deictic particles hin- and her-, denoting the speaker’s perspective and the Path particles (-aus, -ein, -auf, etc.), denoting Path information. Thus, the main goal of the present study is to test a group of Portuguese L2 learners of German, regarding their knowledge of double particles, and execute a pedagogical intervention that aims at generating and/or solidifying said knowledge. For this purpose, I resorted to VanPatten’s Processing Instruction (PI) model (2000, 2004), which rests on an input-based explicit approach for teaching grammar. The theoretical framework is based on Talmy’s typology of motion events (2000). The empirical component of this study was divided into three parts: first, I tested the participants by means of a pre-test (including a vocabulary test, a production test and a grammaticality judgment task); then, I conducted a pedagogical intervention based on VanPatten’s PI model; finally, a post-test determined the successful effects of PI in the participants’ knowledge of the target forms, both in interpretative and productive contexts.

Resumen: Las explicaciones que el aprendiente de español recibe ante la pregunta de por qué no se puede decir escalé arriba de la montaña, corrí adentro de la casa (de afuera hacia adentro) o gateé afuera de la habitación (de dentro a afuera) son que esos verbos no funcionan así en español, que los nativos no lo dicen así o que no suena bien así. Todas ellas son explicaciones inoperativas, frustrantes y que no conducen a que el input llegue a convertirse en intake. En una primera parte teórica, este artículo describe cómo las lenguas expresan las situaciones de movimiento y, en una segunda parte práctica, sugiere actividades, tanto de interpretación como de producción, de input estructurado desde el enfoque de foco en la forma para llevar estas estructuras lingüísticas al aula de ASL. Palabras clave: foco en la forma, lingüística cognitiva, situaciones de movimiento.
Abstract: The explanations that the Spanish learner receives when asking why escalé arriba de la montaña, corrí adentro de la casa o gateé afuera de la habitación 1 are inoperative, frustrating and do not help to the input to become intake. This article describes firstly, from a theoretical perspective how languages express motion events and some second language research, then, secondly, it suggests practical and structured input activities from the focus on form approach, comprehension and production, to take these linguistics structures into the Second Language Acquisition classroom.

The present research investigates the bidirectional transfer between English as a mother tongue and Spanish as a second language in the motion domain. The empirical research carried out compared the written narrations in L1 and L2 of a group of English speakers learners of Spanish, beginners level, with those of a native English speakers group and a native Spanish speakers group respectively. The present article discusses the findings of event conflation not only in boundary crossing but also in non boundary crossing situations. The qualitative analysis showed a clear transfer from L1 to L2 as examples of event conflation have been found. Additionally, the quantitative analysis evidenced transfer from L2 to L1 in other components (Ground and Manner) not discussed in this article. This research proves how the languages that cohabit in the bilingual mind interact and influence one another, even in the early stages of the second language acquisition. It also shows that L1 thinking for speaking patterns can be reestructered accepting characteristics of the emerging language and including them in the established language.
Keywords: Thinking for speaking hypothesis, satellite-framed lanagues, verb-framed languages, motion, bidirectional transfer, event conflation.

[PT] Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar de que maneira o movimento pode ser organizado e representado no Português Paulista em corpora dos séculos XVIII a XX. Para
tanto, analiso os padrões de combinação propostos por Talmy (2000b) e a representação dos pontos do percurso num deslocamento no espaço físico. A análise é qualitativa e quantitativa, e nesse caso, levei em conta as propriedades discursivas dos textos que compõem os corpora, à
luz do modelo de Tradições Discursivas.

[EN] The aim of this article is to analyze how motion can be organized and represented in Paulista Portuguese (Portuguese spoken in São Paulo), in data taken from several
genres of text from the 18th to the 20th centuries. I take into account the patterns proposed by Talmy (2000b), and the representation of path points in motion events. The analysis is qualitative and quantitative, taking into account the discursive properties of the texts in the corpora, based on the Discourse Traditions model.

The paper aims to study how motion events are narrated in two English novels and their Chinese translations. Typologically, English is a satellite-framed language, while Chinese has been found to pattern with neither satellite-framed languages nor verb-framed languages. Some researchers have proposed that Chinese belongs to a third language type – equipollently-framed languages (Slobin, 2004; Chen & Guo, 2009). This study investigates excerpts from two classic English novels and their Chinese translations. The results show that the Chinese translations not only rely on manner-of-motion verbs even more heavily than do the English originals, but also exhibit as diverse a range of manner-of-motion verb as were used in the English originals. In addition, path information expressed by verb particles and prepositions in English is largely retained through the use of V2 and V3 in the serial verb construction in Chinese. The results reveal important typological similarities between Chinese and English, lending support to Talmy’s (2009) contention that Chinese is an S-language.

