Morlacchi

U radu se donose nove vijesti o doseljavanju Morlaka, osmanskih podanika, na područje
šibenske Zagore potkraj dvadesetih i početkom tridesetih godina 16. stoljeća. Utvrđuje se porijeklo i prostorni razmještaj pojedinih morlačkih skupina (katuna), a posebna se pozornost posvećuje zakupničkim ugovorima koje su njihovi glavari sklopili s vlasnicima sela i pašnjaka – šibenskim zemljoposjednicima. Predlažu se i nova rješenja za ubikaciju nekih naselja koja su navedena u osmanskome poreznom popisu iz 1550. godine kao i u šibenskim ispravama toga doba.

ABSTRACT
The paper will analyse various representations of people called by an ethnonym Les Morlaques (Morlachs), which was used by French observers to describe various populations inhabiting Croatia and Dalmatia which were a part of the Illyrian Provinces (1709– 1713). The ethnonym “Morlachs” comes from Greek (Mavro Vlasi – the Black Vlachs), however, since the 16th century it was used not only to describe the Vlachs, but also the Slavs, or even other groups. French observers took over its use from the Italians, however, in the 18th century they started to investigate the Balkan peoples by themselves. Those first attempts resulted in a very inconsistent ethnic cartography of the Balkan peoples, based mainly on the Byzantine, German and Italian testimonies. This inconsistence is visible especially thanks to the comparison between relevant articles in the encyclopaedic publications.
However, within the rise of the French political interest in the Balkans and creation of the Illyrian Provinces by Napoleon, the French administrators started to concretize their image of the Balkan peoples. This concerned also Morlachs, who were described by the authors such as Balthasar Hacquet or Charles Nodier, and others. The paper will show how the identity of Vlachs and Slavs inhabiting Illyrian Provinces, known under the name of Morlachs, was changing in the eyes of the external observers. This problem is a part of a wider question of shaping the image of the Balkans by the western observers.

STRESZCZENIE Artykuł stanowi analizę różnych przedstawień ludności określanej etnonimem Les Morlaques (Morlacy). Był on używany przez francuskich obserwatorów do opisania róż-nych populacji zamieszkujących Chorwację i Dalmację, które były częścią Prowincji Iliryj-skich, istniejących w latach 1709–1713. Etnonim " Morlacy " pochodzi od greckiego wyraże-nia oznaczającego " Czarnych Wołochów " (Mavro Vlasi), ale od XVI w. był używany nie tyl-ko do opisywania Wołochów, ale również Słowian. Francuzi zapożyczyli stosowanie tego terminu od Włochów, chociaż od XVIII stulecia sami zaczęli badać Bałkany. Owe pierw-sze próby skutkowały bardzo niespójną kartografią etniczną ludów bałkańskich, opartą na źródłach włoskich, niemieckich czy bizantyjskich. Owa niespójność jest możliwa do prze-śledzenia m.in. dzięki przestudiowaniu odpowiednich haseł w wydawnictwach encyklo-pedycznych. W związku z coraz większym politycznym zaangażowaniem Francji na Bał-kanach i utworzeniem Prowincji Iliryjskich przez Napoleona, Francuzi zaczęli konkrety-zować swoje wyobrażenia dotyczące ludów bałkańskich. Dotyczyło to również Morlaków, o których wypowiadali się m.in. tacy autorzy, jak Balthazar Hacquet czy Charles Nodier. W artykule starano się pokazać, w jaki sposób tożsamość Wołochów i Słowian, mieszkań-ców Prowincji Iliryjskich znanych pod nazwą Morlacy, zmieniała się w oczach zewnętrz-nego obserwatora. Problem ten jest istotny w kontekście szerszej perspektywy kształtowa-nia się zachodnioeuropejskiego obrazu Bałkanów.

After the Candian War (1645-1669) Venetians expanded their government to the territory from Zrmanja to Karlobag. They populated this strategically important territory towards Habsburgs and Ottomans with Morlachs who emigrated from the Ottoman territory during the previous war. The reasons for this were in control of the navigation of the Velebit Chanel, salt and wood trade as well as passages towards Velebit pasturelands. Revitalisation of Velebit Podgorje with new Venetian subjects created tensions between the Venetian Republic and Habsburg Monarchy which also intended to attract escaped Morlachs to their territory and they also had pretensions towards Velebit Chanel. Morlachs became instrument of disputes of these two confronted governments which lasted until the end of the Venetian Republic.

