Warfare

Cyber conflict between states is a growing trend. There is a large body of research on cyber conflict, but there is very little quantitative analysis to support the theories or to assist in predicting future use of cyber operations. Using a logistic regression analysis, this thesis studies cyber conflicts between dyadic rivals from 2001 to 2011 to answer under what conditions cyber incidents occur between dyadic rivals in the past in the hopes to better analyze and predict future cyber incidents. The data demonstrate that the geographic proximity between dyads increases the probability of a cyber incident occurring while any or both of the dyads holds membership in NATO causes a decrease in the probability that cyber operations occur between dyadic rivals. The share of military personnel, military expenditure, and energy consumption is not enough to explain cyber incident trends. The results also show that many of my variables are conditional upon each other for their significance. It is imperative that states address the issues surrounding cyber conflict as the trend is increasing. At the present, the fear of retaliation will always be present as some argue that cyber defensive capabilities will never overtake cyber offensive capabilities as the latter is constantly transforming and evolving while the former is constantly playing “catch up.”

This paper reviews the achievements of Abbott Handerson Thayer (1849-1921), an American painter and naturalist whose pioneering writings on animal camouflage addressed shared concerns among artists, zoologists and military tacticians. It discusses his beliefs about camouflage (both natural and military) in the context of his training as an artist, with particular emphasis on three of his major ideas: countershading, ruptive (or disruptive) coloration and background picturing.

Through a landscape archaeological survey conducted in 2010– 2013 in
Ascalon, the author has been able to reconstruct the historical landscape of Tel Ascalon through various periods. Creating reconstructions of the landscape on the Tel and the surrounding area enables us to learn about the interrelationship between people and their natural environment in this area. It also enables us to examine various historical events within their environmental and archaeological contexts, such as the 1099 Battle of Ascalon and the 1153 and 1187 sieges of the city. This study has identified various surviving landscape and archaeological features which we can relate to historical events, demonstrating how these events continue to resonate and influence the development of the Ascalon landscape, and even the post- crusader city.

"One of the almost forgotten and least known buildings in mediaeval al-Raqqa is its citadel. In the 1950s the citadel was completely removed. A citadel however, constitutes an important space defining complex for the historical development of a city. The citadel of al-Raqqa was located on a promontory of an elevated terrace formed by the Euphrates, situated at the southwestern corner of the citywall of al-Râfiqa.
Firstly, I will give a brief outline of the history of exploration of the citadel; secondly, some early references to a hisn al-Râfiqa; thirdly, some general remarks about the historical development of fortifications within northern Mesopotamia, the Jazîra, and fourthly, I follow the history of the citadel of al-Raqqa especially during the Ayyubid period according to the literary and photographic sources. The last and fifth point will be the exploration of the possible function of the citadel within the spatial organisation of the city. This point takes the position of the Bâb Baghdad at the southeastern corner of the city wall into consideration."

The Pacific War permanently transformed the political ecology of excrement in the Greater Tokyo area. Since the Edo period (1603–1868), a network of commercial night soil collectors had operated in the city, emptying its latrines for use as fertilizer. Although increasingly subject to strain in the interwar period, the system adapted enough to obviate significant municipal investment in sewer construction. Wartime mobilization and fuel shortages, however, pushed these night soil distribution networks to the breaking point, leading to an ''attack by excrement.'' The municipal government responded to the crisis by mobilizing residents' associations and suburban commuter trains, sidelining commercial collectors in the process. The immediate postwar period further destabilized the old political ecology: a black market in excrement briefly flourished, only to subside with the rapid proliferation of commercial fertilizer. Finally, Occupation government personnel, upon encountering the chaotic postwar night soil trade, expressed contempt for what they viewed as a backward, inherently unhygienic custom. The Tokyo metropolitan government internalized this

In the paper, we express some doubts about one of the assumptions
of Robert Carneiro’s model on state (and chiefdom) formation,
namely the role of circumscription. In our opinion, the main flaw of
Carneiro’s original theory of state formation is that it implicitly
assumes that every community dreamt to conquer its neighboring
communities. We test the presence of various types of warfare (such
as conquest warfare, land acquisition warfare, and plunder warfare)
in societies with different degrees of political centralization.
Quantitative cross-cultural tests reveal a rather strong correlation
between political complexity and the presence of conquest warfare
suggesting that conquest warfare was virtually absent among
independent communities. Newer works by Carneiro propose a
model explaining how simple chiefdoms could appear in the absence
of conquest warfare. This model also includes circumscription, but
our analysis suggests that it is unnecessary.