Abstract
Drawing from Talmy’s work on lexicalization patterns, and Slobin’s thinking-for-speaking hypothesis, the translation of motion has been an active arena for research. Recently, a new line of research on the reception of translations of motion has arisen, suggesting that typological differences have an impact on the target audience’s assessments about a translated text. This paper aims to explore the influence that typological differences between English and Spanish may have on readers’ judgments about the degree of dynamicity of the motion events narrated in original English texts and in Spanish translations.  20 excerpts were taken from 5 bestsellers written in English and their corresponding translations into Spanish. Participants were asked to rate in a 1 to 4 point scale the degree of dynamicity of the events described. Results suggest (a) Spanish translations did not differ in terms of dynamicity when path and manner information has been either lost or totally kept, and (b) that lexical verb choice in some English fragments together with the intrinsic nature of the events seemed to have an effect on the English audience’s judgments.

Keywords: motion events; dynamicity; English; Spanish; translation; reception.

This paper is a study on the degree of force dynamics displayed by three Finnish adpositional constructions where the path adposition läpi 'through' can be used: prepositional, postpositional and quasi-adpositional (with a locative-case marked complement). Our study of written data demonstrates that in actual usage three constructions set up a hierarchy prepositional < postpositional < quasi-adpositional that (from left to right) reflects an increasing degree of force dynamics, i.e., the degree to which complements of the adposition indicate an obstacle that resists or hinders the motion along the path. The study thus shows that force dynamics can be a factor that distinguishes between nearsynonymous constructions.

This paper highlights some facets of motion typology, applied here to mainly English and French. These two languages are not perfect examples of satellite-framed and verb-framed languages, in Leonard Talmy’s well-known typology, but they can nonetheless be shown to differ in a number of related respects: compared to English (and other Germanic languages), French (like other Romance languages) is quite constrained in its use of Manner-of-motion verbs. French also lacks true particles – Path satellites without a Ground that can be syntactically detached from the verb. Drawing on some of my previous research, I briefly discuss two simple but apparently sufficiently efficient corpus-based translation studies that reveal that these differences show up when we compare English texts originally written in English with English texts translated from French vs. English texts translated from German (or other Germanic languages). A third, more recent, study contrasts a single English novel with its French and Dutch translations, focusing on expressions of visual motion. Here, too, some of the basic encoding preferences (satellite-framed vs. verb-framed) that these languages exhibit for actual motion appear to apply, by and large, for visual motion. This paper also lists some precursors of Talmy, one of whom is famously linked with the linguistic relativity hypothesis. It is suggested that French, because of its typological nature, may not urge its speakers to convey much detail (neither of Manner nor of Path) in the encoding of motion. It remains an open question, one that goes beyond the purview of corpus linguistics, whether this stylistic difference is matched with a deeper cognitive one.

ABSTRACT: This paper investigates the lexicalization pattern of motion events in
Aymara, an Andean language spoken in Bolivia, Peru, and Chile. After providing a
description of the morphosyntax of translational motion events, this study aims at a
preliminary typological classification of Aymara within the framework of Talmy’s
typology (Talmy 2000). With this purpose, three diagnostic tests have been used to
determine the basic framing-typology of motion events. These tests consider i) the size
of manner-of-motion lexicon and, more broadly, the degree of manner salience, ii) the
complex-path constructions and the use of ‘plus-ground’ clauses, iii) the expression of
boundary-crossing. The results of this analysis are in line with predictions of expected
values according to Talmian typology, and suggest that Aymara is a predominantly
satellite-framed language.

The NINJAL project on Motion Event Descriptions Across Languages (MEDAL) is a collab-orative research project on crosslinguistic and intralinguistic variations in motion event descriptions. One of the purposes of this project is to investigate how Path of motion is coded across languages by conducting a video-based production experiment. This paper reports the results of Experiment C undertaken on Turkish, an allegedly prime example of a verb-framed language.