French rule over Dalmatia in the Napoleonic era (1806–1813) resulted in the gathering of the information about this region, as well as neighboring Bosnia. Travelogues and reports on those lands are so rich and detailed that they can serve as an informative source on the populations
inhabiting those areas. This paper focuses on a very precise element of this depiction: the specific status of the Vlach communities and their economic activity in Dalmatia and Bosnia (transhumant pastoralism). The comparison of the depiction of shepherding in those two regions leads to two main conclusions which concern the diff erences and similarities behind those two depictions. The differences are partially related to the presumed ineff ectiveness of the Vlach economy of Dalmatia. On the contrary, in the case of Bosnia, local stock raising was depicted as diversified and able to bring considerable commercial benefits. The similarities between both depictions of the Vlach population in Dalmatia and Bosnia is the transhumant and traditional form of their activity, which was perceived as primitive, i.e. dependent on the natural conditions.

The author cites some examples of Morlachs' musical creativity acceptance in the framework of "morlachism": how some writers perceived the Morlachs, how did they hear the Morlachs' melos. Music (especially that of gusla) had the function of establishing group and social solidarity, accentuating identification, ie renewing the common system of values by repeating traditional matrices on the substantial, stylistic and symbolic level.

The author uses the account on the Morlacchi in Dalmatian hinterland (Croatia) together with extensive literature and studies on the Morlacchism in order to introduce a new perspective. Broader context of explanation is framed with the notion of the European "Other" as a new intelectual attitude towards some parts of the same continent in the 18th century. The issues of identification and self-identification are set within that context while the construction of identity implies relations of power. In the case of Morlacchi, both synchronic and diachronic dimensions of the notion of "Other" are intriguing and disputable enough to provoke the use and reconsideration of published sources in the 18th century (Fortis, Lovrić) in an innovative way.

Recent historiography has produced a number of notable works on the Venetian-Ottoman relations at the border of Trogir in the 16th century and the role of the newly settled Ottoman Morlachs in them. This paper is a contribution to understanding of these relations, with its research sensors focused primarily on so far unpublished archival data about the presence of the Morlach tribes (Katuns) in individual villages of the Trogir district during the period from 1530 to 1600. It has been noted that the majority of the newly arrived Morlachs belonged to tribal groups of Vratković, Popović and Vasarović. The tribe Vratković, which came from Herzegovina, was the most numerous. They inhabited six villages - Ljubitovica, Bristivica, Prapatnica, Dašini Doci, Vraca and Blizna. The village of their elder (Katunar) was in Ljubitovica. The tribe Popović are mentioned in 1530 in Zbičje (north-eastern part of present-day Prgomet) and later recorded in Suhi Dol and Kosmači (present-day Primorski Dolac). The tribe Vasarović was located in Trokolve, and they most probably owe their tribal name to Vasav, the father of Jacob, who in 1550 was the village's elder. Thus, the three Morlach communities demographically covered two-thirds of the settlements in the hinterland of Trogir, “behind the hills” and within the Trogir district. Perhaps future research will recognize them in the remaining thirds, for instance in Labin, Opor, Prgomet and Radošić.

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The paper is in Croatian language.
Summary:
With the end of the Morean war came the aftermath, the Treaty of Karlowitz, signed in
January 1699., which confirmed Venetian possesion of Kaphalonia, and Morea with the island
of Algina. Also, Venice gained some new territories in the heart of Dalmatia. With the
territories also came the new population different in religion, customs, traditions, etc. Some of
them already lived there and some arrived as the immigrants from Bosnia, who fled from the
Turks. Those immigrants were guided by the Franciscans who were the most influential
clergyman in Bosnia. One of the immigrants was the young Jeronim Filipović, who lately
became one of the most important preachers in the area, but also outside the Venetian border.
He was a critic of moral and everyday life of Christians who lived in Sinj and its surrounding
area. His sermons were widely known and used by a lot of preachers. This research is the
analysis of his sermons and the focus of the analysis is sin in everyday life. How sinful and
superstitious were Christians of the area in the 18th century and what was Filipović's view
and opinion on that situation. Filipović left a lot of sermons in manuscripts which are an
excellent source of information for further research.