While only one author appears on the cover of this work, it was the cumulative support of many people that made this thesis possible. I will start by thanking my committee, Dr. Franyoise Forster-Hahn and Dr. Stephen Ostrow for their thorough reading of my thesis and their helpful comments which strengthened my work immensely. Dr. Karl Taube, my committee chair, deserves a special thank you for, not only suggesting this wonderful topic for a thesis, but also for his immense support of my work. Many of the ideas in this thesis were inspired and influenced by his published works, conversations, and suggestions for the improvement of my ideas. Dr. Taube also provided me with unpublished manuscripts of his work, a constructive critique of my work, and wonderful advice about my future as a scholar of Mesoamerica, for all of this I am indebted to him. Thank you, Karl.

This paper considers the available evidence on warfare in the Chalcolithic of Bulgaria (fifth millennium BC) such as weapons, fortifications, skeletal traumas etc., on the background of the cultural and social transformations that took place during this period. The
analysis shows that armed conflicts were probably among the principal factors involved in the processes that led to the formation of
the large Late Chalcolithic cultural complexes in the Balkans and in the causes for their collapse.

This paper assesses the effectiveness of allied land forces as, at best, decidedly mixed. On the one hand, there is little question that those forces have undergone a remarkable transformation since the Cold War’s end. Today’s allied land forces are smaller, lighter, designed principally to handle a wide range of out-of-area contingencies, and capable of operating in multinational coalitions. Moreover, they have been infused with operational experience from deployments in the Balkans, Africa, Iraq, and Afghanistan. But looking forward, the question is whether these forces have become too small and, because of budget constraints, lack the equipment to deploy rapidly and sustain themselves operationally.

Esta obra nasce, inegavelmente, daquele que vem sendo considerado o mais emblemático caso de lawfare da atualidade: a persecução penal contra o ex-presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.
Disso resultam aspectos positivos e negativos. Por um lado, tem- se acesso a um extraordinário universo empírico que, a um só tempo, inspira e confirma hipóteses teóricas. Por outro lado, entretanto, em função da repercussão do caso e das disputas políticas, comerciais e geopolíticas a ele subjacentes, o debate teórico é frequentemente interditado por distorções e vulgarizações.
O lawfare não é um mero rótulo, nem um modismo e muito menos um joguete a serviço de determinada ideologia política. Trata-se, em verdade, de um fenômeno complexo, multifacetado e que ocupa um lugar central na reflexão sobre as combalidas democracias constitucionais contemporâneas, na medida em que é capaz de solapar, de um só golpe, o princípio majoritário e o Estado de Direito.
Também se enganam aqueles que pensam que o lawfare se restringe ao domínio político, confundindo-o com o tema do ativismo judicial.
Como veremos ao longo desta obra, o lawfare pode vitimar todo e qualquer sujeito de direito e, aliás, não faltam casos contra grandes grupos empresariais.
A literatura especializada, por sua vez, tem oscilado, via de regra, entre análises circunscritas a apenas alguns ângulos do fenômeno ou amplos estudos de casos. Eis a razão pela qual empreendemos um grande esforço para oferecer, ainda que de maneira introdutória, um quadro teórico abrangente do tema, aplicável à multifária e contingente forma mediante a qual o lawfare se apresenta na realidade.
Não nos anima, naturalmente, mero diletantismo. Neste momento histórico decisivo, em que se colocam em xeque conquistas civilizatórias inegociáveis, urge desvelar o fenômeno do lawfare e também indicar os meios de enfrentá-lo, de modo a restabelecer o verdadeiro significado do Direito. É exatamente isso que a querida leitora e o querido leitor encontrarão nas páginas deste livro.

War used to be easy to define. Once, we could say with confidence whether we were at war or peace. If the former, we could identify with whom we were fighting and where the front was. Americans, in particular, have for a long time had the good fortune of being able to say that the war—any war—was “over there.”

These concepts have deep roots—in the West, anyway. In ancient Rome, for example, a particular class of priests called fetiales officiated the onset of war by throwing a ceremonial spear into an enemy’s territory and opening the doors of the temple of Janus. Bringing war to an end has traditionally been just as ceremonial—think of Vercingetorix laying his sword at Caesar’s feet, Lee and Grant’s meeting at Appomattox, or Emperor Hirohito’s representatives signing documents of unconditional surrender on board the USS Missouri in 1945.

Things are certainly more complicated today. The United States and its allies have been “at war” for almost two decades, yet it is difficult at times to explain the who, the why, or at times even the where. What happened?