The aim of the current study is to investigate cross-linguistic differences in the encoding of motion events and the distribution of their constituent parts, i.e. the manner as well as the path focusing mainly on the Goal component. In the abundant literature on the effect of the lexicalization pattern of a language (Sat-ellite-vs. Verb-framed), only few studies have systematically taken into account the specific properties of the situation underlying a verbalization. With a focus on German and Greek, we analyze verbal descriptions of motion events presented in video clips and link the linguistic characteristics of the different ver-balizations to the salience of the Goal point. We find that in situations containing highly evident Goals towards which the motion is targeted, German speakers tend to realize Goals more often than Greek speakers. This finding is complemented with a cross-linguistic examination of the inventory for expressing manner and path of motion as well as by an analysis of the type of information expressed in the verbalizations. We discuss both in the context of the continuum between Satellite-and Verb-framed languages.

Languages vary considerably in how they encode motion. Research (Slobin 2004; Talmy 1985, 2000) has shown that inter-typological differences are found in the frequency of encoding (high vs. low) as well as in the locus of encoding (main verb vs. satellite). Based on these typological differences, cross-linguistic influence (CLI) research has sought to examine the impact of language typology on the processes and outcomes of second language (L2) learning. While research in this area has been fruitful in the past decade, the majority of studies (Cadierno and Ruiz 2006; Daller, Treffers-Daller, and Furman 2011; Park 2019) have centered on investigating the encoding of path and manner of spontaneous motion events. To expand our understanding of how different components of a motion event get selected and sequenced for verbalization, the current study compared encoding patterns of complex motion events by three different language groups (Korean speakers, n=15, English speakers, n=15, Korean learners of English, n=80). Complex motion events comprised three components of motion (i.e., path, manner, and cause), and participants' descriptions were elicited using a video description task. The results indicated that monolingual speakers exhibited both universal and language-specific encoding patterns, and that English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners' motion event descriptions in the L2 displayed L1-based patterns as well as unique characteristics that are specific to EFL learners. In addition, EFL learners' English-like encoding patterns of complex motion events were largely predicted by L2 productive vocabulary scores. (University at Albany, SUNY)

The productivity of syntactic constructions is often measured by the number of different verbs used in the verb slot, i.e. the type frequency of the construction. This article investigates 17 double-adverbial motion constructions and their occurrence in a large corpus of blogs. The study shows that there is a difference between the constructions in both token and type frequency , as well as with regard to the number of rare and non-motion types used in the constructions. For instance, a construction such as the [VERB-runt-i] 'verb-about-in' occurs with 225 different verbs even though the overall token frequency of the construction is intermediate, while the [VERB-ner-till] 'verb-down-to' construction only occurs with 107 verbs, even though the construction itself is more common. This indicates that the former construction appears to be more productive than the latter. The study also shows that the productivity of Swedish motion constructions shows up even more clearly if we apply more refined frequency measurements than only raw type frequency, such as the number of types without a conventionalized motion meaning, as well as the number of construction unique types, i.e. types occurring in only one of the constructions investigated. For instance , non-motion verbs like skoja 'joke', and spexa 'clown about' are exclusively found in the [VERB-runt-på] construction, while animal verbs like snigla 'snail' and älga 'moose' are mainly found in the [VERB-iväg-till].

The traditional instruction of Verbs of Motion (VoM), specific part of Russian aspect system, is based on the invariant concept Directionality (opposition: uni- vs. multidirectional motion). However, the teaching practice shows that it is almost impossible for students exposed to the traditional approach to achieve a satisfactory assimilation of this topic and to apply the provided rules to real contexts. In recent years, the efficiency of this procedure has been questioned (Hasko 2009, Israeli 2017, Six 2018a 2018b) and the need for alternative approaches has been clearly clamed. This conference paper proposes an epistemological reflection on linguistic theory underlying the traditional approach to teaching VoM, and chares the results of a search for alternative theoretical ideas. The deep epistemological incompatibility between L2  instruction and structural linguistics, underlying the instruction by Directionality, elucidate difficulties in using tradition instruction; usage-based (exemplar) theory and cognitive semantics applied to typological studies in motion provides some inspiring ideas for an alternative approach to teaching VoM based on  contextualization & immersion. The paper introduces ‘Semantic Labelling Method’, proposed by M.Bondarenko for the first time in her Russian language textbook ‘Tandem’ (2015; 2017). Semantic labelling method is based on the description of a motion event (considering its several essential features) through rephrasing in the target language. By ‘motion event’ (the concept borrowed from cognitive semantics) we mean a cross-cultural representation of a motion taken place in a specific pragmatic context, that can be formalised by multiple essential (sufficient & necessary) features that allow to distinguish this event from others. Decides theoretical and design aspects, the paper discusses some issues concerning the implementation of ‘semantic labelling method’, such as the way and the order to introduce new VoM, learning activities to be prioritized, related boardgames and edugames, etc.