Les Morlaques de Justine W ynne Rosenberg-O rsini.
Le prélude à la fascination rom antique par le m onde des Slaves du Sud
et l’influence de Jean-Jacques Rousseau
[résumé]
En analysant l’importance de l’héritage littéraire et philosophique de Rousseau, certains chercheurs soulignent que ce philosophe a directement participé à la discussion autour de la « cartographie culturelle » de l’Europe. Cette influence intermé­diaire de Rousseau sur l’image des certains peuples de l’Europe, souvent négligée,
est digne d’une analyse approfondie. La présentation proposée tente de soulever ce problème, en s’appuyant sur l’exemple d’un roman francophone intitulé Les Morlaques. Ce roman, écrit par une aristocrate vénitienne, Justine Wynne Rosenberg Orsini et publié en 1788, est considéré par les chercheurs comme un prélude de la
fascination par les Slaves du Sud, qui a gagné l’Europe à l’époque de Romantisme.
Mots clés : Les Morlaques, Rousseau, Balkans, Slaves du Sud
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Les Morlaques by Justine W ynne Rosenberg-Orsini.
The prelude to the romantic fascination with the world of the South Slavs
and the influence o f Jean-Jacques Rousseau
[summary]
The article attempts to raise the issue of the intermediate influence of Rousseau on the image of South Slavs on the example of a French speaking novel Les Morlaques, which was inspired by his work. This novel, written by a Venetian aristocrat, Justine Wynne Rosenberg-Orsini and published in 1788 in Venice and Modena, is considered
by researchers as a préludé to the fascination with the world of the South Slavs, which broke out in Europe in time of Romanticism. The article shows, that the novel Les Morlaques is certainly one of the works inspired by New Heloise (the descriptions of nature and life of the higlanders), and especially by Discourse on the Origin and Basis of lnequality Among Men, because of which the history of the
South Slavs described in Les Morlaques could be put out of the axis of the development of mankind and placed in an utopian perspective.
Key-words: Les Morlaques, Rousseau, Balkans, South Slavs

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Powieść Les Morlaques.... autorstwa Justine Wynne Rosenberg-Orsini.
Preludium romantycznej fascynacji światem Słowian Południowych
i wpływ Jana Jakuba Rousseau
[streszczenie]
Celem artykułu jest przebadanie problemu pośredniego wpływu twórczości Jana Jakuba Rousseau na obraz Słowian Południowych przedstawiony we francuskojęzycznej powieści Les Morlaques autorstwa weneckiej arystokratki, Justine Wynne Rosenberg-Orsini. Owo dzieło, opublikowane w 1788 r. w Wenecji i Modenie jest
uznawane przez badaczy za preludium fascynacji światem Słowian Południowych, która wybuchła w dobie Romantyzmu w Europe. Artykuł stara się wykazać, ze powieść Les Morlaques jest w dużym stopniu zainspirowana Nową Heloizą (szczególniew warstwie opisów natury i życia codziennego górali), a także Rozprawą o pochodzeniu
i podstawach nierówności między ludźmi, dzięki której historia Słowian
Południowych opisana w Les Morlaques mogła być wykluczona z perspektywy osi ludzkiego postępu i przedstawiona w perspektywie utopijnej.
Słowa kluczowe: Les Morlaques, Rousseau, Bałkany, Słowianie Południowi

U radu se donosi prijedlog ubikacije utvrde Ribnica (Ribniçse), čije je osvajanje detaljno opisao poznati osmanski putopisac Evlija Čelebi u svojem djelu Putopis, koje se još jedanput potvrdilo kao iznimno vjerodostojan izvor za povijest hrvatskih zemalja u osmanskom razdoblju. Ribnica se identificira s poznatom utvrdom Kaštel Andreis (Castel Andreis), čiji se ostatci nalaze u naselju Jadrtovac kod Šibenika. Njezinom je identifikacijom omogućena detaljnija rekonstrukcija osmanskog napada na područje Morinjskog zaljevu u ljeto 1660. godine, koji je do sada bio poznat samo po kratkim zabilješkama suvremenih povjesničara. Zapovjednik obrane utvrde uskok Šarić (şarik) identificira se s poznatim harambašom Cvitkom Šarićem, serdarom i zapovjednikom šibenskih Morlaka iz razdoblja Kandijskog rata.

The contextualisation of Ivan Lovrić's work "Obersvations on various parts of the Travel into Dalmatia of Abbot Alberto Fortis". Lovrić sought to correct some assumptions on 'Morlachism' and the topography of Dalmatia in the widely read travel account by the Venetian naturalist Alberto Fortis. / Kontekstualizacija djela Ivana Lovrića "Bilješke o putu po Dalmaciji opata Alberta Fortisa". Lovrić je u tom djelu nastojao ispraviti neke pretpostavke o morlakizmu i topografiji Dalmacije u jako čitanom putopisu mletačkoga prirodoznanstvenika Alberta Fortisa.