מאמר זה מבקש לתאר ולהגדיר את תפיסת התכסית האנושית, שהתפתחה
בצבא האמריקאי לאור ניסיונו באפגניסטן ובעיראק. המאמר יעמוד על הסיבות
שהובילו את הצבא האמריקאי לפתח תפיסה זאת; יתמקד בתשתית התיאורטית
ובזיקות שבין התכסית האנושית לבין מודיעין תרבותי ואינטליגנציה תרבותית.
כל אלה, לאור הניסיון האמריקאי והישראלי בזירות העימות השונות.

The legacy of Blitzkrieg as deployed by the Wehrmacht during World War II cannot be denied due to its lethality, speed and surprise which completely out-manoeuvred the enemy. While employing its basic tenets, the Indian Army announced a doctrine known as the Cold Start Doctrine (CSD) in 2004. Germany used Blitzkrieg as an operational level doctrine, but India wants to bring into play the same tactics on a strategic level. The effectiveness of this German battle plan makes it critical for Pakistan to analyse the repercussions of CSD in case of an armed conflict with India. This article is an effort to look for ways in which the Pakistan Armed Forces (PAF) can deter, repel and respond to an attack by employing conventional forces, while remaining strictly below the nuclear threshold.

Security challenges arising from hybrid threats and hybrid warfare, HT&HW, are today high on the security agenda not only in Sweden but across the globe. Despite the attention and the growing body of studies on the subject, there is a lack of research bringing attention to how these challenges can be addressed. This article contributes to such an approach by sharing the findings of a project that brings together practitioners and scholarly perspectives on this subject spanning the threats themselves as well as the tools and means to counter them. The article outlines the Western response to hybrid threats and hybrid warfare. It is argued that there is no single response to HT&HW, nor to building resilience. HT&HW needs to be addressed through a comprehensive, all-inclusive approach. Finally, the article outlines how we address these challenges in practice.

This study prospectively assessed the implications of war captivity and former prisoners of war's (ex-POWs) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and PTSD trajectory on their wives' marital adjustment, adjusting for their secondary traumatization (ST). Results show that marital adjustment of the wives of ex-POWs with PTSD (N = 66) was lower compared to wives of ex-POWs (N = 37) and combat veterans (N = 55) without PTSD symptoms. Investigating the possible mechanism underlying the lower marital adjustment, via a mediating model, indicated that husbands' PTSD symptoms mediated the association between captivity and the wives' marital adjustment. Moreover, husbands' PTSD trajectories assessed over 17 years were implicated in their wives' marital adjustment; wives of ex-POWs with chronic PTSD reported lower marital adjustment compared to wives of resilient ex-POWs. The substantial novelty was revealed in prospective deterioration found in dyadic adjustment among wi...

Objectives: To describe the visual outlook and quality of life of service members after combat ocular trauma. Methods: In a single-center, prospective observational study of service members sustaining ocular trauma, participants underwent a series of ocular examinations and noninvasive tests, including the National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (VFQ-25). Results: Of the 165 enrolled participants, 137 completed the VFQ-25. The mean VFQ-25 composite score was 74.4 ± 20.7 (range: 1.4-100). Among 118 participants with visual acuity assessment, 92% had best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/20 or better in at least one eye. Among participants with severe vision loss (BCVA ≤20/200), there was no statistically significant difference in self-reported general health compared to those without severe vision loss (p = 0.17). However, there was a significantly lower visual quality of life reported in the composite score and all of the 11 subscales of the VFQ-25. Conclusions: While this study provides evidence that combat ocular trauma is associated with a lower visual quality of life, limitations include the relatively small sample size and the limited documentation of the use of eye protection at time of injury among participants.

The article analyses various cases of captivity in a region comprised within modern-day South Africa and Lesotho in the late precolonial period. Focusing on a single social institution, bohlanka, the article follows its traces scattered among the Batlhaping, the Basotho, the Barolong, the Bataung, and other smaller precolonial communities. Generally considered by scholars as a form of clientship based on cattle-loans, bohlanka is here redefined as originating from warfare and captivity, and later expanding to include the destitute. The fundamental elements of the institution-violence, natal alienation, and suspended death-lead to the conclusion that bohlanka constituted a local form of slavery that pre-dated colonial influences.

The most disappointing part of Robert M Gates memoirs are pages dealing with US Afghan War.General Mc Kiernan who Gates sacked as he was not good at sucking with Gates or pen pushers and bureaucrats like Michele Flournoy receives the most evasive treatment in Gates thick but meatless memoirs !As a matter of fact Mc Kiernan appeared as the most effective potential actor in the sordid Afghan drama destroyed by inexperienced chefs like Reidel ,Flournoy , Gates,Mc Chrystal and Petraeus.Mc Kiernan as Gates discussed in his memoirs saw the real issue with destroying insurgent safe havens in Pakistan (page-217).Gates gave this no serious thoughts in his lengthy but barren memoirs.I committed the grave  folly of buying this book and was disgusted at its lack of depth and substance when I finished it today on 23 May 2016.On page 211 Gates claims that 82nd Airborne division had done a great job in 2007 .This is debatable as 2007 saw hardly any fighting with total US casualties as low as 15 in the region held by 82nd Airborne .This was not the entire part of the story.Many US casualties in this region occurred due to the most idiotically and stupidly sited suicidal US post known as Shkin.Gates treatment about why US lives were wasted in barren wastes like Helmands are evasive and ambigious and an insult to the memory of 800 or so US lives pointlessly lost in Helmand.On page 340 Gates offers a lame duck excuse that Marines were sent to be sacrificed for no strategic purpose in Helmand as Marine general Conway wanted them deployed as a marine only show ! This is hilarious as well as ridiculous.Helmand as I worked there on USAID projects in 2004-5 contained nothing strategic except sand and drugs and morphia paste labs and there was nothing strategic in Helmand.Why Gates allowed US lives to be sacrificied for no strategic purpose will always remain an inexcusable blot on Gates shoulders as well as Mc Chrystal and Bruce Reidels shoulders .Helmand was never occupied in force by Soviets as it had no strategic significance.Why Mc Chrystal decided to sacrifice US lives there and why Gates allowed this to happen will always be a hard question to answer in US military history.As I anxiously read Gates memoirs I found no answers and was deeply disappointed with Gates lack of intellectual honesty.Gates does lamely acknowledge that it was his biggest mistake but fails to note the fact that some plus 700 US lives were lost due to Gates mistake .The greatest culprit in this exercise was US president Obama who thoughtlessly and lamely accepted the strategy of one Bruce Reidel who had never set a squadron in the field nor knew the division of battle in Afghanistan more than a spinster !Thus Gates on page-343 describes this super charge of the US Marine heavy brigade in Helmand and East Afghanistan as “ 17,000 soldiers he (Obama) already had approved would take the fight to the Taliban in the south and east ……†.Gates lamely acknowledges Pakistani duplicity about Taliban but fails throughout his book to explain what Gates did in tangible precise terms using tools of war and state craft to arm twist and discipline the Pakistanis all through his long five year long tenure as Secretary of Defence while he enjoyed power and munched KFC meals ! Apart from lacking a powerful pen Gates stands out as a man with a bad appetite and an inclination to like KFC junk meals !On page 344 Gates claims that generals like Mc Chrystal were great tactical innovators but fails to furnish a single proof of what great laurels were achieved precisely by Mc Chrystal in Afghanistan ?On page 345 Gates still remains unable to decide why he fired Mc Kiernan other than citing Michele Flournoy who was hardly a qualified judge to rate Mc Kiernan with only years of apple polishing and pedantry as a DOD civilian bureaucrat !Naturally Gates could not admit that Mc Kiernan was not good at sucking !

Bizumic et al. (2013) have recently shown that attitudes towards peace and war reflect two distinct constructs rather than two poles of a single dimension. We present an attempt at validating the French version of their 16-item Attitudes toward Peace and War Scale (APWS) on five distinct (mainly Belgian) French-speaking samples (total N = 808). Confirmatory factor and criterion validity analyses confirmed that attitudes toward peace and war, although negatively related, are distinct in terms of their antecedents and consequences. On the one hand, antecedents of attitudes toward peace included egalitarian ideological beliefs and empathic concern for others, and consequences included intentions to engage in pro-peace behaviors. On the other hand, antecedents of attitudes toward war included national identification and authoritarian ideological beliefs, and consequences included intentions to engage in pro-war behaviors. Furthermore, both attitudes toward peace and war were, respective...