In the narrow strip of Venetian Dalmatia, the official peace that characterised the middle of the sixteenth century 1 paved the way for encounters between people, ideas and interests. 2 The agents 3 of the Christian and Islamic powers that shared the mountainous border of the province also developed ways and means to benefit from the new political status of the area and, more importantly, to assure their survival. The term 'agents' used in the context of sixteenth-century Dalmatia refers to those individuals spurred into action by the diplomacy required by the shifting border 4 shared between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire, and, unrelated to political decisions, by the daily activities of the coexisting subjects. 5 When researching 1 The peace concluded in October 1540 marked the end of the Venetian-Ottoman war of 1537-40. This war caused the loss of two important strongholds (Nadin and Vrana) in the hinterland of Dalmatia and introduced the area to instability, depopulation and the constant threat of Ottoman offensives. 2 These encounters, however unavoidable, with which Venice was already familiar given its experience in other provinces of the Stato da Mar, are summed up by the sources under the phrase per vicinar bene. This idea of a good neighbourhood, friendship and collaborations between the people of Venice and those of the Ottoman Empire was officially stipulated in the texts of the peace agreements beginning with that of 1479, published in English in

It is a transciption of the famous “Letter on the customs of the Morlachs”, from Alberto Fortis’s book Viaggio in Dalmazia, printed in Venice in 1774. We made this transciption for the use of our students, and we omitted the transcription of the Croatian text of Hasanaginica, because of its filological complexity.

910.4(497.5 Dalmacija) Izvorni znanstveni rad Autor se u ovom radu bavi kasnoprosvjetiteljskim i ranoromantičarskim interesom Alberta Fortisa, Ivana Lovrića i Balthasara Hacqueta za dalmatinskozagorske Morlake u kasnom 18. stoljeću. Polazeći od različitih konteksta tog interesa u svakom pojedinom slučaju, on se usredotočuje na temeljno pitanje shvaćanja Morlaka kao »dobrih divljaka«, koji u svome načinu života i njima primjerenim vrijednostima utjelovljuju vrline koje imaju temeljnu vrijednost za suočavanje čovjeka europske civilizacije tog doba sa svojim vlastitim, bitnim problemima. Autor je također pokazao da se način percipiranja dalmatinskih Morlaka podudara s pristupima koji od renesanse opredjeljuju europska intelektualna traganja za »prirodnim čovjekom«. Time se »morlakizam« već u to doba konstituirao kao jedno od važnih europskih intelektualnih iskustava u traganju za temeljnim vrijednostima ljudske vrste tog doba.

UDK 94 (497.5 Hvar) Izvorni znanstveni članak Rukopis prihvaćen za tisak 15. lipnja 2011. "DOŠLO JE DOBA SVJETLOSTI! STRATIKO JE U HVARU!"biskup prosvjetitelj Ivan Dominik Stratiko o Hvaranima Rad obuhvaća analizu pisma o hrvatskom, srednjodalmatinskom otoku Hvaru i njegovim stanovnicima koje je nastalo u 18. st. (1786.). Pismo je napisao talijanski i dalmatinski (hrvatski) prosvjetitelj i hvarski biskup: Ivan Dominik Stratiko (1732. -1799.), koji pripada prosvjetiteljskom krugu povezanom uz otok Hvar (Alberto Fortis, Julije Bajamonti i Ivan Dominik Stratiko). Pismo je prikaz otočnoga prostora tada pod vlašću Mletačke Republike, prvenstveno intelektualnoj europskoj prosvjetiteljskoj publici te opis otočana kao europskih Drugih. Stratikov opis stanovnika mjesta Bogomolja (na istoku Hvara) u mnogome se podudara s Fortisovim opisom Morlaka u Putu po Dalmaciji i nasljeđuje stereotip o "dobrome divljaku" utjelovljenom u liku stanovnika planinskog zaleđa Dalmacije. Ono je ujedno i imaginarij, zbirka predodžbi o otočnim "domorocima" koja se koristi za opis hvarskih gorštaka. Ključne riječi: otok Hvar; Ivan Dominik Stratiko; otočni gorštaci; Morlaci Rad Hrvat. akad. znan. umjet. Razred druš. znan. 48=510(2011) : 83-100 Ana Perinić Lewis, Pavao Rudan: "Došlo je doba svjetlosti! Stratiko je u Hvaru!"  biskup prosvjetitelj Ivan Dominik Stratiko...

Transylvanian Review continues the tradition of Revue de Transylvanie, founded by Silviu Dragomir, which was published in Cluj and then in Sibiu between 1934 and 1944. Transylvanian Review is published quarterly by the Center for Transylvanian Studies and the Romanian Academy. ediTorial Board ceSAre AlzAti, Ph.D.

The paper deals with some aspects of social control in the Venetian Istrian peninsula at the end of 16th century. Examining the sentences of some Istrian and Venetian courts it is possible to catch up some important dimensions of economic and social life after the institutional reforms introduced by Venice at the end of the century.