Wstęp Mirosław J. Leszka, Kirił Marinow................................................... 1

I
Konstantynopolitańskie porty IV–XII w. [Constantinopolitan harbours in the 4th–12th centuries] Mirosław J. Leszka......... 5

II
Wszystkie okręty cesarza. Rozważania nad stanem rzymskiej marynarki wojennej za panowania cesarza Maurycjusza (582–602) [All ships of the emperor: Roman Navy during the reign of emperor Maurice (582–602)] Łukasz Różycki........................................................................................... 17

III
Konstantynopolitańska eskadra cesarska w dobie panowania Komnenów (1081–1185) [Constantinopolitan squadron in the era of imperial reign of Comnenian dynasty (1081–1185)]
Marcin Böhm....................................................................................... 47

IV
Wygnani biskupi Konstantynopola w późnej starożytności i ich kontakty ze stolicą nad Bosforem [The Exiled Bishops of Constantinople from the Fourth to the Late Sixth Century] Rafał Kosiński................63

V
Chazarowie w Konstantynopolu (VII–XI w.) [The Khazars in Constantinople] Jarosław Dudek …........ 79

VI
Miejsce portu w fabule dwunastowiecznego romansu bizantyńskiego [The port in the plot of the twelfth-century Byzantine romance] Anna Kotłowska . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

VII
Winieta Konstantynopola na mapie z Ebstorf [Vignette of Constantinople on the Ebstorf Map] Piotr Kochanek……………………. . . 113

VIII
Hodegon – z rozważań nad pierwotną lokalizacją konstantynopolitańskiego sanktuarium [The Hodegon. Considerations on the location of the Hodegetria sanctuary in Constantinople]
Piotr Łukasz Grotowski . ……………………………. . . . . 137

IX
Pogańskie prywatne uroczystości kommemoratywne w okresie wczesnobizantyńskim [Pagan Private Commemorative Rites in the Early Byzantine Period] Ireneusz Milewski . . . .  . ……………... . . . . . . . . . 215

Aneks [Annex]
Itinerarium Stefana z Nowogrodu z opisem konstantynopolitańskiego portu Kontoskalion (1348/1349). Przekład i opracowanie [The Itinerary of Stephen of Novgorod: Containing a Description of Kontoskalion Harbour in Constantinople (1348/1349).] Zofia Brzozowska .. . . . . . 227

Summary. . . . . . . ………………………………………. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Wykaz skrótów [List of Abbreviations]. …. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Bibliografia [Bibliography]……… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Źródła [Sources]. . … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Opracowania [Secondary Literature]..  . ……. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

Indeks osobowy [Index]. ……………. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Indeks nazw geograficznych i etnicznych [Index of geographical and ethnical names]. . …. . . . . . . . . 328

Indeks nazw konstantynopolitańskich [Index of Constantinopolitan names]….. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

ABSTRACT in English (résumé en français plus bas): "Artillery and the art of the 'petite guerre': a long progression"
In 1744, for the first time in France, some pieces of artillery are associated to a unit of light troops from its inception. Indeed, the regiment of the harquebusiers of Grassin, a mixed body of infantrymen and cavalrymen, received two pieces of the light cannon known as "à la Suédoise" (in the Swedish way). With examples, the article shows on the one hand that narrative sources make it possible to identify a use of cannons in the "petite guerre" – the tactic in which light troops are specialized – from the War of the Austrian Succession in Flanders (1744-1748) onwards. But on the other hand, it is observed that only the theoretical treatises of the "petite guerre" published after the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) seriously consider the use of artillery in this area and encourage it. To clarify this discrepancy, we must return to the tactical and technical developments as well as to the political choices during the 18th century.

RESUME en français :
« Artillerie et art de la petite guerre : un long cheminement »
En 1744, pour la première fois en France, des pièces d’artillerie sont associées à un corps de troupes légères dès sa création. Le régiment des arquebusiers de Grassin, corps mixte de fantassins et de cavaliers, se voit en effet attribuer deux pièces du canon léger dit « à la suédoise ». L’article montre d’une part, exemples à l’appui, que les sources narratives permettent d’identifier un usage du canon à la petite guerre – la tactique de spécialité des troupes légères – dès la guerre de Succession d’Autriche en Flandre (1744-1748). Mais, d’autre part, on observe que seuls les traités théoriques de petite guerre publiés après la guerre de Sept Ans (1756-1763) envisagent sérieusement le recours à l’artillerie dans ce domaine et l’encouragent. Pour éclairer ce décalage, il faut revenir sur les évolutions tactiques et techniques ainsi que sur les choix politiques au long du XVIIIe siècle.

Reforms implemented for the Ottoman army began to be institutionalized in the middle of the 19th century. The basic idea was to restore the former power of the army. Since the changing conditions of war had shown that reform was possible only with the application of modern methods to every field, the works made on the modernization of the Ottoman army gained momentum after the Crimean War. The effort to establish an army in-line with the requirements of modern warfare was the Ottoman administration's primary aim during the Reorganization and Constitutional periods. The provision of resources required to sustain military modernization led to different measures in the Ottoman economy such as domestic and foreign borrowing, interest postponement, transfer of revenues, and ultimately the allocation of revenues to creditors. In this process, while the Ottoman economy became integrated into the international economy, it gradually became dependent on foreign sources. Despite the economic measures taken did not reduce dependency on international resources and the heavy financial burden, the Ottoman administration sustained military reforms and modernization.

L'opera di Yvon Garlan, edita nel 1985, Guerra e società nel mondo antico costituisce un'occasione per considerare il fenomeno ʽguerraʼ al principio della storia dell'Occidente. Stati di conflitto e di guerra vera e propria non erano certo sconosciuti da altre culture e società precedenti, ma è fruttuoso per lo studioso di cose militari considerare in che modo la guerra sia stata inscritta all'interno di un complesso normativo (religioso, politico e giuridico) che ha costituito la base della sua evoluzione pratica e teorica successiva. In questa analisi verranno ripresi i temi principali dell'opera dello storico Yvon Garlan.

Background War-torn populations are often hard to screen for mental health disorders. Classical data collection approaches, such as paper-based, online, or SMS-operated, are either infeasible or lack accuracy due to a variety of challenges associated with dynamics and consequences of war. Methods In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for accurate and fast screening using free open-source software, Open Data Kit (ODK) mobile application. This approach was developed by the Palestine Children's Relief Fund (PCRF) to assess the mental health symptoms of 986 Palestinian children (age 6-18) in the aftermath of Israel's Operation Protective Edge (OPE) in 2014. The organization developed assessment questionnaires and trained local field workers on the use of the mobile application, and on recruiting and interviewing war victims. Results War-affected children were found to suffer from several alarming symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and somatic symptoms. Children with highest number of psychological symptoms were referred for further evaluation and treatment. Conclusions The use of ODK mobile technologies facilitated efficient screening of affected children in war zones. The offline data collection capability was crucial for handling the difficult conditions associated with war-torn areas, enabling timely intervention for urgent cases. Further applications of the novel mobile technology are to be explored.

La Cuarta Revolución Industrial promete grandes cambios sociales. Tal cual indica Klaus Schwab, esta revolución tecnológica alterará por completo los productos que elaboramos, cómo los elaboramos, cómo interactuamos y, sobre todo, quiénes somos. Como era de esperarse, aquel potencial caracterizado por la promesa de la automatización y la interconexión de los ecosistemas físicos con los digitales (Internet de las cosas, implantes neurales, prótesis inteligentes, etc.) no solo ofrecerían beneficios, sino que, consecuentemente, también supondrían peligros. La guerra también experimentará cambios. En este escenario el biohacking, las Smart Cities, los Deep Fakes y las nanotecnologías, podrían alterar por completo lo que entendemos por conflicto bélico.

THE WEAPONRY OF GUILDS IN HERMANNSTADT IN THE 15–16TH CENTURY

By the time of the late middle ages Hermannstadt (Nagyszeben/Cibium/Sibiu) had significant economycal power, in which the local crafts played an important part. In this era the flourishing town faced the threat of raids from the expanding Ottoman Empire. Walls were built and towers were erected: these objects housed the arms, armour and munition necessary for the the defense. Every guild had it’s own tower, where stored their weapons. Several inventories remained from the years of 1478, 1492/93, 1508, 1560, 1567, 1575 and from the second part of the 16th century (without exact date). These lists – espe¬cially the quantities – of weapons and munition can be considered as objective sources, because the defenders had to rely on tthem and to know the accurate number their arms in case of a raid. From these documents the spread of firearms can be thraced from the late middle ages. The town ensured that the guild members can use their weapons properly: in several entries from the account books the magistracy payed for the miliatry trainings (shooting events). There is an example from the 15th century where they use bows for this purpose (bogenschutzen), but later firearms become common. In the inventory of the coach-maker guild in 1508 a target shooting gun (czyl puchsen) can be found. From 1507 and 1509 a target shooting guild (czehis sagittariis cum pixidibus) appears.

Most military writing and doctrine focuses on the physical components of warfare, rather than the moral / psychological elements. Yet it is very rarely through the unadorned slaughter of the enemy's troops that victory is secured, but rather by bringing the opponent to acknowledge that they are defeated. The article examines the writings of Clausewitz to present an assessment of his understanding of the moral / psychological element of warfare, and to link this with (arguably) his greatest contribution to military theory-the recognition of the nature and central impact of 'friction'. It then explores the criticisms and extensions of Clausewitz's thinking in these two areas by Colonel John Boyd USAF. This analysis is used to inform and enhance further a model of command approaches, which sought to form a linkage between the characteristics of friction and the methods by which commanders attempt to control and direct their forces, with the different command approaches seen as methodologies to reduce the level of friction experienced by friendly forces and increase that affecting the enemy.

Images of automata, robots and other animated machinery have shaped today's perception of unmanned weapons. Therefore the authors will in the first part of this article have a short look at images of animated machinery in the 19 th and 20 th century. The second part will touch the question of weapons as instruments of war and the definition of unmanned weapons. The third and main part will discuss the relevance of existing criteria of military ethics.

The evolution and history of warfare has been investigated by philosophers, historians, practitioners, social scientists and life scientists. Common questions in this endeavour are: How far back into human evolution and history do we find evidence of warfare? How frequent was warfare in any given historical period? How lethal was warfare? In short, scholarship on the evolution and history of warfare has focused on questions of origins, frequency, and intensity.

Despite the fact that scientific interest in these questions is perhaps broader and more methodologically sophisticated than ever, consensus on these questions remains elusive for at least two reasons. First, the archaeological record of warfare is incomplete. Second, we do not agree on what warfare is or how to unambiguously distinguish it from other forms of violence. Beyond an agreement that warfare is something more than violence between two individuals, there is little consensus on the proper scope of our main unit of analysis.

Given these hurdles, it would seem that an investigation into the evolutionary origins of human warfare is destined merely to perpetuate academic stalemates, in which old arguments are continuously repackaged with each new discovery of a mass grave or ‘peaceful’ society. Although this is a rather pessimistic view, I establish it at the forefront of this chapter since my argument will be that these hurdles (e.g. knowledge of ancestral phenomena and consensus on definitions) are not insurmountable. Entire disciplines thrive on their ability to successfully infer and model the unobserved past based on imperfect historical, geological and archaeological evidence. And the question of definitions must be placed in its proper scope – as a methodological, rather than ontological, consideration.

filosofia della guerra intende ricostruire il pensiero del generale, storico e pensatore del warfare Carl Von Clausewitz. L'analisi è partizionata secondo una distinzione tematica dei principali nuclei del pensiero di Clausewitz in relazione alla dottrina pura della guerra. L'analisi critica condotta ha garantito la possibilità di approfondire singoli punti tematici particolarmente rilevanti in sede di dottrina del warfare, in particolare abbiamo privilegiato l'aspetto epistemologico della teoria di Clausewitz su aspetti più propriamente interessanti per la pratica militare. In particolare, l'epistemologia clausewitziana è stata ricostruita sulla base di alcune semplici assunzioni dell'epistemologia analitica contemporanea per meglio mettere in luce tutte le sfaccettature, altrimenti incoglibili nella sua integralità, del pensiero di Clausewitz. Abstract Carl Von Clausewitz. Analisi di filosofia della guerra intende ricostruire il pensiero del generale, storico e pensatore del warfare Carl Von Clausewitz. L'analisi è partizionata secondo una distinzione tematica dei principali nuclei del pensiero di Clausewitz in relazione alla dottrina pura della guerra. L'analisi critica condotta ha garantito la possibilità di approfondire singoli punti tematici particolarmente rilevanti in sede di dottrina del warfare, in particolare abbiamo privilegiato l'aspetto epistemologico della teoria di Clausewitz rispetto ad aspetti più propriamente interessanti per la pratica militare. In particolare, l'epistemologia clausewitziana è stata ricostruita sulla base di alcune semplici assunzioni dell'epistemologia analitica contemporanea per meglio mettere in luce tutte le sfaccettature, altrimenti incoglibili nella sua integralità, dello straordinario pensiero filosofico di Clausewitz. Struttura dell'articolo 1. La definizione di 'guerra' 2. La guerra come mezzo della politica e la gerarchia del warfare 3. La guerra in se stessa scissa dalla relazione diretta con la politica 4. Epistemologia di guerra: il realismo epistemologico di Clausewitz 5. Stili di guerra: tipi e tipologie 6. La funzione della Storia e le tre prospettive del warfare

During an assault on an extremely remote target, a US Special Operations Soldier sustained multiple gunshot and fragmentation wounds to the thorax, resulting in a traumatic arrest and subsequent survival. His care, including care under fire, tactical field care, tactical evacuation care, and Role III, IV, and V care, is presented. The case is used to illustrate the complex dynamics of Special Operations care on the modern battlefield and the exceptional outcomes possible when evidence-based medicine is taken to the warfighter with effective, farforward, expeditionary medical-force projection.

Subterranean warfare is not new in human history. Tunnels, which have been dug in all periods for various purposes, have usually been the weapon of the weak against the strong and used for concealment. The time required to dig tunnels means that they can be an important tool for local residents against an enemy army unfamiliar with the terrain. Tunnels used for concealment purposes (defensive tunnels) can be distinguished from tunnels used as a route for moving from one place to another. The latter include smuggling tunnels used to smuggle goods past borders (as in the Gaza Strip), escape routes from prisons or detention camps, offensive tunnels to move forces behind enemy lines, and booby-trapped tunnels planted with explosives XQGHUUHQHP\\IDFLOLWLHVVDDWDFWLFFXVHGGE\\+DPDV Operation Protective Edge sharpened awareness of the strategic threat posed by subterranean warfare. The IDF encountered the tunnel threat long ago, and took action to attempt to cope with this threat, but the scope of WKHHSKHQRPHQRQDVVEHFDPHDSSDUHQWWLQQ-XO\$XJXVWWZDVVSRUWUD\HGG as a strategic shock, if not a complete surprise, requiring comprehensive reorganization to handle the problem. Some critics argued that an investigative commission was necessary to search for the roots of the failure and punish those to blame for it. This article will review subterranean warfare before and during Operation Protective Edge, and will assess the strategic effects of this mode of warfare.

Neither non-lethal violence nor psychochemical weapons are new concepts. History provides examples of attempts to use these both to limit the scope of war and to turn mind-altering compounds into weapons. One of these substances has been marijuana. Although previous efforts to find its military applications failed, the idea persists – as indicated by a US patent granted in 2017. As “weaponized cannabis” may again attract the interest of government agencies, the consequences of its potential deployment call for a debate. In an attempt to encourage such a discussion, in the context of the ongoing decriminalization/legalization of marijuana in some countries and US states, the article raises ethical issues pertaining to weaponized cannabinoids. It argues against the militarization of the drug, on the basis that such a development would constitute an ultimate instrumentalization of marijuana and result in a dangerous destabilizing reconstruction of its meaning along the lines of state coercion.

Shooting Up: A Short History of Drugs and War examines how intoxicants have been put to the service of states, empires and their armies throughout history. Since the beginning of organized combat, armed forces have prescribed drugs to their members for two general purposes: to enhance performance during combat and to counter the trauma of killing and witnessing violence after it is over. Stimulants (e.g. alcohol, cocaine, and amphetamines) have been used to temporarily create better soldiers by that improving stamina, overcoming sleeplessness, eliminating fatigue, and increasing fighting spirit. Downers (e.g. alcohol, opiates, morphine, heroin, marijuana, barbiturates) have also been useful in dealing with the soldier's greatest enemy - shattered nerves. Kamienski's focuses on drugs "prescribed" by military authorities, but also documents the widespread unauthorised consumption by soldiers themselves. Combatants have always treated with various drugs and alcohol, mainly for recreational use and as a reward to themselves for enduring the constant tension of preparing for. Although not officially approved, such "self-medication" is often been quietly tolerated by commanders in so far as it did not affect combat effectiveness. This volume spans the history of combat from the use of opium, coca, and mushrooms in pre-modern warfare to the efforts of modern militaries, during the Cold War in particular, to design psychochemical offensive weapons that can be used to incapacitate rather than to kill the enemy. Along the way, Kamienski provides fascinating coverage of on the European adoption of hashish during Napolean's invasion of Egypt, opium use during the American Civil War, amphetamines in the Third Reich, and the use of narcotics to control child soldiers in the rebel militias of contemporary Africa.

The dynamic nature of modern warfare, including threats and injuries faced by soldiers, necessitates the development of countermeasures that address a wide variety of injuries. Tissue engineering has emerged as a field with the potential to provide contemporary solutions. In this review, discussions focus on the applications of stem cells in tissue engineering to address health risks frequently faced by combatants at war. Human development depends intimately on stem cells, the mysterious precursor to every kind of cell in the body that, with proper instruction, can grow and differentiate into any new tissue or organ. Recent reports have suggested the greater therapeutic effects of the anti-inflammatory, trophic, paracrine and immune-modulatory functions associated with these cells, which induce them to restore normal healing and tissue regeneration by modulating immune reactions, regulating inflammation, and suppressing fibrosis. Therefore, the use of stem cells holds significant pr...

This book review examines a work that looks at finding the balance between the soldierly (professional) ethics and warrior (moral) ethos in contemporary context, especially  under circumstances where the identity of the enemy(foe) is diffuse, that is, asymmetric warfare.